Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The following industrial-scale power station processes are compared with natural gas/light fuel oil heating: Conventional steam generation, steam generation with gas turbine upstream, gas turbine process with low-pressure-waste heat boiler and cogeneration. Industrial gas turbines between 10 and 25 MW are compared with one another; typical boilers and industrial turbines are described. CO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} emissions are indicated. The steam turbines used are the efficient and robust turbines used in industry, wherever possible they are built as single-line plant with the gas turbine. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es werden folgende Industriekraftwerksprozesse mit Erdgas-Leichtoelfeuerung verglichen: Konventioneller Dampfprozess, Dampfprozess mit Vorschaltgasturbine, Gasturbinenprozess mit ND-Abhitzekessel und Kombianlage. Die Industriegasturbinen zwischen 10 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

More than 200 years after the birth of the steam engine, the first thermal engine ever invented, thermal engines such as steam turbines, gas turbines or internal combustion engines are still driving most generators for electric power generation, most machines, and most vehicles, and this will remain so until far into the next century. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit Waermekraftmaschinen wie Dampfturbinen, Gasturinen und Verbrennungsmotoren werden auch heute - mehr als 200 Jahre nach der technischen Reife der Dampfmaschine (der ersten Waermekraftmaschine) - die meisten Generatoren zur Stromerzeugung, die meisten Arbeitsmaschinen und die meisten Fahrzeuge angetrieben. Und dabei wird es auch bis weit in das 21. Jahrhundert bleiben. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The ARE progress report discusses the following issues: Economic development and its effects on power supply; Deregulation of the electricity and gas market; Competition between regional utilities; Energy policy of the new German government; European regulations; Legislation on energy supply; Energy supply and cartel law; Regional supply in the East German states. [German] Der Taetigkeitsbericht der ARE befasst sich mit folgenden Themen: Gesamtwirtschaftliche Entwicklung und ihre Auswirkung auf die Energiewirtschaft, Oeffnung des Monopoles fuer Strom und Gas, Wettbewerb der regionalen Energieversorger, Energiepolitik der neuen Bundesregierung, Europaeische Richtlininen, energiewirtschaftsrecht, Versorgungswirtschaft und Kartellrecht und der Regionalversorgung in den neuen Bundeslaendern.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Melting in a cokeless cupola furnace fuelled with natural gas is a novel, energy-saving and environment-friendly process. In order to be able to monitor the processes inside the furnace with detailed mass and heat balances, an experimental furnace with an efficient measuring system was constructed in the framework of a research project financed by the BMFT and Messrs. Eisenwerke Dueker GmbH und Co. KG, Laufach, Germany. (orig./HS) [Deutsch] Das Schmelzen im kokslosen erdgasgefeuerten Kupolofen ist ein neues, energiesparendes und umweltfreundliches Verfahren. Um die Vorgaenge im Ofen mit umfassenden Stoff- und Waermebilanzen erfassen zu koennen, ist im Rahmen eines vom BMFT und der Firma Eisenwerke Dueker GmbH und Co. KG, Laufach, finanzierten Forschungsvorhabens, ein Versuchsofen mit umfangreicher Messeinrichtung gebaut worden. (orig./HS)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A model for combined mass and heat transfer during nonisothermal gas absorption in a two-phase gas- liquid bubbly medium with a high gas content and/or large times of gas-liquid contact is suggested. Diffusion and thermal interactions between bubbles is taken into account in the approximation of a cellular model of a bubbly medium whereby a bubbly medium is viewed as a periodic structure consisting of identical spherical cells with periodic boundary conditions at a cell boundary. Distribution of concentration of dissolved gas, temperature distribution in liquid and coefficients of mass and heat transfer during nonisothermal absorption of a soluble pure gas from a bubble by liquid are determined. In the limiting case of absorption without heat release the derived formulas recover the expressions for isothermal absorption. (orig.). With 1 fig., 1 tab. [Deutsch] Es ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Smart electricity and gas supply grids are a prerequiste for full-scale utilization of the potential of modern energy-saving appliances and equipment. Direct exchange of information between the supplier and the consumer is indispensable for reducing costly and energy-intensive peak loads. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Objective: Optimization and testing of a high temperature combustion chamber for burning coal gas and conventional fuels natural gas or fuel oil. Coal gas is not available in such quantity for testing a full scaled combustion chamber. Therefore the design of the combustion chamber is based of experimental results from model tests and numerical solution procedures. Working program: (1) Analytical model for burning coal gas implemented in an existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. (2) Three-dimensional calculations of a full scaled combustion chamber with a CFD code for flows accompanied by combustion and chemical reaction. (3) Improvement of measuring method for determination of flame temperature and concentration. (4) Temperature and concentration profil measuring in a full scaled combustion chamber by operating with natural gas or fuel oil. Results: An analytical model ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Electricity is a universal energy and one of the driving powers of civilisation. World-wide, future developments like growing economies and structural changes in industry, a higher standard of living and a bigger world population - are impossible without appropriate supply of power and electricity. An expert of Siemens Power Generation presents his views. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The liberalisation of the energy markets requires completely new demands to the information processing procedure of energy supply enterprises. These requirements are to be understood as chances for strengthening of the terms of competition. In the following contribution to this subject the actual status of the concept as converted by the Electricity Supply Company of Halle (Saale) including their departments of district heating, gas and electricity supply will be presented. This concept are comprising all experiences as gathered so far as well as intended further actions to be executed. (orig.) [German] Die Liberalisierung der Energiemaerkte stellt fuer Versorgungsunternehmen voellig neue Anforderungen an die Informationsverarbeitung. Diese Anforderungen sind als Chancen zur Staerkung der Wettbewerbsfaehigkeit zu verstehen. Die Verfasser erlaeutern den aktuellen Stand des in der EVH GmbH Halle (Saale) im Querverbund der Sparten Fernwaerme, Gas ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The direct injection Diesel engine with its specific fuel consumption of about 200 g/kWh is one of the most efficient thermal engines. However in case of relatively low CH- und CO-emission the soot- and NO{sub x} concentration in the exhaust gas turns out to be a problem with respect to the legislation on emission limits. At the department of piston- and turbo-machines of the Trier University of Applied Sciences, a single-cylinder testing engine with two injection-systems (fuel and water) has been developed. This engine has been constructed to analyse the effect of stratified water-injection on the soot- and NO{sub x} emissions of exhaust gases of a Diesel engine. (orig.) [German] Der Dieselmotor mit Direkteinspritzung stellt mit spezifischen Kraftstoffverbraeuchen in der Groessenordnung von 200 g/kWh eine der wirtschaftlichsten thermischen Kraftmaschinen dar. Bei relativ niedrigen Kohlenwasserstoff- und ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This assessment is a feasibility study according to ISO 14024. It deals with the question whether an ecolabel is suitable for wood pellet heating systems and how concrete criteria for an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants could be specified. The study begins with a comprehensive market analysis in order to identify possible plants for which an ecolabel would make sense. In the main part of the study, the environmental relevance of the chosen plants is analysed. For this analysis, plant manufacturers were interviewed and a comparison between wood pellet heating systems and heating systems which use gas, oil or wood was carried out. On the basis of this analysis, it was possible to derive a number of criteria which were discussed with company representatives and other experts in this field. As a result of this dialogue and the investigation process as a whole, the introduction of an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants can be recommended. Wood pellet heating ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new emissivity measurement device with inductive sample heating is described. The disc shaped samples can be measured between 800 C and 2000 C in vacuum or in each available gas atmosphere. Two kinds of surface temperature measurement methods are described, one by measuring in a blackbody hole and one by measuring at the surface without additional measures to correct emissivity. Total normal and spectral emissivity at wavelengths between 0,5 {mu}m and 8,3 {mu}m of various high temperature materials like platinum and Pt-Rh-alloys, siliconcarbide and molybdenum disilicide have been measured. From the investigated materials a few have been selected as reference samples for comparative emissivity measurements fullfilling the requirement of stability on air up to 400 C to 1000 C in order to ensure reproducibility of the results at different measurement conditions in air and in vacuum. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Aufbau einer neuen Messapparatur fuer Emissionsgradmessungen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe the process of fixation in liver specimens non-invasively by means of magnetic resonance. The fixation process of several formaldehyde-containing solutions was monitored with MRI and MRS at two different temperatures. Materials and Methods: Liver specimens were conserved in aqueous fixative solutions containing formaldehyde concentrations of 0.7, 1.8, 4 and 7.2% and at different temperatures of 5 C and 20 C. MRI was performed with T1-, T2- and PD-weighted TSE sequences, a 2D FLASH-sequence with and without magnetization transfer, and a FISP 3D-sequence on a clinical 1.5 Tesla MR whole-body unit, and MRS with {sup 1}H-spectroscopic methods (STEAM-sequence) on a 3 Tesla MR whole-body unit. Results: The diffusion of formaldehyde into the tissue was best identified on PD- and T1-weighted images as a band under the liver surface with increasing thickness, penetrating especially fast during the first three days. Spectroscopic measurements ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The new multi-purpose oxygen cupola furnace is a coke-fired shaft furnace that is operated on pure oxygen. The top gas is recirculated, and the fumes are drawn off at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1 000 C. The furnace offers the possibility of melting down contaminated and zinc-bearing scrap without the occurrence of any environment-polluting gas emissions. The absence of nitrogen ballast permits a high energy efficiency. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der neue Mehrzweck-Sauerstoff-Kupolofen ist ein koksbeheizter Schachtofen, der mit reinem Sauerstoff betrieben wird. Das Gichtgas wird im Kreislauf gefuehrt, und das Abgas wird aus einem Bereich mit Temperaturen von 800 bis 1 000 C abgefuehrt. Der Ofen bietet die Moeglichkeit, verunreinigte und zinkhaltige Schrotte einzuschmelzen, ohne dass umweltbelastende Gasemissionen auftreten. Der fehlende Stickstoffbalast bewirkt einen hohen energetischen Wirkungsgrad. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This proceedings volume comprises 17 papers on the following subjects: Methane hydrates, compounds of gas and water; Compressed air stroage gas turbine power plants / Scheduled application for load levelling between varying wind power production and power demand; Modern pumped storage power stations in the GW range - the PSW Goldisthal example; Lead batteries - new developments and future applications; Alkaline battery systems for hybrid electric road vehicles; Lighium systems and their applications; Zinc/air cells; Hydrogen storage - metal hydride storage, compressed gas storage, LNG storage; Carbon nanofibres for hydrogen storage; Double-layer condensers - technology, cost, perslpectives; Supercondensers in motor vehicles; Superconducting magnetic energy stores; Flywheel storage - status report; Decentralized energy storage in the European integrated supply grid - the EU project DISPOWER; Intercontinental integration of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Borehole stability is affected to a significant extent by the 3D local and regional stress field. Preliminary information on underground stress fields is provided by the World Stress Map, which shows N-NW stress at a depth of about 5000 m for the Voelkersen field. Earlier data analyses showed various directions in the range of 310-360 degrees. This was assumed to be a methodical error. An extensive study was carried out to evaluate and interpret all relevant information provided by borehole tests, borehole logs, and drill core measurements. [German] Standsicherheit und Stabilitaet von Bohrungen werden ganz wesentliche beeinflusst durch das umgebende dreidimensionale lokale und regionale Spannungsfeld. Fuer die Planung zukuenftiger (horizontaler) Bohrungen und die Erzeugung kuenstlicher Risse (''fracs'') spielt das Spannungsfeld eine bedeutende Rolle. Erste Hinweise ueber das regionale ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The nuclear structure of A {proportional_to} 100 nuclei has been studied in the frame of this thesis with a recently developed {beta} - {gamma} - {gamma} triple coincidence fast timing technique and different models such as shell model, hydrodynamic model, Nilsson and particle-rotor models. This technique which allows the measurement of the level lifetimes in the ps range has been applied at JOSEF at the research reactor DIDO of KFA Juelich in studes of the short-lived neutron-rich nuclei in the A {approx_equal} 100 region. Lifetimes of level in {sup 96},{sup 98},{sup 100} ZR, {sup 99},{sup 101}-{sup 104} Nb, {sup 100}-{sup 105} Mo have been measured, which are in many cases completely new, and otherwise more precise than previously published data. From the lifetimes of the members of rotational bands, the size of the nuclear deformations has been deduced. (orig./HSI). [Deutsch] Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die Kernstruktur der A {proportional_to} 100 Kerne untersucht. Dazu ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Within the framework of efforts to optimize state-of-the-art waste disposal methods, this research project makes a theoretical analysis of the propagation behaviour of pollutants from landfills and waste incineration plants into the immediate vicinity of such plants. In order to judge the propagation of pollutants near the above-mentioned waste disposal facilities, a calculation program was developed within the framework of this research project which permits simulation of the propagation of such emissions in a three-dimensional space by application of an Eulerian grid model. It is capable of realistically representing fluid flow conditions and pollutant concentrations for certain points of times within the complex building patterns of such plants, for randomly chosen atmospheric conditions. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The RCP method was designed as a residue-optimised alternative to the thermally optimised grate firing of residual wastes. Its technical realisation and development to market maturity took no more than 5 years. In the first process stage the waste is converted to high-carbon pyrolysis charcoal and high-rank gas in the absence of oxygen. In the second stage these substances are oxidised by addition of oxygen. The resulting temperature causes the non-combustible constituents of the slag to melt. In a third, optional, stage this molten slag can be liberated of (heavy) metals to such an extent that it can subsequently be used directly as additive for grinding. Further exhaust gas treatment is facilitated by the use of a circulatory fluidised-bed secondary combustion chamber. Despite the reduced flue gas volume and resultant higher pollutant concentrations in the crude gas, overall emissions are lower than ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Only two types of 110-kV-cables: Namely XLPE-Cables and External-Gas-Pressure-Cables will be reinstalled in the Federal Republic of Germany. XLPE-Cables have been already developed for higher voltages. An idea how the external-gas-pressure-cable could be made fit for higher voltage levels will be given in this paper. (orig.) [Deutsch] In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland werden in der Zukunft nur noch zwei Kabeltypen der 110-kV-Ebene den Kabelmarkt beherrschen, naemlich: VPE-Kabel und Gasaussendruck-Kabel. Waehrend VPE-Kabel auch fuer hoehere Spannungsebenen bereits entwickelt worden sind, wird im folgenden vorgeschlagen, wie auch das Prinzip der Gasaussendruck-Kabel zu hoeheren Spannungen hin erweitert werden kann. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The usually low wear resistance of titanium materials can be increased by the thermochemical surface treatment nitriding. In result of comparative investigations of gas and plasma nitriding it will be shown that it is possible to obtain a specific variation of the properties in the highly stressed case by means of these both technologies on example of the (#alpha#+#beta#) alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Gas and plasma nitriding was carried out in the temperature range from 650 to 800 C over 4 to 48 h in different gas atmospheres, i.e. 100% NH_3 (gas), 100% N_2 (gas and plasma), 20% H_2 + 80% N_2 and 20% Ar + 20% H_2 (plasma). The temperature range was fixed in the middle of (#alpha#+#beta#) region, because the core properties are influenced negative in the field of #beta#-transustemperature. The relations between the applied nitriding technologies, the layer structure (chemical, phases, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This feasibility study of the uve Institut fuer Technische Chemie und Umweltschutz GmbH discusses the scientific and technical fundamentals of a catalytic process for complete removal of organic pollutants (PAH, H-HC, PCB, phenols, nitro-aromatics and organometallic compounds, e.g. from polluted soil and groundwater) by thermal-catalytic cracking and conversion into simple gases. The process is based on the catalytic reaction of the hydrocarbon compounds with water vapour in the temperature range of 700-900 degrees centigrade. The resulting gas mixtures consist mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane which can be used as fuels, e.g. for heating or in gas engines. The process is an alterntive to combustion. It is therefore well suited whenever the pollutant to be removed is already mixed with water or water vapour and wherever in-situ removal would be too great a hazard. [Deutsch] Die vorliegende ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

With the development of the latent heat store and its inclusion in the conventional heating control of cars, success has been achieved both in increasing comfort and in making an important contribution to safety of driving. Great store is set in development of the system on its environmental friendliness, for example by the thorough use of environmentally friendly and reusable materials. This also means the use of clean materials. It was shown that the latent heat store (apart from the aspects of comfort and safety of driving) can also make a contribution to saving fuel and reducing the exhaust gas. The sum total of the advantages makes it clear that the latent heat store introduced here is a very environmentally friendly system with multi-functional properties. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der Entwicklung des Latentwaermespeichers und seiner Einbindung in die konventionelle Heizungsregelung von Automobilen ist es gelungen, sowohl den Komfort deutlich ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The high-speed direct-injection diesel engine for passenger cars has been a resounding success in the marketplace in the last few years. This was due to an intensive development process as a result of which the direct-injection diesel engine for passenger cars is currently setting new standards with regard to performance and fuel consumption in spite of the constant tightening of emission regulations. Of particular importance in this context is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This technology permits a considerable reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions, which are especially critical in the case of the direct-injection diesel engine. In addition, continuing development of supercharging technology, in particular the turbocharger with variable turbine geometry, have allowed further improvement of the full-load behaviour and the engine response and a considerable reduction in the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines. This FVV paper deals with the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat pumps for residential space heating become an increasingly important alternative to the conventional heating system like gas or oil burner. They offer the opportunity to reduce CO{sub 2} emission associated with heating residential homes in Germany. High compressors efficiency and a wide operating map are required so that an economically viable heat pumps is achieved which meets the operational conditions for present and future heating systems. The design parameter of existing heating systems require relatively high condensing temperatures which can be achieved with dedicated compressor designs. The design of Scroll compressors specially adapted to these heat pumps is shown and their operation is explained. (orig.) [German] Waermepumpen fuer die Wohnraumheizung gewinnen an Bedeutung als Alternative zur konventionellen Gas- oder Oelheizung. Sie bieten die Moeglichkeit, die mit der Gebaeudeheizung verbundene Emission von Kohlendioxid in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The externally fired combined cycle (EFCC) process utilises a high temperature heat exchanger to transfer the heat of a dirty flue gas to a clean working medium. In comparison to other combined cycle concepts, like integrated gasification combined cycle or pressurized pulverized coal combustion, the problems of hot gas cleaning are avoided. The first part of the publication deals with the possible concepts and the efficiency potential of the externally fired combined cycle. The applicability of metallic and ceramic heat exchanger materials are discussed. The second part (BWK 6/02) summarizes the state of the art and presents the basic design of a ceramic heat exchanger. (orig.) [German] Der extern gefeuerte Gasturbinenprozess arbeitet mit einem Waermeuebertrager, um ein Arbeitsmedium auf Gasturbineneintrittstemperatur zu erhitzen. Im Vergleich zu Kombiprozessen mit integrierter Kohlevergasung oder Druckkohlenstaubfeuerung entfaellt damit die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For the laying of natural gas transport pipelines severe soil protection guidelines are in force in Switzerland. These guidelines influence, above all, the course of the construction in a substantial way. The Federal Office of Energy promulgated these guidelines in May 1993. They have provisional character and shall be reviewed based on the experiences with the in 1994 executed pipeline constructions. The protection of the soil from mechanical-physical loads, specially from soil erosion and compaction, is also a part of the modification of the federal legislation concerning environmental protection which is being dealt with at present by the federal parliament. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer die Verlegung von Erdgas-Transportleitungen gelten in der Schweiz strenge Bodenschutzrichtlinien, die vor allem den Bauablauf nachhaltig beeinflussen. Die Richtlinien wurden im Mai 1993 durch das Bundesamt fuer Energiewirtschaft erlassen. Sie haben provisorischen Charkater ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the future fossil fuelled power plants are realised/laid down as combined cycle power plants with high current generation efficiencies. The method of pressure fluidized-bed combustion with downstream hot gas cleaning is going to compete with methods combined with a pressure coal gasification or a pressure dust combustion. The advantages of the pressure fluidized bed combustion are the simpler method set-up and consequently lower investment costs. (orig./CD) [Deutsch] Kohlegefeuerte Kraftwerke werden zukuenftig als kombinierte Gas/Dampfturbinen-Kraftwerke mit hohen Stromerzeugungswirkungsgraden ausgefuehrt werden. Das Verfahren der Druckwirbelschichtverbrennung mit nachgeschalteter Heissgasreinigung und Rauchgasturbine wird dabei mit Verfahren mit einer vorgeschalteten Kohledruckvergasung oder mit einer Druckstaubfeuerung konkurrieren. Die Vorteile der Druckwirbelschichtverbrennung liegen dabei auf dem insgesamt ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

CNG vehicles suffer from an uncontrolled temperature rise of the gas inside the tank during the filling process and heat exchange with the environment leads to variable filling levels. A partly filled tank reduces the range of CNG vehicles and works as a impediment to the spreading of environmentaly more friendly CNG vehicles. The increase of the pressure inside the tank combined with a prolongation of the filling time beyond three minutes can reduce the deficit of the filling process. For economic reasons the time required for refuelling should be as short as possible without the need to operate the filling station with a critical pressure. To meet this target the current technique requires further improvement. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die betriebliche Praxis bei Tankvorgaengen von Erdgasfahrzeugen zeigt, dass waehrend des Tankvorganges die Temperatur des getankten Erdgases im Fahrzeugtank ansteigt. Waehrend und nach Beendigung des Tankvorganges ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The presented paper describes the formulation of the fractional mass balances which are used to calculate the concentration and size distribution of char in the balance cells of a circulating fluidized bed boiler. In case of using the shrinking core model additionally the distribution of conversion of the char particles is calculated. Basically two reaction models (a shrinking particle and a shrinking core model) are available to describe the combustion process. The model considers all essential physico/chemical phenomena (primary fragmentation, attrition, mass transfer to gas phase) which have to be taken into account for the description of the combustion process. The model is part of an overall simulation program for circulating fluidized bed boilers. This engineering simulator has been developed to return the main performance parameters of such systems like temperature along the furnace height, size distribution of balanced solid components, heat flows at the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For the transformation of gasoline direct injection concepts into production solutions not only fuel economy and emission potential but also system stability and durability is important as well as the optimized interaction with exhaust gas aftertreatment and engine management. By application of optical diagnostic methods on research engines and especially in real multicylinder engines, a DI gasoline combustion system could be developed meeting all these requirements. Its fuel economy in the lower part load range is found within the scatterband of DI-Diesel engines. Special emphasis has been concentrated on the optimum adaptation of the combustion system to the limited exhaust gas temperature range of the NOx storage catalyst technology. A combination of this DI gasoline concept with turbocharging reveals a high potential especially regarding transient response. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bei der Ueberfuehrung von Direkteinspritzkonzepten in reale ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sprayforming offers the possibility to produce a variety of preforms in a single step directly from the melt. Numerous processing parameters ensure high flexibility but require detailed knowledge concerning the microstructure of sprayformed material depending on chemical composition and processing parameters. Within the current study fundamental investigations using unalloyed and low alloy steel grades (C15, C105, 100Cr6) for sprayforming of plates and billets have been performed concerning the influence of chromium and carbon content and selected processing parameters. Sprayformed preforms revealed austenite grain sizes up to 500 {mu}m depending on the development of porosity. Different types of porosity have been detected which can be associated with incomplete densification due to high cooling rates, solidification shrinkage and entrapped nitrogen. Atomisation gas pressure and carbon content are parameters of primary importance. (Abstract Copyright [2003], Wiley ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This thesis deals with the analysis of dominant loss mechanisms in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) and hydrogen fed polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFC) by means of experimental characterization and modeling work. Due to different fuels used in these two fuel cell types, the dominant loss mechanisms are different in their nature. All in-situ characterization techniques that are used in this work are based on a novel test fuel cell with embedded reference electrodes. The first part of this work presents a new concept for realizing a reference electrode configuration in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell by means of laser ablation. The laser beam is used to evaporate a small gap into the electrode surface of a catalyst coated membrane (CCM) to isolate the reference electrode from the working/counter electrode (WE/CE). This method enables the simultaneous ablation of the electrodes on both sides of the CCM because the membrane is transparent for the laser beam. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Damage survey of protective coats of modern gas turbine blade shows that most damages are not due to classic wear mechanisms such as oxydation or high-temperature corrosion but caused by foreign bodies, poor coating during manufacturing, or operation-caused cracks. Mere visual inspection of cracks is often not sufficient to tell whether cracks are superficial or whether they have already progressed into the base material. Non-destructive methods such as ultrasonic inspection or eddy-current testing are helpful tools but there is not yet a fully matured testing concept at hand. Metallographical tests can give important information about crack mechanisms and thermal, chemical and mechanical stresses.(orig.) [German] Die Schadenerfahrung mit Schutzschichten moderner Gasturbinenschaufeln zeigt, dass die meisten Schaeden nicht auf die klassischen Verbrauchsmechanismen wie Oxydation und Hochtemperaturkorrosion zurueckzufuehren sind, sondern durch ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Compared to the reference year of 1990, CO{sub 2} emissions of the Federal Republic of Germany have been curbed by about 12%, primarily as a result of industrial backfitting and pollution abatement measures accomplished in the industrial infrastructure of the new Federal Laender of Germany. Federal Government policy sticks to the previous commitment, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 25% by the year 2005. Current forecasts and scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions show that only immediate adherence to a very stringent reduction policy might ensure that this ambitious goal will be achieved. In this context, any change of the baseline data and scenarios hitherto used for progonostic assessments is a crucial factor, so that the article here discusses the impacts of a change in the nuclear generation scenario, as recently ventilated by the German Federal Government, and expected effects on public power supply. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Ausgehend von dem ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Against the background of more severe limitation of particle emission in all application areas of Diesel engines, it is necessary to monitor the particle emission, but also the chemical composition of the particles. The basis of assessing particle emission is formed by gravimetric determination of the particle concentration from exhaust gas diluted with particle-free ambient air, with a maximum temperature of 52 degrees C at the sampling position. While it is already possible, using the part flow dilution system, to take samples locally, previously the subsequent particle determination and characterisation could only be done in a chemical laboratory. For this reason, the C/S particle measurement process was developed as an alternative to gravimetry, which can be used locally, eg: on ships and which makes it possible to determine the particle mass and composition. This process is based on a thermographic carbon and sulphate determination. Comparative investigations ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new generation of lead alloys for making lead batteries is being introduced in highly developed countries. A very important characteristic of these alloys is the presence of Ca, Al and Sn. Such alloys have the property of stabilizing the amount of gas emitted as a result of the decomposition of the electrolyte on the level of pure lead i.e. significantly smaller than lead alloys containing Se e.g. PbSb 1.7Se. Such alloys have not been produced in Poland so far. - In this paper we are presenting the method and equipment used to produce a pilot portion of PbSnCaAl alloy (mass approximately 80 Mg) on an industrial scale at HMN ''Szopienice'' S.A. lead refinery. We also present the results of the tests regarding the chemical homogeneity of the alloy produced, as well as its structural and casting properties. On the basis of the tests conducted it has been found that the method is industrially adequate and as such it has been ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The 1996/`97 buyers` guide comprises ten chapters: 1. List of suppliers; 2. Waste management, effluents, sewage systems; 3. Water supply, hydroengineering; 4. Chemistry, petrochemistry; 5. Chemical engineering; 6. Food industry, biotechnology; 7. Paper and cellulose industry; 8. Natural gas industry, natural gas supply; 9. Power plant engineering, power systems, district heating; 10. Air conditioning and refrigeration engineering. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der vorliegende Einkaufsfuehrer 1996/97 ist in zehn Kapiteln gegliedert. Diese sind: 1. Firmenverzeichnis 2-11 2. Entsorgungs-/Abwassertechnik, Klaeranlagen 12-15 3. Wasserversorgung, Wassertechnik 16-18 4. Chemie, Petrochemie 19-22 5. Verfahrenstechnik 23-26 6. Lebensmittelindustrie, Biotechnik 27-29 7. Papier-, Zeluloseindustrie 30-31 8. Erdgasindustrie, -versorgung 32 9. Kraftwerkstechnik, Energieanlagen, Fernwaerme 33-34 10. Kaelte-/Klimatechnik 35-36. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Preserving customers` investments in capital goods is one of the strategic market services offered by ABB, and to this end the company has developed project-specific retrofit concepts especially for older power generation plant. A prime example of such a modernization is the Umm Al Nar East (UANE) combined cycle power station in Abu Dhabi, UAE. UANE has two gas turbines of type GT13D, which together generate 140 MW of electrical energy, and heat-recovery boilers which supply steam to a seawater desalination plant with a capacity of 80 million liters of drinking water per day. After almost 20 years in operation, UANE is being modernized. To address the owner`s concerns and minimize plant downtime, ABB has introduced Service, Operation and Rehabilitation (SOR) Key Account Management for Abu Dhabi. In the first phase of the modernization project, the static starting equipment was upgraded and the mechanical turbine governor replaced by the EGATROL electro-hydraulic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper deals with the combustion process of the turbocharged dual-fuel engine with regard to improvement to thermal efficiency and exhaust gas emissions. It describes the method of charge-air control used to achieve optimal operation in either a pure diesel engine or a gas engine using the pilot-ignition process (dual-fuel principle). The change-over from gas to diesel operation and vice versa can be made automatically even under full load, i. e. the engine can be changed over from one mode of operation to the other without interruption. The exhaust gas constituents emitted by the dual-fuel engine are less detrimental to the environment than those of other internal-combustion engines: CO is hardly present at all; NOx is no higher than that from good diesel engines, or even lower; SO/sub 2/ does not occur since the natural gas, which is used most frequently, and the pilot fuel ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Due to the 'novel forest diseases' the political parties of the Federal Republic of Germany unanimously attend to the reduction of emissions. The transportation sector is considered to be a major emission source. A study discussed in the publication abstracted did therefore aim at giving a detailed account and description of the recently ratified technical requirements and tax credits expected to reduce vehicle exhaust gas air pollution. Moreover, the study researches into the regulations' importance as to the low emission properties of individual automobiles. Based on the results obtained the study arrives at assumptions as to emissions to be expected from the transportation sector. It tries to assess the financial import with respect to the individual citizen, overall internal revenues and federal motor vehicle taxes. The introductory chapter is followed by a review of emissions caused by vehicle exhaust gases along with a description ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

ZusammenfassungUbelkeit und Erbrechen stellen zwei Symptome dar, die grundlich untersucht worden sind und bei Krebspatienten haufig auftreten. Die meisten Studien haben sich bislang mit Haufigkeit und Management dieser beiden Symptome befasst. Das Ziel dieser Studie bestand darin, ein besseres Verstandnis dafur zu entwickeln, wie Krebspatienten ihre Symptome erleben-insbesondere Ubelkeit und Erbrechen nach Chemotherapie-und welche Auswirkungen diese Symptome auf den Tagesablauf der Patienten haben. Neun Frauen mit unterschiedlichen Krebsleiden und Chemotherapie Regimes wurden zwecks Chemotherapie stationar aufgenommen und nahmen an der Studie teil. Es wurden halbstrukturierte Interviews einschliesslich einer Inhaltsanalyse in Anlehnung an Kvale durchgefuhrt (Klarung und Entwicklung neuer B...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Short communication

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This conference of Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft fuer Erdoel, Erdgas und Kohle focused on energetic utilisation and recycling of waste materials and biomass, i.e. combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. Aspects of process control were gone into as well. [German] Die Fachbereichstagung der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft fuer Erdoel, Erdgas und Kohle beschaeftigte sich mit der energetischen und stofflichen Nutzung von Abfall und Biomasse. Verbrennung, Vergasung und Pyrolyse verschiedener Abfallstoffe sowie die Prozesssteuerung wurden eroertert.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

By retrofitting the existing steam turbine dual purpose power plant with a gas turbine plant and a secondary waste heat boiler the Technische Werke Ludwigshafen AG have considerably improved the energy generation in energetic, economic and ecological terms. The extension of the existing system to a combined cycle process has lead to this positive effect. The erection of a boiler plant during the first two construction phases has fully met the optimistic expectations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der Nachruestung eines vorhandenen Dampfturbinen-HKW um eine Gasturbinenanlage mit nachgeschaltetem Abhitzekessel haben die Technischen Werke Ludwigshafen AG ihre Energieerzeugung entscheidend in energetischer, oekonomischer und oekologischer Sicht optimiert. Insbesondere die Erweiterung des vorhandenen Systems zu einem GuD-Prozess fuehrt zu dieser positiven Bilanz. Die Errichtung der Kesselanlage in den ersten beiden Bauabschnitten hat die optimistischen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nitriding leads to improved tribological and corrosive properties of iron alloy components. In order to study the effect of plasma nitriding parameters on the structure of compound layer and diffusion zone, a systematic variation of process parameters, temperature and process gas atmosphere has been carried out. Metallographic inspection, X-ray diffraction and glow discharge optical spectroscopy analysis (GDOES) were used in this investigation. The results clarified that depending on the amount of nitrogen in the gas atmosphere nitrided layers with and without compound layer can be generated in the surface of M2 tool steel for temperatures from 350 C to 500 C. For plasma nitriding in 5 vol.% Nitrogen and 95 vol.% Hydrogen no compact compound layer was formed. The gas mixture of 76 vol.% Nitrogen resulted in compound layer formation for all temperatures from 350 C to 500 C. X-ray phase analysis indicated an almost 100% ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This book contains 10 lectures with the following subjects: On the effect of thermal pretreatment on the structure and creep behaviour of the alloy 800 H (V. Guttmann, J. Timm); Material properties of heat resistant ferritic and austenitic steels after cold forming (W. Bendick, H. Weber); Investigations for judging the working behaviour of components made of alloy 800 and alloy 617 under creep stress (H.J. Penkalla, F. Schubert); Creep behaviour of gas turbine materials in hot gas (K.H. Kloos et al.); Effect of small cold forming on the creep beahviour of gas turbine blades made of Nimonic 90 (K.H. Keienburg et al.); Investigations on creep fatigue alternating load strength of nickel alloys (G. Raule); Change of structure, creep fatigue behaviour and life of X20 Cr Mo V 12 1 (by G. Eggeler et al.); Investigations on thermal fatigue behaviour (K.H. Mayer et al.); Creep behaviour of similar welds of the steels 13 Cr Mo 4 4, ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Das Lungenkarzinom ist eine der h?ufigsten Krebserkrankungen und die h?ufigste Krebstodesursache. Mit der Einf?hrung innovativer Substanzen ist die M?glichkeit einer individualisierten Therapie gegeben, die eine Verbesserung von Prognose und Lebensqualit?t verspricht. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Therapeutika basiert auf spezifischen molekularen Eigenschaften des Lungenkarzinoms und stellt neue Anforderungen an die pathohistologische Diagnostik. Neben dem Histotyp haben sich molekulare Alterationen, insbesondere EGFR-Mutationen, als pr?diktive Marker erwiesen. Die histologische Typisierung umfasst daher nicht nur die Unterscheidung von SCLC und NSCLC, sondern die Subtypisierung der NSCLC unter Einbezug immunhistologischer und molekularer Untersuchungen. Zusammenfassend werden Kri...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper provides some results of the research works at low pressure components of steam turbines and some construction solutions resulting in a modernisation. The problems of turbine phases for the transonic flow are analysed with respect to reducing profile and margin losses. The origin and flow of wet steam and its influence on corrosion and erosion is investigated. Inlet and outlet casing of the flow channels and transfer diffuser between second last and last phase are mentioned. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Beitrag werden einige Ergebnisse der Forschung der Teile von ND-Teilen der Dampfturbinen angegeben, und werden irgendeine Konstruktionsloesungen, die fuer ihre Modernisierung guenstig sind, beschrieben. Kurz wird die Problematik der Turbinenstufen fuer die transsonische Stroemung analysiert, mit Hinsicht auf die Erniederung der Profil- und Randverluste. Weiter ist die Aufmerksamkeit der Entstehung und Stroemung des ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The brochure reports on the construction and method of operation of heat pumps: - Efficiency and temperature difference - output figure - circuit processes - saving of primary energy - monovalent and bivalent plants - absorber, earth collectors - heat recovery. (HW) [Deutsch] Die Broschuere berichtet ueber den Aufbau und die Wirkungsweise von Waermepumpen: - Wirkungsgrad und Temperaturdifferenz - Leistungszahl - Kreisprozesse - Einsparung von Primaerenergie - monovalente und bivalente Anlagen - Absorber, Erdkollektoren - Waermerueckgewinnung. (HW)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The thermal environment of a hypothetical large indoor hydrocarbon pool fire is more complex compared to outdoor fires and can be more severe for engulfed objects. In order to analyze potential thermal environments for interim storage of spent fuel casks or low-level radioactive waste packages engulfed in pool fires numerical simulations with the CFD fire code FDS3 were carried out for different storage configurations. In addition, data of indoor pool fire experiments were used to validate the model for this type of application. A series of pool fire experiments under different ventilation conditions and varied pool surface (1 m"2 - 4 m"2) inside a compartment of 3.6 m x 3.6 m x 5.7 m was conducted at iBMB (Institut fuer Baustoffe, Massivbau und Brandschutz) of Braunschweig University of Technology, Germany. The instrumentation included thermocouples, heatflux and pressure gauges, bi-directional flow probes and gas concentration measurements. A ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Biosorption behaviour of and toxic effects of heavy metals in submersed and immobilised microorganisms was studied in batches and in continuous processes in an airlift-recycle reactor. Nickel, cadmium, and zinc were used as heavy metals. (orig./VHE) [Deutsch] Am Beispiel einer Naphthalin-2-sulfonsaeure-abbauenden Kultur wurde das Biosorptionsverhalten und die toxische Wirkung von Schwermetallen auf submerse und immobilisierte Mikroorganismen im Batch-Ansatz und im kontinuierlichen Betrieb in einem Airlift-Schlaufenreaktor untersucht. Als Schwermetalle wurden Nickel, Cadmium und Zink eingesetzt. (orig./VHE)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the first part of this contribution, the definition of reference values is given and the theoretical and practical problems in the application of this concept are discussed. In this connection, the present resources on instrumentation and the technical requirements for dose assessment are described. In the second part, some consequences are taken and proposals for further actions are made. (orig.) [German] Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes werden Definitionen von Referenzwerten in der radiologischen Diagnostik untersucht und die theoretischen und praktischen Probleme der Umsetzung des gesamten Konzepts eroertert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch der gegenwaertige Geraetebestand und die technischen Voraussetzungen zur Dosisermittlung beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil werden daraus Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und Vorschlaege zum weiteren Vorgehen gemacht. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Better quality of thermal comfort as well as reduced heat energy demand and accordingly CO{sub 2} emission can be achieved by better heating and ventilation strategies in private buildings. The paper deals with a novel model-based measurement and automation system. It describes the implementation of better strategies under given technical circumstances. (orig.) [German] Durch Verbesserung der Heizungs- und Lueftungsstrategien im privaten Lebensbereich kann sowohl Heizenergie eingespart und damit die CO{sub 2}-Emission verringert, als auch die Raumbehaglichkeit verbessert werden. Der Beitrag behandelt ein modellgestuetztes Mess- und Automatisierungssystem, mit dem die Realisierung der verbesserten Strategien unter gegebenen technischen Randbedingungen praktisch erst moeglich wird. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Trapezblechstege im Bruckenbau kommen trotz der groen Vorteile, die diese Bauweise bietet, in Deutschland bisher nur an einem Pilotprojekt zur Anwendung. Durch die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Trapezbleches entstehen konstruktive und wirtschaftliche Vorteile gegenuber herkommlichen Bruckenbauweisen. Allerdings lassen die aktuell gultigen Regelwerke aufgrund fehlender Kenntnis zum Tragverhalten und mangelnder Erfahrung keine wirtschaftliche Ausbildung zu. Dies zeigt sich am Beispiel des Pilotprojekts. Die Ausbildung der Verbundfuge wurde hier nur sehr unbefriedigend gelost und verdeutlicht somit die Notwendigkeit einfacher und praktikabler Verbindungsmoglichkeiten. Am Institut fur Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren der Universitat Stuttgart wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Water power plants mean the design, configuration, execution and operation of buildings and of hydraulic and electrical machines. Their many types are due to the stages of development and the technical alternatives of the use of waterpower and the associated energy economy aspects. The main points of this work are the use of water power, different hydro-electric powerstations, water collection, machines and electrotechnical equipment. In the 2nd revised edition parts on electrical engineering, environment, minimum water run-off pumped storage plants, small scole plants, economical aspects and finite elements were broadened. It is a comprehensive textbook and technical book for students of civil engineering and particularly suitable for engineers active in the theory and practice of waterpower construction. (orig./GL) [German] Dieses Standardwerk der Wasserkraft liegt hiermit bereits in 4. Auflage vor. Es wurde noch staerker an die Erfordernisse der Praxis angepasst, komplett ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The knowledge shown in this work of the relationships between the oxidation stage of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten and their catalytic activity in some hydrocarbon reactions was achieved by the combination of separate investigations of reduction properties and the catalytic activity of the catalysts concerned. To characterize the electronic state of the reduced surfaces, X-ray photo-electronic spectroscopy was mainly used, supplemented by electron spin resonance. The catalyst activity was measured in conventional apparatus (flow, pulse and gradient-free reactors). (orig.) [Deutsch] Die in dieser Arbeit dargestellten Erkenntnisse ueber die Zusammenhaenge zwischen der Oxidationsstufe von Chrom, Molybdaen und Wolfram und ihrer katalytischen Aktivitaet in einigen Kohlenwasserstoffreaktionen wurden durch die Kombination getrennter Untersuchungen ueber Reduktionseigenschaften und katalytische Aktivitaet der betreffenden ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Leakfree compression of gaseous liquids prevents impurities resulting from entry of lubricants and abrasive particles and is therefore an important requirement on modern compressors. Another requirement voiced increasingly often is the reduction or even prevention of problematic off-gases and contaminated residues of libricating oils. Further, compressors should have high corrosion resistance, low noise, a long service life and high reliability. Membrane compressors are largely able to meet these requirements. The article describes the technical concept and applications of membrane compressors. (orig.) [Deutsch] Umweltschutz und steigende Forderungen der Industrie an die Reinheit technischer Gase verlangen Kompressoren, die weitgehend leckagefrei verdichten und keine Verunreinigungen des Gases durch Schmierstoffe und Abrieb hervorrufen. Immer haeufiger wird in diesem Zusammenhang die Reduzierung oder sogar die Vermeidung ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ventilation, cooling and illumination of modern high-rise office buildings with high-quality thermal insulation (average k-value 1.0 W/m12K) and high loads from office machinery (up to 20 W/m12 and beyond) are problematic even for modern facility management systems, with consequences for the building shell, heating system, and window ventilation. [Deutsch] Die Lueftung, Kuehlung und Beleuchtung moderner Buerohochbauten mit extremer Waermedaemmung (mittlerer K-Wert 1,0 W/m{sup 2}K) und hohen Bueromaschinenlasten (bis zu 20 W/m{sup 2} und mehr) verursachen auch heute noch erhebliche Probleme, obwohl die technische Gebaeudeausruestung weiterentwickelt wurde. Dies zeigt sich vor allem bei der Fassadenausbildung der Heizung und Fensterlueftung. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The results of these investigations can be summarised as follows: At simulated operating stress most naturally occuring faults in welded- and cast iron parts develop cracks and can be assessed for reliability under fatigue-,creep- and creep fatigue behaviour according to the laws of fracture mechanics. The empirically determined correlation between the real fault size and the ultrasonic inspection results (height of echo, echo dynamics, sound weakening) lead to better assessment of real fault extension in turbine components. It is very important to adapt the method of inspection and assessment to the type of possible fault.(orig.) [German] Die bei diesen Untersuchungen ermittelten Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: - Die Mehrzahl der untersuchten natuerlichen Fehlstellen in den Schmiede- und Gussstuecken verhalten sich unter den simulierten Betriebsbeanspruchungen rissartig und sind damit mittels den bruchmechanischen Gesetzen in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The results of the experiments on the pressure oxidation of oil and fat in waste waters shows that the final COD and TOC values decrease with growing temperature and reaction time and decreasing initial concentration. Oxidation of oil and fat in waste water is no straight forward procedure. Therefore it should be compared in the individual case with laternative methods in terms of cost and economic efficiency. (EF) [Deutsch] Die Ergebnisse der Versuche zur Druckoxidation von Oel und Fett in Abwaessern zeigten, dass sich die CSB- und TOC- Endkonzentration verringerte mit steigender Temperatur, Reaktionszeit und verringerter Ausgangskonzentration. Die Oxidierbarkeit von Oel und Fett in Abwaessern ist sehr schwierig. Deshalb sollte in jedem Einzelfall ein Vergleich mit alternativen Verfahren bezueglich Aufwand und Wirtschaftlichkeit vorgenommen werden. (EF)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The invention relates to a method for purifying a gas mixture containing at least one undesirable gas compound utilizing certain sulfonamide or sulfamide solvents.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The rate at which full-scale technology transfer takes place depends on the quality of the supply companies, i.e. training, organisational development and product infrastructure. These parameters are discussed for the example of a water mill, and a flow diagram is presented. [Deutsch] Wie rasch ein umfassender Transfer in Frage kommt, entscheidet sich mit der Qualitaet und dem Niveau der zuliefernden Betriebe. Hierbei sind Ausbildung, Organisationsentwicklung und Produktionsinfrastruktur besonders angesprochen. Fuer eine Wassermuehle werden diese Parameter konkret eroertert und an Durchlaufdiagrammen erlaeutert. (GL)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Many features from the background for an intensified application of fracture mechanics concepts in many industries world-wide. These include requirements for a permanent increase of the level of performance of technical components and structures by the introduction of new materials, joining technologies and design principles, the problem of ageing components and life extension, an increased emphasis on non-destructive in-service inspection combined with improved NDT techniques, and also a number of failure events caused by fatigue and fracture The aim of the present paper is to give a brief state-of-the-art review on how fracture mechanics is applied in different industrial branches today. This is based on standards and guidelines in the aerospace industry, in the nuclear and fossil power generation, in the chemical and petrochemical and the pipeline industry, in civil engineering, offshore technique and other fields. Based on the review an outlook is given on a future development that ...

Science.gov (United States)

... 2. K. Dorenwendt, "Das verhalten kommerzieller Casium-Atomuhren und die Zeitskalen der PTBn, Proceedings of the 31st International Congress ...

Science.gov (United States)

Eckert, B., "Axial Kompressoren und Radial Kompressoren," Springer. Verlag, Berlin, 1953. 3. Lebot, Y., et al., "Theoretical and Experimental Determination ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Elektrochemische Potentialmessungen (auch Potentialfeldmessungen) haben sich seit Jahren bewahrt, Bereiche mit aktiver chloridinduzierter Korrosion an tausalzexponierten Bauwerken, wie z. B. Bruckentafeln sowie Zwischendecks und Bodenplatten von Parkhausern und Tiefgaragen nachzuweisen. Bereits 1990 erschien die erste Fassung des Merkblatts B3 der DGZfP. Das DAfStb Heft 422 (1991) - Prufung von Beton Empfehlungen und Hinweise zu DIN 1048 - enthielt die Potentialfeldmessung bzw. das Merkblatt B3 im Anhang. In Deutschland liegen somit zwei Jahrzehnte Erfahrungen mit den entsprechenden Regelwerken und naturlich auch in der praktischen Anwendung vor. In der Praxis zeigte sich jedoch auch, dass die Anwendung verbessert werden muss. Die Potentialmessung wurde vielfach sogar falsch durchgefuhrt, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Magnetic pulse welding, a cold solid state bonding process, is becoming a viable replacement for conventional fusion welding processes and explosive welding. The process is presented here along with its fundamental equations and applications of similar and dissimilar welds are illustrated along with typical interface microstructures. (orig.) [German] Magnetimpuls-schweissen, ein Verbindungsverfahren im kalten Festzustand, wird ein funktionsfaehiger Ersatz fuer das herkoemmliche Schmelzschweissverfahren und das Explosionsschweissverfahren. Das Verfahren wird hier mit seinen grundlegenden Gleichungen vorgestellt, und Anwendungen von aehnlichen und unaehnlichen Schweissungen werden mit typischen Schnittstellen-Mikrostrukturen veranschaulicht. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Alloyed steels containing retained austenite after martensitic hardening are widely applied in technical practice. Although many practical investigations have been made into the mechanical behaviour of composite microstructures with retained austenite, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning their fatigue and crack propagation behaviour. For this reason, the author investigated the effects of retained austenite concentration and stability on the transformation and deformation behaviour of hardened states of the steels X210Cr12 and 100Cr6. For this purpose, monotone tensile tests, cyclic tensile pressure tests, and supplementary crack propagation experiments were carried out. The concentrations of retained austenite were varied between 10 and 100% by volume by means of different heat treatments. [Deutsch] Legierte Staehle, die nach martensitischer Haertung noch Restaustenit enthalten, finden in der technischen Praxis verbreitete Anwendung. Zum mechanischen Verhalten von ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the future even more than in the past, nuclear power will be indispensable in the present industrialized countries and in those still under development. The safe, nonpolluting, and economic supply of energy to mankind in the future includes so many different problems that the technology of the high-temperature reactor at its present level of development, and with the possibilities is offers above and beyond those provided by other, established, technologies, does not have to mark the end of some old line of development, but rather should be seen as the starting point of a development offering promise for the future. It is for this very reason that the extensive, valuable knowledge and experience accumulated in the construction, operation, and decommissioning of the AVR and THTR plants, the development of the HTR module and other variants and, last, but not least, the valuable results of projects such as PNP, NFE, and HHT, must be preserved at the research centers and with former ...

CERN Document Server

Radiation protection and the management of radioactive waste in the oil and gas industry

Wastenet

condenser, gas refiner, oil (gas) storage tank and dual fuel engine

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A publication on Norwegian gas and gas export. The content is wide spread from use of gas in daily life via sub sea pipeline repair systems to an overview over tomorrows gas fields. (AG)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

56 patients with the clinical diagnosis of sprained ankles were investigated. Evaluation of the anterior (AFTL) and posterior fibulotalar ligament (PFTL) was performed with the foot in dorsiflexion (20 ) and of the fibulo calcanear ligament (FCL) in plantarflexion (45 ). Axial T{sub 1}w-SE and T{sub 2}w-TSE images were obtained. Full-length visualisation of ligmaments in one slice and the extent of injury were evaluated. 12 ankle injuries were confirmed by operation. With MRI full-length visualisation of lateral ankle ligaments was possible in 86%. A partial/complete rupture of the AFTL was noticed in 33/64% and of the FCI in 29/39%, and of the PFTL in 27/5%. Sensitivity/specificity of MRI when compared to surgery was 100/100% for injuries of the AFTL, 64/100% for the FCL, and 33/78% for the PFTL. (orig./MG) [Deutsch] 56 Patienten wurden mit der klinischen Diagnose einer frischen Supinationsverletzung des oberen Sprunggelenkes untersucht. Das Lig. talofibulare anterius (TFA) ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The technical rule intends to maintain the function of the safety facilities in case of explosion hazards resulting from materials capable of generating explosive atmospheres or forming explosive mixtures if such materials are brought or released into the nuclear facility or are generated on site. (orig.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Der folgende Artikel setzt die Reihe unserer ChiuZ-Beitrge zur Chemi- und Biolumineszenz mit einer interessanten und neuen experimentellen Arbeit zum -kalten Licht- spezieller ungesttigter Verbindungen fort, deren Anwendung auch in der modernen Zeit der Nanotechnologie im biochemischen bzw. medizinisch-chemischen Labor vllig neue Akzente gesetzt hat.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The experimental effect investigation programme on Zircaloy-4/air oxidation was pursued and expanded to isothermal specimen exposure and the comparison of the oxidation between the atmospheres Ar/O{sub 2} and air. In close connection with the EC project OPSA, which is meanwhile terminated, the investigation concerned specimen exposure in a thermobalance to flowing atmospheres, namely dry Ar/O{sub 2} of composition 80/20 or synthetic air, respectively. As test parameters the linear heat-up rate was varied in the range 5 to 40 K/min and the ramp or holding temperature between 800 and 1500 C. Mass increase and reaction rate were continuously recorded or evaluated in temperature/time dependence. The oxide scale growth was found to be accompanied by colour changes, crack formation and spalling of layers, as well as by dimensional substrate growth, which are the reasons for the observed kinetic results. The microstructural investigation confirms nitrogen to be essentially responsible for the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The stirling cryocooler ILK 15 is a machine with simple drive concept. This machine works with a conventional built-in electric motor and crank drive and needs a power input of about 500 W. The refrigerating capacity is 15 W at 80 K with a cooldown time of 12 minutes. The cooler is somehow a replacement for the Gifford-McMahon cycle coolers, which are bigger and heavier. The Stirling cryocooler was designed to cool HTSC-components. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Stirlingkuehler ILK 15 ist eine Kaeltemaschine mit einfachem Antriebskonzept. Die Maschine arbeitet mit einem konventionellen Elektroeinbaumotor und Kurbeltrieb. Sie benoetigt eine Antriebsleistung von 500 W und hat eine Kaelteleistung von 15 W bis 80 K und eine Einkuehlzeit von 12 Minuten. Die Maschine kann als Alternative zur wesentlich groesseren und schweren Gifford-McMahon-Maschine gesehen und bei der Kuehlung von ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Verification of guarantees mostly calls for measurements on the spot. The paper deals with the guarantees that apply to small hydroelectric power stations. Already when planning a plant it should be decided what guarantees are to be demanded and how they can be verified. Specifically, measurements to verify guaranteed performance and efficiency on the spot are dealt with. Details are not given. Rather, the report wants to give an overview of methods and aspects to be taken heed of. For in-depth information, the reader is referred to the corresponding standards and guidelines. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zur Ueberpruefung von Garantien ist meistens die Durchfuehrung von Messungen vorort notwendig. Es werden die Garantien behandelt, die bei Kleinwasserkraftanlagen in Frage kommen. Bereits bei der Planung der Anlage sollte entschieden werden, welche Garantien gefordert werden sollen und wie sie ueberprueft werden koennen. Es wird speziell auf die messtechnische Ueberpruefung ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The current discussion on worldwide climate change suggests that the current situation is unusual or extreme, and that climate changes never - or hardly ever - occurred in the centuries before. The author discusses whether this is really the case, and whether air pollution abatement measures can really help. His answers are based on the findings of palaeoclimatology. [German] Verfolgt man die Diskussion um den derzeitigen Klimawandel, so gewinnt man den Eindruck, Aussergewoehnliches und Extremes wuerde geschehen, und man bekommt zudem ueber Beratungsgremien und Medien vermittelt, dass sich in den Jahrhunderten vor dem heutigen Klimawandel das Klima nicht oder nur wenig geaendert hat. Es wird auch der Eindruck erweckt, man koenne das Klima stabilisieren und durch Emissionsminderungsmassnahmen das Klima schuetzen. Ist Klimaschutz eine loesbare Herausforderung oder ueberschaetzen wir Menschen unsere ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The buckling test program comprised 37 axially loaded cylinders made of austenitic stainless steels and 6 reference cylinders made of mild steel. The three test parameters were the steel grade, the shell slenderness and the operating temperature. The chosen steel grades are typical for practical applications: AISI 304 (No. 1.4301) as the basic austenitic stainless steel, AISI 316 L (No. 1.4404) as a molybdenum alloyed and AISI 316 Ti (No. 1.4571) as a molybdenum and titanium alloyed austenitic stainless steel. The chosen shell slendernesses are typical for the above-mentioned elastic-plastic region: r/t=50, 150 and 400, approximately corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness parameters {lambda}=0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 respectively. The chosen testing temperatures cover a wide range of applications: T=20 C, 100 C, 250 C and 400 C. The test cylinders were manufactured from 3.0 mm, 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm steel sheets, cold rolled into the cylindrical shape and longitudianlly TIG-welded. The radii ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The first volume of the report covers the state of implementation of primary and secondary measures for SO{sub 2}- and NO{sub x} control applied in the most important industrial sectors in Germany. Integrated pollution abatement techniques, called primary measures in this report, such as process integrated measures and low emission processes, have gained increased importance in recent years. The end-of-pipe processes, described here as secondary measures, are generally highly effective. They represent mature technologies, which are capable of achieving significant reductions in SO{sub 2}- and NO{sub x} emissions, and which have been used in particular for retrofitting existing plants. At first, an overview is given regarding the development of SO{sub 2}- and NO{sub x} emissions in selected European countries during the last 20 years and in Europe. Current national and European emission limits and emission guidelines on SO{sub 2}- and NO{sub x} emissions from stationary sources are ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A gas diffusion semiconductor electrode and solar cell and a process for gaseous fixation, such as nitrogen photoreduction, CO/sub 2/ photoreduction and fuel gas photo-oxidation are described. The gas diffusion photosensitive electrode has a central electrolyte porous matrix with an activated semiconductor material on one side adapted to be in contact with an electrolyte and a hydrophobic gas diffusion region on the opposite side adapted to be in contact with a supply of molecular gas.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The typical MRI features of the most common pancreatic diseases, such as pancreatitis and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, have been established. However, even in these common pancreatic disorders, MRI correlation with the underlying pathology is limited for clinical reasons. We emphasize MR-pathological correlation of inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic changes, including pancreatitis, adenocarcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, rare cystic and solid pancreatic neoplasms, and islet cell tumors. By highlighting the correlation of key pathological features with MR findings, a better understanding of the MR appearance of pancreatic pathology can be provided. In addition, MRI may prove a powerful tool in detection and characterization of pancreatic tumors. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das MR-tomographische Erscheinungsbild von Pankreatitiden und Adenokarzinomen des Pankreas, als den haeufigsten Pankreaserkrankungen, ist zwar ausreichend bekannt; allerdings ist selbst bei diesen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This seminar dealt with the subject of indoor air pollution and welcomed participants from environmental consultancy agencies and authorities and institutions related with environmental protection. Leading scientists from research and authorities presented the current state of knowledge abut the risks of indoorair pollution. The papers contained in these proceedings addressed: room climate and sick-building syndrome; allergens in indoor spaces; pollutants emitted by exemplary building materials; pollutant levels of organic compounds in indoor spaces; air quality in motor vehicle interiors; indoor air pollution - risk assessment and need for actions. (Uhe) [Deutsch] Das Seminar zum Thema Innenraumluft wurde fuer TeilnehmerInnen von Umweltberatungsstellen und anderen mit Umwelt betrauten Behoerden und Institutionen veranstaltet. Fuehrende Wissenschaftlerinnen aus Forschung und Behoerden stellten den aktuellen Stand des ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In view of current trends in motor car development, the author investigates the increasing conflict between higher comfort and lower fuel consumption. The conflict results mainly from insufficient cooling water heating with consumption-optimized engines. So far, it was never necessary to analyze heat flow after cold starting and heat-up of the powertrain, to develop strategies for heat storage and distribution, to remove heat sinks and to use components multifunctionally. The contribution shows that a general heat management strategy for the whole vehicle will result in high potential fuel savings and improved thermal comfort. Using the example of a latent heat store, heating strategies for the engine and transmission system on the one hand and the passenger compartment on the other hand are developed, and the advantages are presented in detail. [German] Abgeleitet aus den Trends in der Fahrzeugentwicklung wird auf den immer staerker werdenden Konflikt zwischen den steigenden ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The `biotechnology 2000` project is supervised by the project sponsor `biology, energy, ecology` at Forschungszentrum Juelich on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology. The project activities cover the development of techniques and methods, cell biology, gene structure and gene regulation, photosynthetic production processes, biological hydrogen production, synthetic biology, protein design, neurobiological research, biosystems, plant breeding, phytomedicine and plant protection, the biology of waste disposal methods, research into methods which replace animal experiments, biological safety research, technology risk assessment, and ethical aspects. A general survey introduces the promoted projects, and standardized data sheets briefly introduce the individual activities. The appendix gives the project indices, the indices of joint projects, a list of the supported companies and institutions, and the project sponsor flowsheet. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Programm ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An overview is given the expected amount of natural gas that can be produced from small gas fields in the Netherlands in the next 20 years.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For evaporation crystallization of extremely corrosive FGD scrubber solutions which - depending on the process - can lead all the way to a product suitable for depositing, an economic equipment concept based on metallic construction materials was to be investigated. In a parameter study, electrochemical test methods were used to determine the influence of the pH value, the Fe{sup 3+}, F and So{sub 2} contents in a solution containing 200 g/l CaCl{sub 2}+30 g/l NaCl at 80deg C on the resistance to pitting corrosion of stainless steels and NiCrMo alloys. In addition, electrochemical and wet corrosion tests (e.g. crevice corrosion) were conducted using original FGD scrubber solutions with 43-50% dry substance from the power plants Reuter-West, Oberhavel and Rudow of the BEWAG, Berlin. The results were compared to those of standardized and non-standardized short-term tests for determining the critical pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion temperatures for the various materials. Of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To study the biogeochemical behaviour, mobility and transport of trace metals in seawater (Se, Mo, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Zn), in suspended particulate matter (Mo, Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, Zn, Al, Mn) and in sediments of the inner and outer coastal regions, samples were collected on 3 separate cruises during a one year period (Mai 1993 - April 1994) at 20 stations in the coastal area of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Standard hydrographic parameters, nutrients and dissolved oxygen were also measured. Priority was taken to establish the methods for the determination of molybdenum and selenium. To study the behaviour of these two elements in detail, longterm measurements were carried out weekly between January 1993 and June 1994 at the `Messsteg/Warnemuende`. Because of parallel measurements correlations to biological, chemical and hydrographic parameters have been tested. The total database is summarized in the Appendix. The results are presented in 30 figures and 13 tables and are ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The origin of natural gas in the Japanese oil and gas fields are geochemically studied. Samples are taken from structural natural gas, surface gas seepage, water-dissolved natural gas and coal-field gas of the Japan Sea coast area. The origins of primary hydrocarbons are classified into bacteria gas and thermogenic gas, the latter being subclassified into gas in oil production zone with the per million deviation of the carbon isotope (/sup 13/C/sup 1/) of methane less than -35 and those gases with maturity higher than this. Surface gas seepage is subjected to migration and bacterial oxidation. Coal gas is similar to oil gas. The CO/sub 2/ concentration is 0 - 2% and /sup 13/CO/sub 2/ deviations from -30 - +30. The origin can be barely ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Many power plants use treated surface water as boiler feedwater and have difficulties in keeping within the limits for organic substances in feedwater (TOC < 200 ppb) or acid conductivity in steam condensate (< 0.2 {mu}S/cm). The characteristics of surface water and the role of organic substances in boiler feedwater are explained and discussed. [German] Viele Kraftwerke bereiten fuer die Erzeugung von Kesselspeisewasser Oberflaechenwasser auf und haben Probleme, die Richtlinien fuer organische Stoffe im Speisewasser (TOC < 200 ppb) oder Saeure-Leitfaehigkeit in Dampfkondensaten (< 0,2 {mu}S/cm) einzuhalten. Die besonderen Eigenschaften von Oberflaechenwaessern und die Bedeutung organischer Stoffe in Kesselspeisewasser werden erlaeutert und diskutiert. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: To determine the value of MRI in the preoperative evaluation of chronic paranasal sinusitis and to compare the results with CT and intraoperative findings. Method/Materials: 42 patients with clinical signs of chronic paranasal sinusitis underwent MRI after CT evaluation on one day, with subsequent functional endoscopic sinus surgery on the next day. Coronary CT was obtained with 5-mm slices and table-feed in the prone position, while MRI was performed in the supine position with coronary T{sub 2}-TSE+pd and coronary and transverse HASTE, each with 5-mm slice thickness. Aquisition time in MRI was less than 8 minutes. Two radiologists reviewed the CT and MRI scans for signs of sinusitis and detection of anatomical landmarks. The results were correlated with the intraoperative findings. Results: MRI offered no artifacts of dental work and showed more often high quality pictures than CT. CT and MRI demonstrated a good correlation in the detection of mucosal pathologies ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This is the first interdisciplinary approach to urban water and waste water managment. The author presents the knowledge acquired during the project. [German] Die ganzheitliche Betrachtung der Wasserwirtschaft in urbanen Gebieten ist sowohl in der Forschung als auch in der Praxis neu. Zwischen der Bearbeitung eines Forschungsprojektes und eines Ingenieurprojektes gibt es grundsaetzliche Differenzen, trotzdem sind wir der Meinung, dass es bezueglich der interdisziplinaeren Aspekte und der ganzheitlichen Betrachtung der Wasserwirtschaft sowohl in der Forschung als auch in der Praxis aehnliche Probleme gibt. Aus diesem Grunde wird in dieser Arbeit versucht ueber einige Erfahrungen aus dem interdisziplinaeren und ganzheitlichen Forschungsprojekt zu berichten. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present contribution focuses on the input side of individual process techniques. It shows on the basis of example calculations how two parameters describing the incinerable (residual) waste that are of particular importance for unconventional thermal treatment methods, namely ``pollutant load`` and ``calorific value``, can be influenced by a recycling stage and then further by mechanical-biological pretreatment. [Deutsch] Im folgenden soll das Hauptaugenmerk auf die Inputseite zu den einzelnen thermischen Verfahren gelegt werden und anhand einer Beispielrechnung aufgezeigt werden, wie sich die fuer einen Einsatz in nichtkonventionellen thermischen Verfahren besonders wichtigen Parameter des aufbereiteten (Rest)Abfalls `Schadstoffbelastung` und `Heizwert` zunaechst durch eine Verwertung und weiter durch eine mechanisch-biologische Vorbehandlung veraendern. (orig./SR)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Turbine sets are inspected at their overhaul intervals throughout their operating lives. Using three examples, the present article describes the procedure in the inspection and assessment of steam turbines during overhauls and also deals with rehabilitation measures. In addition to the usual non-destructive tests and the recording of findings, computational life assessments are also considered. (orig.) [Deutsch] Turbosaetze werden waehrend ihrer Betriebszeit anlaesslich von Revisionen ueberprueft. Anhand von drei Beispielen wird in diesem Beitrag die Vorgehensweise bei der Pruefung und Bewertung von Dampfturbinen bei Revisionen und fuer Rehabilitationsmassnahmen dargestellt. Neben ueblichen zerstoerungsfreien Pruefungen und Befundaufnahmen erfolgten in Verbindung damit auch rechnerische Lebensdauerbewertungen. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Many older homes are equipped with mercury-containing gas regulators that reduce the pressure of natural gas in the mains to the low pressure used in home gas piping. Removal of these regulators can...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Science.gov (United States)

... Title : ON-LINE MONITORING OF FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SCRUBBER CORROSION WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES. ...

Science.gov (United States)

... Accession Number : ADD419981. Title : Flue Gas Desulfurization and Its Alternatives: The State of the Art,. Corporate Author ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In two pilot projects Maingas AG has complemented an existing marketing mix with a telephone marketing segment. One of these telephone marketing campaigns was conducted for the purpose of `Intensification`, the other for `Activation of Unused Mains Connections`. The aim was to provide professional support to canvassing campaigns in their various phases in order to minimise diffusion losses and increase the probability of winning new customers. The slogan chosen for the drive was therefore: `Its no good being present unless one`s efficient in the preparation, execution, and revision of a campaign`. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Maingas AG hat in zwei Pilotprojekten das bestehende Marketing-Mix durch das Segment Telefonmarketing ergaenzt. Es wurde eine Telefonmarketing-Aktion im Bereich `Verdichtung` und eine Telefonmarketing-Aktion im Bereich `Aktivierung Inaktive Hausanschluesse` durchgefuehrt. Ziel war es, durch einen professionellen flankierenden Service in den ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Magnetic fields can be compensated by opposing fields. This principle can be applied for reducing the magnetic fields emanating from high-voltage transmission lines or found in residential or commercial buildings. The article shows a number of concrete options for reducing magnetic fields in the vicinity of high-voltage lines through appropriate conductor configuration on the one hand, and a novel method using Helmholtz coils for compensating those fields in buildings. (orig.) [Deutsch] Magnetische Felder koennen durch Gegenfelder kompensiert werden. Dieses Prinzip laesst sich sowohl auf Hochspannungsleitungen als auch auf Wohn- und Arbeitsraeume uebertragen. Der Artikel zeigt konkrete Moeglichkeiten, wie einerseits Magnetfelder von Hochspannungsleitungen durch eine geeignete Konfiguration der Leiter reduziert werden koennen, und beschreibt andererseits eine neue Methode zur Reduktion solcher Felder in Wohn- und ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Within the context of practice-oriented constraints the speed and output power control of power plant turbines represents a big challenge for engineers for designing low order controllers with only a few parameter settings and in order to meet the requirements of the Deutsche Verbundgesellschaft. The results of a detailed study of the current standard and an improvement of the speed dynamic for load rejections are shown. (orig.) [German] Die Regelung der Drehzahl und die Leistung von Kraftwerksturbinen stellt im Rahmen von praxisorientierten Nebenbedingungen, wie z.B. dem Einsatz von Reglern geringer Ordnung mit wenigen Einstellparametern und den Vorgaben der Deutschen Verbundgesellschaft, eine grosse Herausforderung fuer den Entwicklungsingenieur dar. Die Ergebnisse einer ausfuehrlichen Untersuchung des bisherigen Standards und einer Verbesserung der Drehzahldynamik bei sogenannten Abfangpruefungen werden vorgestellt. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Licensing procedures are of great importance in the entire decision-making and planning process for erection of cogeneration power plants. The paper presented is a condensed version of the ASUE guide published in May 1999 and gives compact and topical information about legal and procedural aspects for orientation of people not yet familiar with the licensing procedures. An initial outline lists and characterises the procedures involved, which then are explained in greater detail, accompanied by flowsheets and diagrams. (orig./CB) [German] Genehmigungsverfahren besitzen im Entscheidungs- und Planungsprozess eine grosse Bedeutung. Um Planern, Bauherren und Behoerden hierzu einen kompakten und aktuellen Ueberblick bieten zu koennen, wurde dieses Referat als Kurzfassung der im Mai 1999 veroeffentlichten ASUE-Broschuere zusammengestellt. Sie bietet vor allem denjenigen eine Hilfestellung, die noch keine Erfahrungen mit den ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The adaption of the Muster-VAwS (model ordinance on the handling of water endangering substances in plants and specialized facilities) in the ordinances of the different German states, means that the legislator has laid down concrete - technical and organizational - requirements concerning the handling of water-endangering substances for all plants. The present example of the systematic stocktaking of all environmentally relevant substances in the context of the operation of the pumped storage plants of Schluchseewerk AG, Freiburg, an the application of the model operating instructions for hydropower plants shall serve to illustrate two important aspects for the implementation of this extensive ordinance. (orig.) [Deutsch] Durch Umsetzung der Muster-VAwS (Muster-Verordnung ueber Anlagen zum Umgang mit wassergefaehrdenden Stoffen und Fachbetriebe) in entsprechende Laenderverordnungen wurden durch den Gesetzgeber konkrete Anforderungen, technisch ...

Science.gov (United States)

The Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) has been engaged in revenue administration reform for several years. Among the KRA's impressive, recent accomplishments is the integration of formerly separate departments for income taxes and value added taxes. (VAT) und...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wider coal lines and larger power plant units necessitate measures for increasing the capacity of the mills without driving up power consumption and installation costs. The result of this development is the modern ALSTOM bowl mill. This paper indicates the stages of development which were necessary for this and the experience which could be accumulated through these measures. The paper also describes in detail the areas of flow in the mills, of design of milling equipment, of mill power supply and of grading in this development. (orig.) [Deutsch] Breitere Kohlebaender und groessere Kraftwerkseinheiten zwingen zu Massnahmen, um die Leistung der Muehlen zu vergroessern, ohne jedoch den Kraftbedarf und die Installationskosten in die Hoehe zu treiben. Das Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung ist die moderne ALSTOM-Schuesselmuehle. Der Beitrag zeigt, welche Entwicklungsschritte hierzu erforderlich waren und welche Erfahrungen mit den ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Problems with the refractory liners of incinerator combustion chambers have accompanied incinerators from the very beginning. They increased during the past decade, owing to higher combustion temperatures required by law (17. BImSchV), the higher calorific values of the waste to be combusted, and the higher or changed pollutant concentrations in the waste materials. This caused the providers and the materials and the producers of incinerators to develop new refractory products and new design concepts, with a great variety of processes and cost levels. [German] Seit Beginn der Abfallverbrennung, insbesondere aber mit zunehmender Tendenz in den vergangenen 10 Jahren, wird ueber Probleme mit der Feuerfestauskleidung in den Brennkammern von Abfallverbrennungsanlagen geklagt. Als Gruende fuer die zunehmenden Korrosionsprobleme werden die hoeheren gesetzlich geforderten Verbrennungstemperaturen (17. BImSchV), die hoeheren Heizwerte der verbrannten Abfaelle und die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Zone modeling permits taking account of the effect of load-relieving air conduction systems in the planning of HVAC plants. Although this only supplies average values for the degree of load and height of the fresh air layer rather than a detailed description of concentration and temperature distributions in the room, it is quite sufficient for the planning of load-relieving air conduction systems. Moreover, the cost of zone modeling in the planning of HVAC plants remains within reasonable limits. Upscale planning, instruments can thus be reserved for more exacting problems. (orig.) [Deutsch] Zonenmodelle erlauben die Wirkung lastmindernder Luftfuehrungen bei der Planung von RLT-Anlagen zu beruecksichtigen. Sie liefern zwar nur Mittelwerte fuer den Belastungsgrad und die Hoehe der Zuluftschicht und keine detaillierte Konzentrations- und Temperaturverteilungen im Raum. Diese Werte reichen jedoch fuer die Planung ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We develop a general framework for the formulation of the action principle and the noether theorem for classical noncommutative field theories. We give a concrete example of an algebra that fits into this framework. It describes a scalar field theory on noncommutative minkowski space. We develop a notion of locality for this algebra and investigate the locality properties of localised interaction terms. This leads us to the definition of local functionals on the field algebra. We propose a scheme for the quantisation of these functionals. (orig.) [German] Wir entwickeln eine allgemeinen rahmen, der es erlaubt, das wirkungsprinzip und das noether-theorem fuer klassische nichtkommutative feldtheorien zu formulieren. Als ein konkretes beispiel betrachten wir eine algebra, die sich in diesem rahmen einfuegt, und die eine skalare feldtheorie auf dem nichtkommutativen minkowski-raum beschreibt. Fuer diese algebra wird ein lokalitaetsbegriff ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A working group (SC 45B/WG B8) exists within the international electrochemical commission (IEC) which is working on the combination and revision of the IEC standards 61283, 61323, 61344, 61525 and 61526. All these standards concern direct reading, electronic, personal dose equivalent meters for the quantities H{sub p}(10) and H{sub p}(0,07); they are different with regard to the kind of radiation (photons, and/or beta rays and/or neutrons). The new standard with the number 61526 shall cover the following topics: 1. Combination of all the mentioned standards; 2. Maintenance of the essential requirements of the former standards; 3. Inclusion of the determination of the uncertainty of measurement for the measured dose equivalent value according to the ''Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement''; 4. Consideration of all the relevant ISO-standards for reference radiation fields for photon, beta and neutron radiations; 5. Consideration of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Initially, the decision of the operator in Dortmund-Derne to select the impact-type separator concept is explained. None of the tenderers for this 52 t/h boiler could supply references for this fluidized bed steam generator concept with staged combustion in a high-expansion fluidized bed. Under the circumstances, the simple configuration of the Steinmueller fluidized bed steam generator, its compact construction, the reduced amount of refractory and the operational behaviour of the boiler resulting therefrom were decisive in the operator`s decision to select this concept. The development schedule shows the individual stages from cold and hot trials in various test rigs and pilot plants to the final design. So far, this fluidized bed steam generator concept has been realized in the plants Derne (52 t/h), commissioned in November 1989, and Brilon (100 t/h), commissioned in November 1990. The discussion on the essential design features points out to the deliberate differences in the two ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy and cost-benefit of contrast enhanced CT (CT) and MRI pre- and post-SPIO-particles in focal hepatic disease with consideration of therapeutic outcome. Results: In 34/52 (65.4%) of the cases the correct diagnosis was primarily stated by CT (sensitivity [se.] 85.2%, specificity [sp.] 44.0%). In additional 10/52 of the cases unenhanced MRI (se. 91.4%, sp. 75.0%) enabled correct diagnoses, and in another 6 cases the diagnosis was established only by SPIO-MRI (se. 100%, sp. 86.7%). Considering the possible therapeutic recommendation arising from each modality, CT would have induced needless therapy costs of 191,042 DM, unenhanced MRI of 171,035 DM, and SPIO-MRI of 7,311 DM. In comparison to the real therapy costs of 221,873 DM, this would have corresponded to an unnecessary increase of therapy costs of 86.1%, 77.1%, and 3.3%, respectively. In two cases (91 hemangioma, 1 regenerative nodule) all modalities failed, causing unnecessary surgery in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The precipitation hardened, ferrite-pearlite medium-carbon steels microalloyed with vanadium (AFP steels) have been developed over the last few years as materials allowing processing by controlled, continuous cooling down from forging temperatures, for achieving benefits such as reducing the number of required heat treatment and working processes and saving expensive alloying materials. Due to their cost-saving advantages, the steels rapidly have been accepted as an alternative material to the quenched and tempered steels and re particularly used for fabrication of automobile parts. Their drawbacks however are the lower yield strength, and low ductility and toughness as compared to the heat-treatable steels. The research project therefore was intended to enhance the properties of the microalloyed, medium-carbon steels and widen their applicability by establishing further and improving existing thermomechanical treatment processes that will considerably improve the steels` strength and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For purposes of assessing the dumpability of wastes, Article 1 - Ordinance on the Environmentally Responsible Landfilling of Household Wastes (AbfAblV) - of the Ordinance on the Environmentally Responsible Landfilling of Household Wastes and Biological Waste Treatment Plants defines classificaton criteria for biologically and mechanically treated wastes destined for landfilling. The practical experiences that have been gathered with these classification criteria and values were evaluated in a questionnaire-based survey. This was done in particular for the purpose of verifying and validating proposals on the methodology of respiration and fermentation tests. A general finding has been that the application and implementation of the regulations of the AbfAblV is fraught with difficulties. This is evident for one thing in the frequency of analyses and for another in the difficulty of complying with the limit values of the classification criteria. The authors are in support of demands that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

1. Cyanide degradation: Of the cyanide- and thiocyanate-degrading bacteria, Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas spec. were the most effective. 2. Biosorption: Of the isolates suited for biosorption of heavy metals, 597-A (non-identifiable) and 597-A2 (Aspergillus fumigatis) had the biggest potential. The sorption capacity of the fungi for metals varied with the C source used for their growth: apple juice > molasses > glucose. The fungi are not cyanide-sensitive and can even degrade cyanide. Living biomass had better metal sorption efficiencies than dead mycelium. The biosorption rates in waste water were usually higher than in broth. Depending on the metal composition and concentrations and on the exposure time and volume of the mycelia, up to 85 % of the initial concentration was removed from the liquid phase. The capacity of different biomasses for the sorption of metal mixtures was between 65 and 80 mg/g of dry matter depending on the experimental conditions, with ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article gives a survey of the history, properties and applications of 'Kevlar' aramide fibers. For example, the 'Kevlar' para-aramide fiber is used in compound materials in ship-, aircraft- and vehicle construction. 'Kevlar' is used as a replacement for asbestos, for example in brakes, clutches and seals or as rubber reinforcement (tyres, conveyor belts, hoses). The aramide fibers also offer manufacturers of ropes, hawsers and cables a near ideal range of properties. (MM).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Vol. 4 of the DKV Conference Proceedings 2000 contains 19 papers on air quality, thermal comfort, space HVAC engineering and alternative cooling concepts. [German] Der Band 4 des DKV-Tagungsberichts 2000 enthaelt 19 Beitraege. Sie befassen sich mit speziellen Themen der Heiztechnik; Luftqualitaet und Behaglichkeit; Raumlufttechnik und Alternativen Kuehlkonzepten.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We studied 129 AIDS patients with suspected or proved intracranial manifestations of the disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of unenhanced and contrast enhanced CT and unenhanced T{sub 2}-weighted MR. Thus, in 20% of our patients MR but not CT was diagnostic. In another 20% MR provided additional diagnostic information. In conclusion, MR is recommended as the imaging modality of choice in AIDS patients with non-conclusive cranial CT. (orig./GDG).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We report the performance of a micro gas turbine on biomass producer gas and mixtures of biomass producer gas with natural gas. The micro gas turbine delivers full power on gas mixtures with a heating value of at least 15 MJ/Nm{sup 3}. For gas of lower heating value, the maximum fuel gas flow limits the attainable power. The lower limit for stable operation is about 8 MJ/Nm{sup 3}. The gross efficiency of the micro gas turbine depends on output power but not on the gas heating value, within our measurement accuracy. Above 70% of full power, emissions of CO and NO are 40 and 10 times lower than those of a gas engine of similar size. At part load below 70% of full power, the micro gas turbine burner switches to a different operating mode ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Wood is currently having a renaissance as a domestic fuel. Wood pellets, usually about 8 mm in diameter and 40 mm long and produced from sawmill and wood processing residues by pressing without binders, are gaining general acceptance. According to a market analysis of Solar Promotion GmbH, Pforzheim, about 4,800 pellet-fuelled heating systems with automatic fuel supply and with a total thermal capacity of 35 kW are in operation in Germany, and 2000 new ones were installed in 2000. [German] Holz als Brennstoff erlebt in vielen Heizkellern und Kaminen eine Renaissance. Und zwar nicht in Form von Holzscheiten, sondern als kleine Presslinge, meist mit einem Durchmesser von acht und einer Laenge von bis zu 40 Millimetern. Als Abfallprodukt von Saegewerken und Holz verarbeitenden Betrieben werden die so genannten Pellets unter hohem Druck und ohne Bindemittel wie beispielsweise Leim ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Jansen pumped-storage plants owned by Bayernwerk Wasserkraft AG are located on the river Pfreimd in eastern Bavaria, Germany. The group comprises the three power plants at Reisach, Tanzmuehle and Trausnitz, as well as the Rabenleite upper reservoir and two weirs. After forty years of service, the power plant group has recently been rehabilitated. The rehabilitation and modernization scheme included, inter alia, replacing the surface sealing on the upstream side of the upper reservoir dam, installing a state-of-the-art leakage and stability monitoring system, and renewing the instrumentation and control equipment in the power plants and in the central control room. Finally, the paper describes the operating experience with the new I and C systems. (orig.) [German] Die Pumpspeicherkraftwerke Jansen der Bayernwerk Wasserkraft AG befinden sich an der Pfreimd in Ostbayern. Die Kraftwerksgruppe besteht aus den 3 Kraftwerken Reisach, Tanzmuehle und Trausnitz sowie aus ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The article deals with the problem of a humidity addition to thermal conductivity, diffusion and latent heat effects in heat transfer through building components. It shows with examples humidity effects for exterior walls with core insulation, with composite insulation system as well as for insulated roof membrane assemblies. From these it can be summarized that - sorption humidity is for today`s construction conditions (good thermal insulation and humidity protection) a suitable reference quantity for the determination of practice-oriented, substance-specific and physically correct humidity additions to the thermal conductivity of hygroscopic components; - diffusion and latent heat effects are in case of good rain imperviousness and low water absorbing capacity of the exterior component layers of secondary importance for transmission heat losses; - an increase in insulating layer thickness in order to improve the thermal insulation is possible without humidity problems; - today`s ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Evaluation and interpretation of CT colonography is based on both 2D and 3D techniques. The 2D techniques are popular mainly because the time needed for evaluation is short. The 3D techniques allow better definition than the 2D techniques, especially of polyps close to folds or at the base of a fold. The evaluation strategies generally accepted so far (primarily 2D, with 3D for problem cases, or vice versa) demand knowledge of both 2D and 3D techniques. Newer 3D visualization techniques help make it possible to acquire more complete and faster recording particularly of areas that are not easily accessible to endoscopic examination. These user-friendly developments are thus well suited to improving the detection and the security of detection of polyps. It must be remembered that experience and the knowledge of associated artifacts and the limitations they can impose on diagnosis are prime requirements for the implementation of such visualization techniques. (orig.) [German] Die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The most effective way to generate electricity out of biomass is the gasification and the use of the gas in a gas engine. The conversion of the organic carbon with the gasification of biomass is higher than 95 %. Depending on the gasification concept, the efficiency of gasifiers is found between 70 and 90 %. If the pyrolysis gas is used in a gas engine, an electric efficiency of about 26 % referring to the primary amount of energy can be obtained. With efficient gas cleaning (cleaning for tar and dust), pyrolysis gas is well qualified for engine combustion. Through modern state of engine controlling there are ways to have complete control of the fluctuations in the gas composition. Furthermore, the minor calorific value of offered wood gas poses no problem for turbo charged lean-burn gas engines. ...

Science.gov (United States)

Appendices to this summary consist of twelve individual status reports that will be available through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) in the United States and of course limited copies will be available through NATO. The twelve report titles which are appendices to the summary are: (A) Status Report on the Limestone/Sludge Flue Gas Desulfurization Process; (B) Status Report on the Lime/Sludge Flue Gas Desulfurization Process; (C) Status Report on the Double Alkali/Sludge Flue Gas Desulfurization Process; (D) Status Report on the Sea Water Scrubbing Flue Gas Desulfurization Process; (E) Status Report on the Limestone/Gypsum Flue Gas Desulfurization Process; (F) Status Report on the Lime/Gypsum Flue Gas Desulfurization Process; (G) Status Report on the Double Alkali/Gypsum Flue Gas Desulfurization Process; (H) Status Report on ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nickel base superalloys for turbine construction are exposed to maximum thermal and mechanical stresses. owing to a change of materials by one of the project partners, the project only comprised analyses of the alloy CMSX-6. Isothermal tensile and fatigue tests provided basic data on the alloy. Thermomechanical fatigue tests showed that material life and microstructural changes are clearly, and to an extreme extent, dependent on the type of combination of the two stress factors `temperature interval` and `total strain amplitude`, while the damage to the material tends to be a function of the maximum stresses for a given stress path. On the one hand, these results make it possible to obtain information real stresses from the structures of real blades. On the other hand, constructional measures can be taken in order to better adapt the stresses to which alloys are exposed to their characteristic potential. (orig./AKF) [Deutsch] Die im Turbinenbau eingesetzten Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Aim: Treatment of carcinoma of the uterine cervix by remote afterloading brachytherapy has been accompanied with new isotopes having dose rates different from the classical low-dose rate (LDR) radium source. The dose rate conversion factor from LDR to high-dose rate (HDR) found to be around 0.54 in most studies. As regards medium-dose rate (MDR) brachytherapie, the published data are very few and the experience is still short. In this study the experience of Osaka University Hospital with micro-HDR-Selectron and Selectron-MDR, as a preliminary report of the clinical trial, is presented. Results: The 3-year survival and loco-regional control rates for both modalities were nearly equivalent (62% and 67% for HDR and 68% and 74% for MDR)(totally 45 patients). The cumulative rectal and bladder complication rates were the same in both groups (29% at 3 years), with only 1 patient (MDR-group) developed grade 3 rectal and bladder complication. In this study, point A dose rate correction factor ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gas hydrates have impacted the oil and gas industry since 1934, when they were first found to plug pipelines. Today we know that in deep oceans and in permafrost, very substantial gas reserves are present in hydrated form. Concerns are being raised about in situ dissociation for both energy and greenhouse implications upon methane release. In Japan work is underway to consider the storage of carbon dioxide, concentrated in clathrates. This talk will deal with some basic questions. Why should we be interested in gas hydrates? What are gas hydrates? How do gas hydrates form? How might hydrates impact on the energy/environmental picture?

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Gas hydrates are crystalline substances composed of water and gas, in which a solid-water-lattice accommodates gas molecules in a cage-like structure. Gas hydrates are globally widespread in permafrost regions and beneath the sea in sediment of outer continental margins. While methane, propane, and other gases can be included in the clathrate structure, methane hydrates appear to be the most common in nature. The amount of methane sequestered in gas hydrates is probably enormous, but estimates are speculative and range over three orders of magnitude from about 100,000 to 270,000,000 trillion cubic feet. The amount of gas in the hydrate reservoirs of the world greedy exceeds the volume of known conventional gas reserves. Gas hydrates also represent a significant drilling and production hazard. A fundamental question ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We report the performance of a commercial recuperated micro gas turbine on biomass producer gas and mixtures of biomass producer gas with natural gas. The biomass producer gas, obtained by gasification at 850{sup o}C with air at atmospheric pressure, contains about 7% H2, 17% CO, 15% CO2, 4% CH4, 2% other hydrocarbons, 2% H2O, and a balance of N2 and Ar from air. It has a net heating value of about 6 MJ/(Nm{sup 3}). The micro gas turbine delivers full power (30 kW{sub e}) on gas mixtures with a net heating value of at least 15 MJ/(Nm{sup 3}). For gas of lower heating value, the maximum fuel gas flow allowed by the fuel control unit limits the attainable power. At reduced power, the lower limit for stable operation is a net heating value of about 8 MJ/(Nm{sup 3}). The gross efficiency of the micro ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The transport-relevant basic data recorded within the framework of a federation-wide transport data survey made in 1986 are the best-founded source at present for determining the transport volume of other radioactive materials in different economic areas of the Federal Republic of Germany. Due to the high recording rates, a sufficiently complete survey can be provided in particular with regard to the transport volume (e.g.transports/consignments/cargos, transport distance) - with the exception of transport by ship - for the ranges of application in reserach, medicine and technology. However, as regards the radiologically relevant basic data and transport modalities, the information supplied by the transporting agencies is incomplete. A table gives a comprehensive survey of type and scope of the transport volume of other radioactive materials in the Federal Republic of Germany (excluding the GDR) for transport by road, rail and air. The table also includes data on the dose rate of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Several components of high-temperature reactor units have roller bearings in order to carry out their motions without much friction. The use of such bearings poses friction and wear problems which cannot be mastered by commercial roller bearing technology. Possible improvements of coating, cage design and bearing materials as well as of their parameters were registered and studied. The service life of dry lubricated bearings was considerably improved. With a radial or axial load on the bearing of {>=} 10% of the static load, {approx_equal} 20x10{sup 6} rolling motions/actuations can be performed. The connections between surface compression and wear were determined, and optimum conditions for the transfer of lubricants from the cage onto the bearing race were worked out. Coating of corrosion-resistant roller bearing steels with the HRB-M{sub 0}S{sub 2} running-in coating could be proved. New cage designs and materials were tested with positive results. Alternative coatings (thin ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lung is challenging because of substantial drawbacks. However, lung pathologies that are associated with increased attenuation values in CT enhance visualization in MRI: proton density is increased and tissue-air interfaces, resulting in susceptibility artifacts, are reduced in pneumonia, pneumonitis, edema, and carcinoma. On the other hand, many lung diseases result in shortness of breath, so that patients cannot hold their breath for long periods. Therefore, fast imaging techniques are required which should also allow for high spatial resolution so that small lesions can be detected. Calcifications and air pockets within lesions are not readily recognized with MRI. Thin section CT is standard for the diagnosis of pneumonia. With parallel imaging techniques, MRI examination of the lungs can be performed with short periods of breath holding, which allow for sub-centimeter resolution in the z-axis. Especially for follow-up examinations in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

When the use of retarders in utility vehicles increased in the middle of the 80s, the Forschungsvereinigung Automobiltechnik (FAT) commissioned a study on the safety aspect of this braking technology in trucks. Retarders are wear-free permanent brakes that are fitted in the drive transmission system of utility vehicles, thereby generating braking forces only at the wheels of the live shaft. The question of the possible overbraking of the live shafts was just as well investigated as the interaction between the retarder and service brake in so-called integrated braking systems, and both under conditions of low adhesion as well as in the border area of the dynamics of vehicle movement. This subject met with considerable joint interest on the part of the motor vehicle industry as well as of manufacturers of towed vehicles and unit sets. FAT, therefore, commissioned the Institut fuer Kraftfahrwesen of the University of Hannover to carry out a three-phase research project on the braking ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: In vitro evaluation of possible deflection and heating of present-day prosthetic heart valves, 12 technical and 5 biological, were investigated using a 1.5 Tesla Siemens Vision system. Deflection was measured at the edge of a 1.5 Tesla superconducting magnet. Each valve was then submerged in a vial of a 1/1 electrolyte solution and temperature was measured before and after imaging with a turbo-spin-echo sequence (TR 5200 ms, TE 138 ms, Flip angle 180 C, acquisition time 10.5 minutes, length of echo train 29). MR imaging was performed with phase encoding parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the valves. Results: None of the investigated prosthetic heart valves was deflected. The maximal observed temperature rise was 0.5 C. During MR investigation of the prostheses, artifacts caused by metallic parts were less evident using a spin-echo sequence than a gradient-echo sequence. Conclusions: Patients with the tested present-day prosthetic heart valves can be safely imaged by ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Already in 1998, the city of Hanover, the Stadtwerke Hannover and six further cities of the region initiated the funding programme 'Hannover proKlim' for promoting energy-relevant modernization measures in domestic buildings. One year later, the social marketing campaign 'Haus-Partner Hannover / Der (H)Eissbaer'' was started, which addresses building owners in Hanover with the intention to induce them to action. The 'Energiepass Hannover' is another important instrument of the campaign. This report takes stock of the results achieved so far. [German] Beim Klimaschutz im Gebaeudebestand lassen sich in Hannover drei Ansaetze hervorheben, die parallel zueinander entwickelt wurden und die in besonderer Weise dazu beitragen, die CO{sub 2}-Emissionen im Gebaeudebestand zu reduzieren: Bereits 1998 hat die Landeshauptstadt Hannover gemeinsam mit den Stadtwerken Hannover und sechs weiteren ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Materials and methods: 12 patients with 22 coronary bypass grafts underwent intraoperative flow quantification using the transit time ultrasound method. These values were compared to postoperative MR phase shift measurements. Flow measurements were performed preoperatively in 28 coronary arteries of 20 patients. For flow measurement, we used a velocity-encoded k-space segmented gradient echo sequence with a temporal resolution of 110 or 125 ms, respectively. 6-8 pase shift images could be acquired during one cardiac cycle. Results: There was a significant correlation between intraoperative and flow measurements using velocity-encoded MR imaging (r=0.76, p<0.0001, t-test). Flow volumes determined by MR imaging were systematically larger than those determined by the transit time ultrasound method. Mean flow in coronary arteries was reduced in severely stenosed vessels (>70%) compared to normal vessels. Intra- and interobserver variability were 10.5 and 15% (coronary bypass ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Effects of combustion conditions on the critical calorific value of flame blowout were reported for low calorific gas on the assumption of using coal derived gaseous fuel. Further, calculations of adiabatic flame temperature by using chemical equilibrium calculation were conducted in order to get a possibility of increasing exit gas temperature of gas turbine combustor to 1,300 C for low calorific value gas fuel. As a result, effects of (1) fuel composition, (2) preheating fuel temperature, (3) calorific value, and (4) combustion air velocity and fuel nozzle diameter, on the critical calorific values of flame blowout were clarified. In increasing exit gas temperature of gas turbine combustor to 1,300 C when using low calorific value gas fuel, it is essential to get an advanced cooling technology for the gas turbine ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The production, principal applications, characteristics and properties, advantages of the gas natural is showed. A sectorial overview of the ceramic industry and the utilization of the natural gas in the ceramic industry is presented. The expectations are systematized and the impact of the natural gas utilization in the ceramic industry is evaluated. Some conclusions are withdrawn and recommendations suggested.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nomographs have been developed to simplify site performance estimates for various types of gas turbine engines used for industrial applications. The nomographs can provide valuable data for engineers to use for an initial appraisal of projects where gas turbines are to be considered. General guidelines for the selection of gas turbines are also discussed. In particular, site conditions that influence the performance of gas turbines are described.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Tumours lesions of the temporal bone and of the cerebello-pontine angle are rare.This tumours can be separated into benign and malignant lesions. In this paper the CT and MRI characteristica of tumours of the temporal bone and the cerebello-pontane angle will be demonstrated. High resolution CT (HRCT) as usually performed in the axial plane are using a high resolution bone window level setting, coronal planes are the reconstructed from the axial data set or will be obtained directly. With the MRI FLAIR sequence in the axial plane the whole brain will be scanned either to depict or exclude a tumour invasion into the brain. After this,T2-weighted fast spin echo sequences or fatsuppressed inversion recovery sequences in high resolution technique in the axial plane will be obtained from the temporal bone and axial T1-weighted spinecho sequences before and after the intravenous application of contrast material will be obtained of this region. Finally T1-weighted spinecho sequences in high ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Within its competence for energy research, the Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft und Arbeit (BMWA) (Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology) sponsors investigations into the safety of nuclear power plants. The objective of these investigations is to provide fundamental knowledge, procedures and methods to contribute to realistic safety assessments of nuclear installations, to the further development of safety technology and to make use of the potential of innovative safety-related approaches. The Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, by order to the BMWi, continuously issues information on the status of such investigations by publishing semi-annual and annual progress reports within the series of GRS-F-Fortschrittsberichte (GRS-F-Progress Reports). Each progress report represents a compilation of individual reports about the objectives, work performed, results achieved, next steps of the work etc. The individual ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The fundamental recommendations of the ICRP issued in its publication of 1990 stipulate the general principle of performance of dose measurements at regular intervals in the field of diagnostic radiology, for the purpose of equipment performance checking and optimization of radiological protection. In response to this requirement, the Federal Ministry, in cooperation with experts and the competent supervising authorities, has issued an order to install dose-area-product meters in angiographic examination systems, imaging systems and fluoroscopic screen devices primarily used for examining infants and children up to the age of 12. This is done in response to reported cases of adverse effects of radiation exposure and the high priority given to radiological protection in the examination of infants and children. In 1992, an expert group was convened to discuss and elaborate instructions for including dose-area product measurement in the dosimetry activities in medical diagnostic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Methods: Systemic irradiation of neuroaxis is an essential part in the management of medulloblastoma, stPNET and intracranial germ cell tumors. The introduction of quality assurance programs in radiooncology assures a precise radiotherapy of target volumes and is a prerequisite to improve survival. Results: Hyperfractionated radiotherapy has the potential of increasing dose to tumor more safely without increasing the risk for late adverse effects. Pilot studies revealed excellent tumor control in medulloblastoma with acceptable acute toxicity and a long-term survival of up to 96%. In medulloblastoma stereotactic radiation techniques reveal an acceptable toxicity and promising results in tumor control in recurrent disease or as primary treatment. They are now part of future treatment protocols in case of persisting residual tumor. Radiotherapy alone in pure germinoma is continuously yielding high cure rates. In secreting germ cell tumors cisplatin containing chemotherapies in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The exactness of the best atomic clocks currently shows a temporal variation of 1 second in 30 million years. This means that we have reached the point of the most exact frequency and time measurement ever. In the past, there was a trend towards increasing the exactness in an increasingly fast sequence. Will this trend continue? And who will profit from it? This article is meant to give answers to these questions. This is done by presenting first the level reached currently with the best atomic clocks and describing the research activities running worldwide with the aim of achieving even more exact clocks. In the second part, we present examples of various areas of technical subjects and research in which the most exact clocks are being applied presently and even more exact ones will be needed in the future. [German] Die Genauigkeit der derzeit besten Atomuhren entspricht einer Sekunde Unsicherheit in 30 Millionen Jahren. Damit erlauben Frequenz- und Zeitmessungen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This 7th edition reveals the progress in steam engineering and the great future potential of steam engineering applications. Pollution abatement and design experiences gained during the operation of existing plants, and experiences gained in waste incineration are of environmental relevance. Recent materials developments and knowledge, e.g. as regards pipes and fittings, have been making significant contributions to supercritical-steam efficiency improvements. Emphasis is also placed on automation, control engineering, water chemistry etc., and on regulations, licensing procedures, and the training of the staff of plants. (orig./KOW) [Deutsch] Die nunmehr vorliegende 7. Ausgabe zeigt den Fortschritt und das zukuenftig noch erhebliche Potential dieser Technik auf. Erfahrungen mit den nun schon seit Jahren laufenden Anlagen zur Schadstoffminderung, Konstruktion und Auslegung sowie Betriebserfahrungen zur thermischen Abfallverwertung sind ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Emission inventories were estimated for the airborne emissions of: Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Antimony, Selenium, Tellur, Thallium, Zinc, Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Tin. The inventories were made for the status of 1985 and 1990. A prognosis was given for 1995. The investigations were made for the whole area of the Federal Republic of Germany including the former German Democratic Republic. Working point was an overview about the plant-specific emissions for the various industrial branches and the production statistics. The results are given as total emissions from the existing plants and industrial branches. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es erfolgte eine Abschaetzung der luftseitigen Emissionen fuer die Elemente: Arsen, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chrom, Kobalt, Kupfer, Quecksilber, Mangan, Molybdaen, Nickel, Blei, Antimon, Selen, Tellur, Thallium, Zink, Platin, Palladium, Rhodium und Zink. Die Erhebungen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: Measurement of the oscillating CSF flow in the spinal canal (SC) of healthy volunteers and in patients with post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS) using an optimized MRI protocol as well as to determine whether stenosis induced velocity changes are detectable using MRI. Methods: In 68 healthy volunteers quantitative studies of CSF flow in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions were performed. First, an optimized sequence was developed and tested in 19 volunteers using four different flow-encoding velocities (4, 8, 12, 16 cm/s). Secondly, the optimized sequence was employed in 49 volunteers to measure the different CSF patterns in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal canals (CSC, TSC, LSC). Part three of the study, in which patients with PTS are being examined is still underway. We measured the maximum velocity (cm/s), the pixel area (mm{sup 2}), and the stroke volume (ml/s). Using a flow model the velocities prior to and after compression with 5 different power levels ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

About ten years ago microbiologically influenced corrosion manifested on stainless steel pipes used with river water for cooling a chemical plant. The pipe material was similar to Type 316 L. After only six weeks of operation pinhole leaks occurred nearly simultaneously at several welded joints of the pipe. The material degradation was simulated in laboratory and field corrosion tests. Microbiologically influenced corrosion failures also appeared on the pipes of a tubular heat exchanger of duplex steel Type 31803 and on carbon and stainless steel pipes in industrial waste water purification plants after these plants had been modernized with a biological purification unit. The basics of microbiologically influenced corrosion phenomena and typical corrosion failures of pipes will be described. (orig.) [German] Vor etwa zehn Jahren sind in einer neu errichteten chemischen Produktionsanlage an einer mit Flusswasser beaufschlagten Kuehlwasserleitung aus hochlegiertem nichtrostendem Stahl ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A numeric method for predicting mineral ash deposition in coal dust furnaces is presented which is based on a bidirectional working time coupling of thermodynamic calculation routines (ChemApp{sup TM}) with the commercial CFD code FLUENT{sup TM}. The deposition characteristics of particles and wall surfaces is assessed on the basis of evaluations of flow simulation parameters and results of thermodynamic calculations for the mineral matter contained in the fuel particles, taking into account the complete energy, momentum and mass exchange history of the ash and the mineral conversion. The models enables calculations of the gaseous release of mineral components (e.g. alkaline substances and chlorine) from ash during combustion and its distribution inside a combustion chamber. The method and model are validated using experimental data. (orig.) [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein numerisches Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem die Ansatzbildung in Kohlestaubfeuerungen praediktiv ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The low budgets of local governments and Federal States in Germany as well as lack of financial means of renters delaying thorough modernisation of existing heating systems in residential and public buildings, novel heat supply and related customer services are emerging on the market. Heat supply companies and housing construction associations increasingly use modern electronics and telecommunication systems for heating system upgrading and reliable operation and maintenance. This option holds an enormous potential of saving money today and in the future. Installation of remote control and maintenance systems and the related telephone-based services offer fast repair and other services via electronic telecommunications systems, thus saving money and manpower for the repair services of heat suppliers or plumbers, or financial losses due to rents being docked for broken down heating systems. Such remote control and maintenance systems however need to be reasonable in price, and versatile ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Smooth and notched specimens of the bearing steel 100Cr6 (SAE 52100) in a bainitic condition were used to determine the S-N curves under tensile, torsional and combined in- and out-of-phase loading. In the area of high-cycle fatigue, crack initiation was most likely caused by inclusions like Titanium Carbonnitrides or Aluminium Oxides. A micro mechanical model for the crack initiation by inclusions was developed. Another model was developed to describe the influence of these inclusions on the lifetime. A weakest-link model, using the statistical distribution of inclusions and surface flaws, was used to describe the endurance limit. (orig.) [German] Es wurden Woehlerlinien unter Zug-Druck-, Torsions- sowie kombinierter phasengleicher und phasenverschobener Zug-Druck- und Torsionsbelastung fuer glatte und gekerbte Proben des Stahls 100Cr6 (SAE 52100) im bainitischen Zustand erstellt. Im Bereich der Langzeitermuedung gingen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The intermetallic phase NiAl is a potential material for high-temperature applications; however, its technical application was prevented so far by its high brittleness at room temperature. This problem may be solved by incorporating relatively high-ductility particles into the NiAl matrix. Controlled crack propagation experiments, tensile and pressure tests were carried out in order to analyze the toughness and deformation characteristics of NiAl composite materials containing niobium or molybdenum particles at room temperature and in ambient atmosphere. Both the niobium and the molybdenum particles increase the toughness as compared to the pure NiAl matrix, but no ductilisation was observed in the composite materials investigated. Model experiments in consideration of experimental data suggest, hovewer, that the toughness and ductility of NiAl may be enhanced by optimizing the microstructural and production parameters of the incorporated ductile particles. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article puts the case for coal fired combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants. The need to gasify the coal for the CCGT, use of fluidised bed combustors or gasification systems, the difference in prices of coal and natural gas, and coal and natural gas reserves are discussed. (UK)

Science.gov (United States)

Mist eliminators for flue gas desulphurisation units remove liquid droplets entrained in the flue gas leaving the SO/sub 2/-absorber vessels. The commercial designs currently available are described.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Radon-222 has been measured in natural gas produced from experimental geopressured-geothermal test wells. Comparison with published data suggests that while radon activity of this unconventional natural gas resource is higher than conventional gas produced in the gulf coast, it is within the range found for conventional gas produced throughout the US. A method of predicting the likely radon activity of this unconventional gas is described on the basis of the data presented, methane solubility, and known or assumed reservoir conditions of temperature, fluid pressure, and formation water salinity.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The authors investigated the development of tribochemical reaction layers and surface-level structural changes in a fuel-lubricated roller bearing steel 100Cr6 in the limiting friction range, using two different variants of surface treatment and heat treatment. Tribological experiments were carried out in a laboratory test stand with reversing sliding wear under varying loads and with a varying number of friction cycles. [German] Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Entstehung von tribochemischen Reaktionsschichten und oberflaechennahen Gefuegeaenderungen am Waelzlagerstahl 100Cr6 bei Kraftstoffschmierung im Grenzreibungsbereich fuer je zwei Oberflaechenbearbeitungen und Waermebehandlungen zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden tribologische Kurzversuche in einem Laborpruefstand mit reversierender Gleitbeanspruchung unter Variation der Last und der Anzahl der Reibzyklen durchgefuehrt. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this study, the bend properties of the single-crystalline molybdenum brazed by using Mo-40%Ru alloys containing boron of 1-6 mass%Ru alloy for the improvement of the joint strength was determined. (orig.) [Deutsch] Durchgefuehrt wurde die Herstellung von Verbindungen aus einkristallinem Molybdaen. Hierbei kamen Mo-40%Ru-Legierungen mit 1 bis 6 Gew.-% Bor als Lotmaterialien zum Einsatz. Festigkeit und Duktilitaet der Verbindungen wurden mittels 3-Punkt-Biegepruefung bei Raumtemperatur und unter fluessigem Stickstoff ermittelt. Die Bruchflaechen der Proben wurden mit Hilfe eines Rasterelektronenmikroskopes untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Der optimale Borgehalt bezueglich Festigkeit und Duktilitaet der geloeteten Verbindung liegt bei 2 Gew.-%. Die entsprechende Probe hat bei einem Biegewinkel von 100 bei Raumtemperatur nicht versagt. Auch unter fluessigem Stickstoff zeigte diese Probe eine ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The conference reviewed the state of the art of stationary fuel cell systems, concepts, and the next steps to be taken. Fuel cell systems of several hundred kW have been designed and constructed already. Systems for domestic power supply are in the range of several kW. [German] Die in den letzten zehn Jahren gewonnenen Erfahrungen mit den ersten Pilotanlagen sind eine wichtige und unentbehrliche Hilfe den Weg in den Markt fuer die Brennstoffzelle zu ebnen. Der vorliegende Tagungsband soll diese Erfahrungen fuer die stationaer eingesetzten Brennstoffzellen zusammenfassen und ein aktuelles Bild ueber die daraus gewonnenen Konzepte und Vorstellungen fuer die naechsten Schritte aufzeigen. Bei Energieversorgern sind hier Leistungsgroessen von bis zu mehreren 100 kW eingesetzt worden. Der Leistungsbereich, der fuer die Aufgaben der Hausenergieversorgung typisch ist, befindet sich demgegenueber im Bereich einiger kW. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The development of the space HVAC sector during the past 25 years is reviewed. It is shown how the importance of room climate has increased, as illustrated, e.g., by the concepts of 'thermal comfort', 'comfort', and 'sick building syndrome'. A sequel will be published in the next issue of KK. (orig.) [German] Der folgende Beitrag ist eine Bestandsaufnahme im Hinblick auf technologische Entwicklungen in der Klima- und Lueftungstechnik der letzten 25 Jahre, ein Zeitraum in dem sich einiges veraendert hat. Gleichzeitig wird deutlich, welcher Wandel sich bei der Bedeutung des Raumklimas in Gebaeuden vollzogen hat, indem beispielsweise Begriffe wie ''Behaglichkeit'', ''Komfort'' aber auch ''Sick Building Syndrom'' eine immer groessere Rolle spiel(t)en. Die Fortsetzung in der naechsten KK-Ausgabe wird dann ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Modern oscillation- and analysis systems are often mentioned in the context of oscillation diagnosis which implies that this is a method of establishing the causes of the mechanical changes that cause the unwanted oscillation. Experience shows, however, that oscillation monitoring instruments can merely indicate oscillation symptoms at an early point in time. These findings must be interpreted in a machine-specific way and seen in the context of previous developments in order to establish the mechanical root cause of the matter. A 1000 MVA-generator shows that conventional oscillation measuring systems may also serve for diagnostic purposes within certain limits.(orig.) [German] Im Zusammenhang mit modernen Schwingungsmess- und Analysensystemen wird haeufig der Begriff der Schwingungsdiagnose verwandt und inpliziert, damit auch die Ursache von mechanischen Veraenderungen finden zu koennen, welche das beanstandete Schwingungsverhalten ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Flow Tex and ABB Energiekabel GmbH have developed a technique which allows the recovery of cables without requiring any trenching works. The new technique was successfully used for the first time for a pilot project in 1995. The authors report on two recent recovery projects (1998) in which an optimised technology was used for recovering a total of 1 500 m system length of 110 kV low-pressure oil-filled cables in Stuttgart and Munich on very different conditions. The authors describe the operational experiences with the cable connections and highlight the background stipulating the removal of the cables. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ein Verfahren zur grabungsfreien Bergung von Kabeln, gemeinsam entwickelt von FlowTex und ABB Energiekabel, wurde erstmals in einem Pilotprojekt 1995 mit Erfolg eingesetzt. Die Verfasser berichten ueber zwei Bergungsprojekte, bei denen 1998 mit der optimierten Technik in Stuttgart und Muenchen insgesamt 1 500 Systemmeter ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rehabilitation of the abandoned uranium mining areas in Saxonia and Thuringia is a task posing also legal problems. The radiation protection laws of the former GDR continued to be effective to a great extent and proved to be a legal basis not ``perfect`` in formal terms, but suitably efficient in practice to tackle the manifold problems encountered in the land reclamation and waste disposal work. Originally intended to serve as a legal interim regime awaiting amendment at a later date, the body of laws available for the task proved to be a sufficient basis. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] Das fortgeltende Strahlenschutzrecht der frueheren DDR hat sich zwar nicht als formal `perfektes`, in der Sache aber strahlenschutzgerechtes und praktikables Instrument zur Loesung der anstehenden Sanierungsaufgaben erwiesen. Bei seiner Beurteilung darf nicht ausser Acht gelassen werden, dass die Ueberleitung dieses Rechts seinerzeit aus der Not eines kurzfristigen Regelungsbedearfs geboren ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The harnessing and enhanced use of renewable energy today is a matter of lively debate and much concern. Amazingly, hydro power is either rarely considered in these discussions or viewed in a negative light. But hydro power continues to be the most important source of renewable energy, and its use potential is considerable and should be taken into account when, for instance, agreeing on or implementing carbon dioxide reduction targets. Small hydro power stations are an effective means of harnessing existing energy potentials. (orig.) [Deutsch] Ueber die Nutzung und den Ausbau regenerativer Energien wird heutzutage lebhaft diskutiert und gerungen. Es mag erstaunen, dass in diesen Diskussionen die Wasserkraft kaum Beachtung findet oder in einem schlechten Licht gesehen wird. Dabei ist die Wasserkraft nach wie vor bei weitem die wichtigsten Quelle regenerativer Energie, und sie besitzt ein beachtliches Ausbaupotential, das man ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The described heat transfer model supplies plausible results for the size distribution of active nucleation spots. For boiling states for which a comparison with measured bubble covering density is possible, that is for low boiling pressures and low heat flux densities, the bubble covering densities calculated by model on the basis of heat transfer measurements agree relatively well with the values observed. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das beschriebene Waermeuebergangsmodell liefert plausible Ergebnisse fuer die Groessenverteilung der aktiven Keimstellen. Fuer die Siedezustaende, fuer die ein Vergleich mit gemessenen Blasenbelegungsdichten moeglich ist, d.h. fuer niedrige Siededruecke und kleine Waermestromdichten, stimmen die aufgrund der Waermeuebergangsmessungen mit dem Modell berechneten Blasenbelegungsdichten verhaeltnismaessig gut mit den beobachteten Werten ueberein. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the course of the research project 'Investigations of trace element concentrations in coal seams with different mineral groups', 31 seam coals of the Ruhr Carboniferous were analysed in order to determine the bending of 14 coal-relevant trace elements to the mineral groups and/or minerals of the coals. Products with different ash content were produced by fluctuation of the seam coals in a laboratory cell. The raw coals and fluctuation component products were analyzed chemically and mineralogically in order to get a quantitative raw material characterisation of the sampled material. Particular interest is taken in the chemical and non-ecological composition of the mineral as ash carrier in the coal and the fluctuation component products, as well as in trace element control. (orig./EF).

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Suppliers of systems and components for compressed air technique were shown at the Hanover Fair 94 in Hall 5. On about 6000 m{sup 2} floor area, they showed their product range, which covered the whole range of compressed air technique from compressors via equipment for providing and storing the compressed air to compressed air tools. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Anbieter von Systemen und Komponenten fuer die Drucklufttechnik waren auf der Hannover-Messe `94 in der Halle 5 zu finden. Dort zeigten sie auf rund 6000 m{sup 2} ihre Produktpalette, die von Kompressoren ueber die Geraete zum Aufbereiten und Speichern der Druckluft bis zu Druckluftwerkzeugen reichte und den gesamten Bereich der Drucklufttechnik abdeckte. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Modernisation of older office buildings commonly includes installation of air conditioning systems as good air quality and thermal comfort will improve the staff`s efficiency at work. However, what about tenants who want their own, individually controlled single-storey air conditioning plang? And what about retrofitting further storeys with single-storey air conditioning? An exemplary solution to this problem was found in Hamburg. (orig.) [Deutsch] Bei der Sanierung aelterer Buero- und Geschaeftshaeuser werden die Raeume immer haeufiger mit Klimaanlagen ausgestattet. Ein Grund fuer den Trend zur Klimatisierung: Gute Luftqualitaet und angenehme Temperaturen erhoehen die Leistungsfaehigkeit des Menschen. Was aber, wenn ein Mieter fuer seine Bueroetage eine eigene, individuell steuerbare Klimaanlage wuenscht? Und was passiert, wenn andere Bueroetagen mit weiteren Klimaanlagen nachgeruestet werden? In Hamburg wurde dieses ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BackgroundEmphysematous cholecystitis is a variant of acute cholecystitis which is generally caused by gas-forming organisms. Emphysematous cholecystitis may cause gas spreading...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The properties of the ideal gas of classical (nonquantum) tachyons are considered. Starting from the definition of thermodynamic functions for this system, it may be found that tachyons and bradyons gases are similar. (AA).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rapid technology improvements, resulting in high efficiency, emissions reduction and low generation cost, are making gas turbines the generation technology of choice despite some recent reliability problems. The basic reason for the dominance is high efficiency. The rapid pace of gas-turbine technology improvement in the 1990s drove combined-cycle thermal efficiency to nearly 60 percent with natural gas as the fuel. It will probably go even higher after the year 2000. In addition, the gas-fired combined cycle is a bargain. With natural gas prices where they are right now, it is the least-cost generation operation for power producers with access to gas. Many will replace older, high-cost power plants with new gas-fired combined cycle power plants.

Science.gov (United States)

The purpose of this publication is to provide a better understanding of flue gas desulfurization. It provides brief answers to questions concerning its applicability, cost, effectiveness, and operation.

Science.gov (United States)

This bibliography contains 3920 references including abstracts, to information on the technology of flue gas desulfurization and denitrification. These references and others are included in the Department of Energy's Energy Data Base (EDB) through Decembe...

CERN Document Server

Differences in synchrotron radiation induced gas desorption from stainless steel and aluminium alloy

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Deutsche Post AG is a transport company that with approximately 55,000 vehicles owns one of the biggest fleets in Europe. Being aware of its responsibility in the field of environmental policy it is looking for an alternative solution of an environmentally friendly vehicle drive system that also takes into account economic efficiency. Extensive investigations have led to a new energy storage based on the zinc-air energy system that has been developed and manufactured by the Israeli Company Electric Fuel Ltd. First tests showed an extraordinarily high capacity potential, drive values and ranges, which had been considered as impossible until that point of time. After these tests the Deutsche Post AG decided together with other well-known partners at home and abroad to carry out a territorial test with the zinc-air energy system in order to obtain insight into the day-to-day capability, economic efficiency, environmental friendliness under real driving conditions and into the required ...

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This report describes the QUEOS facility and gives the results of the first test series performed up to 6/1995. The premixing phase of a steam explosion is investigated experimentally with simulant materials. The transient three-dimensional multi-component interaction of molten corium with water is studied using a large number of small solid spheres at temperatures up to 2300 C. The objective of the experiments is to establish a data base for testing the models of heat and momentum transfer in multi-fluid codes as well as the code`s capability to correctly describe multiphase flows. The experiments have the advantage that the diameter of the `coarse melt fragments` are known and that detailed measurements can be performed without the danger of a steam explosion. In this first series of experiments up to 10 kg of spheres (max. 24000 pieces) were used. The spheres, made of molybdenum or zirconia, were heated to temperatures up to 2000 C and are discharged into 0.5 m{sup 3} of saturated ...

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Lung cancer staging according to the TNM system is based on morphological assessment of the primary cancer, lymph nodes and metastases. All aspects of this important oncological classification are measurable with MRI. Pulmonary nodules can be detected at the clinically relevant size of 4-5 mm in diameter. The extent of mediastinal, hilar and supraclavicular lymph node affection can be assessed at the same time. The predominant metastatic spread to the adrenal glands and spine can be detected in coronal orientation during dedicated MRI of the lungs. Search focused whole body MRI completes the staging. Various additional MR imaging techniques provide further functional and clinically relevant information during a single examination. In the oncological context the most important techniques are imaging of perfusion and tumor motion. Functional MRI of the lungs complements the pure staging and improves surgical approaches and radiotherapy planning. (orig.) [German] Das Staging des ...

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60 patients between 17 and 72 years of age were investigated. First, an enteroclysis was performed in typical manner. The applicated methylcellulosis was blended with positive oral MR contrast media (Magnevist oral, Schering). After enteroclysis, MRI of the abdomen was performed using T1- and T2-weighted breathhold sequences (Flash 2D pre- and postcontrast and TSE) in axial and coronal planes. The length of the affected bowel and the stenosis seen with enteroclysis correlated well with the visible thickening of the small bowel wall and the stenosis seen in MRI. Using MRI, additional findings could be obtained in 28 patients, such as fistulas, abscesses or a hydronephrosis, or a better assessment of the stenosis was possible with MRI, because of the avoidance of overshadowing of the affected bowel loop with MRI. A brilliant MR-tomographic imaging of the small bowel is possible under the condition, that the small bowel contrast is optimal. The main prerequisite is a large filling volume ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

FLUTAN is a highly vectorized computer code for 3D fluiddynamic and thermal-hydraulic analyses in Cartesian or cylinder coordinates. It is related to the family of COMMIX codes originally developed at Argonne National Laboratory, USA, and particularly to COMMIX-1A and COMMIX-1B, which were made available to FZK in the frame of cooperation contracts within the fast reactor safety field. FLUTAN 2.0 is an improved version of the FLUTAN code released in 1992. It offers some additional innovations, e.g. the QUICK-LECUSSO-FRAM techniques for reducing numerical diffusion in the k-{epsilon} turbulence model equations; a higher sophisticated wall model for specifying a mass flow outside the surface walls together with its flow path and its associated inlet and outlet flow temperatures; and a revised and upgraded pressure boundary condition to fully include the outlet cells in the solution process of the conservation equations. Last but not least, a so-called visualization option based on VISART ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The measuring series was performed from November 1991 through April 1992 in seven drinking-water conditioning plants of the Fichtel mountains area in the north-eastern part of Bavaria, and the results revealed as an annual average a dose of about 1 - 40 WLM. The area of interest is a drinking-water catchment area where the ground water and other water resources include waters particularly rich in radon content, which explains this relatively high dose range. This is why comprehensive, specific local and long-term mearurements were carried out in order to assess the occupational radiation dose in the drinking-water conditioning plants, taking as a model site the conditioning plant of the municipal utilities of Hof in Weissenstadt. These more specific measurements were performed by the Technical Inspectorates (TUeV) of Bavaria and Saxony and the isotope laboratory of Georg-August University of Goettingen in mid-April 1994 (Goettingen University, TUeV Saxonia and Bavaria) and from June ...