Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

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International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This booklet outlines the position of Manitoba's heat pump market with the objective of promoting the widespread use of geothermal heat pumps in the province. It makes reference to the size of the market, customer satisfaction with heat pumps, and opinion of key players in the industry regarding the heat pump market. The information in this booklet is drawn on market research and lessons learned in Europe and the United States. In October 2001, a group of key stakeholders in Manitoba's heat pump market attended an industry working meeting to address the issues of market barriers, market enablers and market hot buttons. Market barriers include the high cost of geothermal heat pumps, lack of consumer awareness, lack of consistent standards, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the development of a geothermal heat pump a water source heat pump was connected to a 1-1/2'' water line, 2200' long, buried in an endless loop 10' deep. The system is closed, circulating the same water continuously through the heat pump back to the field again. This water line 10' deep is the geothermal heat source. No matter how cold the air temperature gets on a winter day the water temperature to the heat pump will always be above 45/sup 0/F. This system has efficiently heated our house the past year using no supplemental heat.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The fastest rate of growth in the space conditioning market has been attributed to the application of geothermal heat pumps to the industrial and commercial markets. The author reviews and provides examples of the three most popular components of a large geothermal heat pump system: geothermal earth coupling, heat pumps and heat exchangers, and building side terminals. These components are applied to three example geothermal installations: a library, an office building, and a school. Examples of energy use before and after the installation of a geothermal space conditioning system are summarized. General design and cost guidelines and comments on the use of geothermal heat pump in these and similar applications are discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This 2001 edition of the guide to UK renewable energy companies examines the geothermal heat pump sector, and discusses the technology involved, installations of geothermal heat pumps, the activity in the UK market with increased interest in UK geothermal heat pump products from abroad, and developments in the building sector. The UK government's increased support for the industry including its sponsorship of the Affordable Warmth programme, and the future potential of ground source systems are discussed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The data on the multilayer operation of the objects, located in the climatic conditions of the central area of Russia and equipped with the geothermal heat-pumping systems of the heat supply are presented. The results of the analytical studies on evaluating the geothermal heat-pumping systems of the heat supply integration efficiency into the structure of the energy supply system, prevailing in the country, are presented

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The development of a gas-operated diffusion absorption heat pump for the heating of living spaces is described. By various improvement an energy efficiency of the prototypes of 1.5 was achieved. Structural alterations led to a lower overall height and lower production costs. The CFCs used in electric heat pumps were replaced by environmentally neutral ammonia. Compared with conventional gas heating systems, the CO2 output could be reduced by more than 30%. figs., tabs.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid geothermal heat pump system is carried out. Mass, energy, and exergy balances are applied to the system, which has a cooling tower as a heat rejection unit, and system performance is evaluated in terms of coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency. The heating coefficient of performance for the overall system is found to be 5.34, while the corresponding exergy efficiency is 63.4%. The effect of ambient temperature on the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency is investigated for the system components. The results indicate that the performance of hybrid geothermal heat pump systems is superior to air-source heat pumps.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The alternative to the use of deeper wells through temperature amplification of the geothermal resource by electric heat pumps is explored. Systems in Ephrata, Washington and Chamberlain, South Dakota are explored. (MHR)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A detailed component-based simulation model of a geothermal heat pump system has been calibrated to monitored data taken from a family housing unit located at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The simulation model represents the housing unit, geothermal heat pump, ground heat exchanger, thermostat, blower, and ground-loop pump. Each of these component models was 'tuned' to better match the measured data from the site. These tuned models were then interconnect to form the system model. The system model was then exercised in order to demonatrate its capabilities.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Late 1994, the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC) was launched as a non-profit collaborative effort between the United States Department of Energy, US electric utilities and the GeoExchange (geothermal heat pump) industry to make ''geothermal heat pumps'' a significant component of the HVAC industry and avoid 1.5 million metric tons of carbon equivalent per year. The goal was to create a self-sustainable GeoExchange market. This report offers a summary of some of the lessons learned and an overview of some of the programs major accomplishments.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Ground thermal energy storage is a means of storing thermal energy underground during the summer and utilizing it during the winter. The main use of such a technology is in the heating, ventilating and air conditioning sector where the ground provides a stable temperature reservoir for a heat pump system. Heat pumps are mechanical systems that provide heating to a space in the winter, and cooling in the summer. They are increasingly popular because the same system provides both heating modes, depending on the direction of the cycle upon which they operate. The stable temperature reservoir allows the heat pump system to run at a higher efficiency. Thermal energy is transmitted to and from the ground by circulation of water through standing column geothermal wells. In commercial applications...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The seawater in the intake structure flows into the large pump to with draw excess heat from the turbine steam condenser. In the intake structure of a nuclear power plant, undesirable pump operating characteristics such as vortices, impeller damages and non-uniform pump-approach flow around the pump bells take place frequently due to poorly-arranged intake geometry. In this study, physical modeling test was performed to predict the hydraulic phenomenon, and proposed flow control devices.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This research report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) presents the results of a project that examined the feasibility of setting up 'MINERGIE' low-energy-consumption module standards for the production of heat in small residential buildings. The aims of the standards and the basic idea behind the MINERGIE-modules are discussed. The concepts of the modules for heat pumps and wood-fired heating systems and their combination with solar installations are examined, as are their areas of application. The requirements placed on the modules are listed. System concepts, including simple schematics for typical installations, are presented for wood-log, wood-chippings and pellets-fired systems as well as for ground-loop and air-water heat pump systems as well as their solar-aided counterparts. The results of cost-benefit analyses are ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In many regions of the world, flooded mines are a potentially cost-effective option for heating and cooling using geothermal heat pump systems. For example, a single coal seam in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio contains 5.1 x 1012 L of water. The growing volume of water discharging from this one coal seam totals 380,000 L/min, which could theoretically heat and cool 20,000 homes. Using the water stored in the mines would conservatively extend this option to an order of magnitude more sites. Based on current energy prices, geothermal heat pump systems using mine water could reduce annual costs for heating by 67% and cooling by 50% over conventional methods (natural gas or heating oil and standard air conditioning).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The fundamental differences in the type of products sold in both Japan and the US, and some of the reasons for these differences, are outlined. Japan is the largest single country market for residential heat pumps, while the US represents the largest single country market for residential heating equipment. Quite different types and associated features of heat pumps are demanded in the USA and Japan. The term `convenience features`, used to describe the physical characteristics of the user interface device, is explained, as well as the fundamental reasons leading to the particular styles of product sold in each country: (1) product strategy and sales channels, (2) design of housing, (3) climatic factors, and (4) energy costs and distribution. It is stressed that there is no big cooling load in Japan. It is rather the comfort issue that drives the market for heat ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The heating system of the `Centre integre de mecanique industrielle de la Chaudiere`, in Saint-Georges, Quebec, is based on a solar wall and a geothermal heat pump with a glycol/water mixture circulating in 44 wells that are 100 m deep. With installation costs below $25 per sq.m, more than 85 per cent of the heating needs of the 9500 sq.m centre were supplied by geothermal power. The geothermal heat pump is composed of a well field and two 211-kW cooling units, each equipped with four coiled compressors. In winter, heat is pumped from the earth and in summer, a heat exchanger with control valves allows to heat to be dumped back into the earth. The monitoring and simulation of the system proved its efficiency, considering the climatic conditions in Quebec. The annual consumption ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A project to demonstrate residential heating and cooling with a well-water source heat pump is documented. The system is schematically illustrated and described, and project experience is discussed. The system is capable of using source water as cool as 40/sup 0/F. Project expenses are accounted for. (LEW)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This workshop on heat pipes and two-phase capillary pumping loops was organized by the French society of thermal engineers. The 11 papers presented during this workshop deal with the study of thermal performances of heat pipes and on their applications in power electronics (cooling of components), and their use in satellites, aircrafts and trains. (J.S.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Geothermal heat pump systems are a promising new energy technology that has shown rapid increase in usage over the past ten years in the United States. These systems offer substantial benefits to customers and utilities in energy (kWh) and demand (kW) savings. The purpose of this study was to determine what existing monitored data was available mainly from electric utilities on heat pump performance, energy savings and demand reduction for residential, school, and commercial building applications. Information was developed on the status of electric utility marketing programs, barriers to market penetration, incentive programs, and benefits.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This book includes the latest developments and covers pump performance, selection and operations, materials, seals and packings, effective fluid characteristics, filtration, piping systems, economics, valves, instrumentation, automatic controls, power transmission equipment, pump and pipeline heating, and more. An extensive data section contains formulas, charts, symbols, nomographs, and standard specification documents.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose : To obtain an emergency core cooling device in a FBR type reactor by utilizing heat pipes which are not actuated at usual operation condition but actuated reliably upon emergency. Constitution : A system for injecting heat medium into heat pipes is provided. By injecting the heat medium into the heat pipes upon emergency to actuate the heat pipes, the reactor core is cooled. During normal reactor operation, the inside of the heat pipes is evacuated from a vacuum pump and no heat medium is filled therein, whereby unnecessary heat loss during the normal operation can be prevented. (Ikeda, J.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A cryocondensation pump was designed for the baffle chamber of General Atomics DIII-D tokamak and will be installed in the fall of 1992. The purpose of the pump is to study plasma density control by pumping the divertor. The pump is toroidally continuous, approximately 10 m long and located in the lower outer corner of the vacuum chamber of the machine. It consists of a 1 m{sup 2} liquid helium-cooled surface surrounded by a liquid nitrogen-cooled shield to limit the heat load on the helium-cooled surface. The liquid nitrogen-cooled surface is surrounded by a radiation/particle shield to prevent energetic particles from impacting and releasing condensed water molecules. A thermal enhancement coating was applied to the nitrogen shell to lower the maximum temperature of the shell. The coating is non-continuous to keep the toroidal electrical resistance high. The whole ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A geothermal heat pump-assisted heating system is introduced into Changchun City and a survey is conducted to determine if the system may be popularized in this extremely cold region located in the northeastern part of China. In concrete terms, the hot water that circulates through the office building of Changchun Ground Heat Development Co., Ltd., is switched to hot water prepared by a geothermal heat pump. The test continued from December 2000 to March 2001. It is then concluded that heating by geothermal heat pumps will be fully serviceable to Changchun City. Implemented are (1) the shift from the coal fired boiler system to a geothermal heat pump system comprising 16 subterranean heat exchangers for the heating of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Research commenced in FY 97 to determine the suitability of superplasticized cement-sand grouts for backfilling vertical boreholes used with geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems. The overall objectives were to develop, evaluate and demonstrate cementitious grouts that could reduce the required bore length and improve the performance of GHPs. This report summarizes the accomplishments in FY 98.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Sacramento Municipal Utility District is developing a number of demonstration projects using geothermal heat pumps. This paper discusses some of the barriers and issues that have emerged over the past two years. The most important barriers are: regulatory impediments; high first cost; and a lack of local design and installation infrastructure.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Every day we are witnesses of constantly rapid increase of consumption of Electric energy in R. of Macedonia as so as in the other countries in all the world. This rapid increase of consumption of Electric energy independent of a lot of electrical units, which are applying in human life like: homes, administration and publication objects, as well as in industry. All of this conditions make us to thinking how is possible more rational consumption of electric energy in all areas in human life. One of the possible manners to reduce the consumption of electrical energy for heating and cooling is to use geothermal heat pumps. In this paper will be proposed geothermal heat pump, which is going to use the heat of earth by vertical and horizontal cupper pipe heat exchanger with data from-GHP (Geothermal Heat ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Heat pipes, loop heat pipes (LHP), and capillary pumped loops (CPL) have already proven their potential to remove high heat fluxes from a small electronic device and transport the heat to a heat sink that is large enough to transfer it into the ambient air. We introduce a novel two-loop system similar in design to CPLs but with an additional buoyancy-driven fluid loop. Non-degassed methanol is used as a working fluid. Key benefits compared to LHPs and CPLs are easy filling procedure, easy startup, and the tolerance toward noncondensable gases in the fluid. The amount of fluid in the system can be varied over a broad range without affecting the heat transfer performance. Three different inverted-meniscus-type evaporators have been employed in this study. A maximum evaporator heat transfer r...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

At a military base in the Southeastern US, an energy services company (ESCO) has proposed to retrofit more than 1,000 family residences with geothermal heat pumps as part of an energy savings performance contract (ESPC). Each residence is to have one heat pump with its own ground heat exchanger consisting of two or more vertical bores. A design firm hired by the ESCO sized the heat pumps to meet peak cooling loads, and sized the borefields to limit the maximum entering water temperature (EWT) to the heat pumps to 95 F (35 C). Because there is some disagreement in the geothermal heat pump industry over the peak temperature to be used for design (some designers and design manuals recommend temperatures as low as 85 F[29 C], while equipment manufacturers and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The modeling and optimizing processes of a Ground Coupled Heat Pump (GCHP) with closed Horizontal Ground Heat eXchanger (HGHX) are presented in this paper. After thermal modeling of GCHP including HGHX, the optimum design parameters of the system were estimated by minimizing a defined objective function (total of investment and operation costs) subject to a list of constraints. This procedure was performed applying Genetic Algorithm technique. For given heating/cooling loads and various climatic conditions, the optimum values of saturated temperature/pressure of condenser and evaporator as well as inlet and outlet temperatures of the water source in cooling and heating modes were predicted. Then, for our case study, the design parameters as well as the configuration of HGHX were obtained. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of change in the total annual cost of the system and ...

Science.gov (United States)

...limited to, emission control devices, pumps, filters, muck cookers, stills, solvent tanks, solvent containers, water separators...facility that meets the conditions of § 63.320(g). Muck cooker means a device for heating perchloroethylene-laden...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP) concept was originally developed in the 1940`s. Recently, because of increasing energy costs, utility interest, and the development of simple and durable ground source heat exchangers, GHP`s have gained international attention as a proven means of energy conservation and electrical peak power demand reduction. GHP systems require installation of a buried heat exchanger to utilize the nearly constant ground temperature making them more efficient than conventional air source heat pumps. However, the high installation cost for both residential and commercial applications is a major obstacle to their market penetration. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) through its sponsors, the Department of Energy (DOE), and the Department of Defense (DOD), has embarked on a research program to find ways to reduce GHP installation costs and improve ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Norway is a member of Annex 29, 'Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems Overcoming Technical and Market Barriers' (2004-2006), organized under the umbrella of the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the IEA Heat Pump Programme (HPP). The 7 participating countries are Austria (Operating Agent), Canada, Japan, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the USA. The Norwegian participation is financed by ENOVA SF, and SINTEF Energy Research is responsible for planning and carrying out the Norwegian activities. This report provides a status for ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems in Norway with regard to state-of-the-art technology, installation examples, geological data, costs and market opportunities. A Norwegian Internet home page for ground-source heat pump systems (www.energy.sintef.no/prosjekt/Annex29) is also presented. GSHP systems in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the course of this year six local exchange offices with alternative heating and hot water plants were started up in Switzerland. They are all of the same building type, designed for not more than 1000 telephone subscribers and for the same architectural conditions. However, the buildings are situated in different areas of the country and are thus subject to different environmental conditions. Solar collectors supplemented by electricity boilers are fitted to two of these objects. Heat pumps are operated in two other exchange offices while the last two are equipped with electric heating devices. For purposes of comparison two new test plants of the same size with oil heating devices are set up.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat pumps for residential space heating become an increasingly important alternative to the conventional heating system like gas or oil burner. They offer the opportunity to reduce CO{sub 2} emission associated with heating residential homes in Germany. High compressors efficiency and a wide operating map are required so that an economically viable heat pumps is achieved which meets the operational conditions for present and future heating systems. The design parameter of existing heating systems require relatively high condensing temperatures which can be achieved with dedicated compressor designs. The design of Scroll compressors specially adapted to these heat pumps is shown and their operation is explained. (orig.) [German] Waermepumpen fuer die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper studies the effects of axial heat conduction in boreholes used in geothermal heat pump systems. The axial effects are examined by comparing the results obtained using the finite and infinite line source methods. Using various practical design problems, it is shown that axial effects are relatively important. Unsurprisingly, short boreholes and unbalanced yearly ground loads lead to stronger axial effects. In one example considered, it is shown that the borehole length is 15% shorter when axial conduction effects are considered. In another example dealing with underground water freezing, the amount of energy that has to be removed to freeze the ground is three times higher when axial effects are considered. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In order to match the output capacity of a geothermal heat pump system (GHPS) with the actual load requirement, research has been carried out in finding the influence of two systematic parameters, the water flow rate inside the condenser and the compressor input frequency on the GHPS operation. Experiments are done on a small-scale GHPS at the water flow rate ranging from 0.054 kg/s to 0.174 kg/s and the frequency from 30 Hz to 55 Hz. The analysis of the experimental data reveals the relationships among the compressor frequency, the water flow rate and other important parameters such as coefficient of performance (COP), heat capacity and compressor power input. The conclusions in the paper can serve as some guidance to the load adjustment of GHPS. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper is concerned with the development and application of an analytical method for the performance prediction of air cooled condensers. A local analysis is employed in which the condenser is considered as a matrix of small basic heat transfer modules. For each element, local film coefficients for both the air and the condensing fluid are determined according to the existing local conditions, including the two-phase flow regime. The paper considers an application of the method to heat pump condensing.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Versatile Toroidal Facility (VTF) is a large laboratory plasma machine of 1 meter major radius used to carry out investigations of ionospheric plasma turbulence. Spectral analysis has been performed on plasmas produced by the electron emitters. Interest has focused on the low frequencies below the lower hybrid resonance where ion acoustic and current-convective modes have been observed. Microwaves injected from a 3,000 watt magnetron produce dramatic changes to the low frequency spectrum. First, the parametric decay instability intensifies the ion acoustic modes in the region of plasma heated by the microwaves. Second, the normally dominant current-convective modes are greatly suppressed in the heated region due to the oscillating electric field of the pump wave. When the authors probe beyond the heated region, these two pump wave effects are no longer observed, presumably ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An outline of Manitoba Hydro's Earth Power program was presented. Details of the heat pump market in Manitoba were provided, including details of residential and commercial sales. Total residential heat pump sales amounted to 577 units in 2004, equivalent to over $11.2 million in sales. Commercial installations amounted to approximately $12.7 million. An outline of industry players was presented. The goals of Manitoba Hydro were outlined in relation to geothermal energy and the Power Smart program. Their objectives included increasing awareness of geothermal energy, making heat pumps more accessible, and improving industry infrastructure. Other objectives included educating the public about life-cycle cost implications, residential loans and commercial incentives. To date, the residential power loan has provided financing to over 300 Manitoba home owners for ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Total thermal resistance of ground heat exchanger (GHE) is comprised of that of the soil and inside the borehole. The thermal resistance of soil can be calculated using the linear source theory and cylindrical source theory, while that inside the borehole is more complicated due to the integrated resistance of fluid convection, and the conduction through pipe and grout. Present study evaluates heat exchange rate per depth of GHE by calculating the total thermal resistance, and compares different methods to analyze their similarities and differences for engineering applications. The effects of seven separate factors, running time, shank spacing, depth of borehole, velocity in the pipe, thermal conductivity of grout, inlet temperature and soil type, on the thermal resistance and heat exchange rate are analyzed. Experimental data from several real geothermal heat pump (GHP) ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) is now receiving greater attention as a means of implementing large-scale energy conservation projects in housing. Opportunities for such projects exist for military housing, federally subsidized low-income housing, and planned communities (condominiums, townhomes, senior centers), to name a few. Accurate prior (to construction) estimates of the energy savings in these projects reduce risk, decrease financing costs, and help avoid post-construction disputes over performance contract baseline adjustments. This paper demonstrates an improved method of estimating energy savings before construction takes place. Using an engineering model calibrated to pre-construction energy-use data collected in the field, this method is able to predict actual energy savings to a high degree of accuracy. This is verified with post-construction energy-use data from a geothermal heat pump ESPC at Fort Polk, Louisiana. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Because power requirements in induction heating applications are largely dependent on the physical properties of the product to be heated, inducting, heating is mainly used in steelwork applications, for the manufacture of finished or semi-finished parts. Applications here cover five main types of steelworks operation: smelting, heating prior to forming, heat treatment, surface treatment, and assembly process. At the same time, technological progress has opened up innovative applications in sectors such as chemical and agro-food industries. Other emerging applications for induction include direct forming of liquid metal, wholly or partially replacing mechanical transformations on solid metal. Techniques include electromagnetic forming, continuous cold-crucible casting, electromagnetic mixing, flow control by continuous magnetic field, and production of intense sliding fields ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The economic feasibility of the residential solar thermal (ST) cooling system designed in the companion article [1] is ascertained by comparing it with a solar electric (SE) cooling system, and also with the baseline (i.e., control case), a grid dependent, highest efficiency COPC=5.66 heat pump. The economic scenario is analyzed for 24 cities across the southern USA, south of the 37degreeN. The SE cooling system provides lifecycle (20 year) savings to the homeowner only where electric rates are high and it is heavily subsidized. The overall societal effect (sum of taxpayer funded rebate and homeowner savings) is actually an increased cost everywhere except the California Central Valley, where the net savings is $1500. In the same valley, The ST cooling system provides greater lifecycle sav...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents the performance analysis on a hybrid air-conditioning system according to the hybrid building energy system of the green building demonstration project in Shanghai, in which a 150 m{sup 2} solar collector is used to power two 10 kW adsorption chillers, a vapor compression heat pump is used to cool air in the evaporating end while the condensing heating at about 80{sup o}C is fully used to regenerate a liquid desiccant dehumidification system. In the hybrid system, the sensible cooling to the air is treated mainly by solar adsorption cooling and vapor compression cooling, whereas the latent heat is treated by the liquid desiccant dehumidification system with regeneration from the condensing heat of the heat pump. The results show that the performance of this system is 44.5% higher than conventional vapor compression system ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A multi-faceted research program has been performed to investigate in detail several aspects of free and forced convective cooling of underground electric cable systems. There were two main areas of investigation. The first one reported in this volume dealt with the fluid dynamic and thermal aspects of various components of the cable system. In particular, friction factors for laminar flow in the cable pipes with various configurations were determined using a finite element technique; the temperature distributions and heat transfer in splices were examined using a combined analytical numerical technique; the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of cable pipes in the transitional and turbulent flow regime were determined experimentally in a model study; and full-scale model experimental work was carried out to determine the fluid dynamic and thermal characteristics of entrance and exit chambers for the cooling oil. The second major ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This comprehensive, illustrated report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) by the University of Applied Sciences in Lucerne, Switzerland takes a look at the testing facility at the university that is used to test compact ventilation systems. These feature heat-recovery and return-air heat-pumps and are used in housing built to low energy-consumption standards such as the Swiss 'Minergie' and 'Minergie-P' standards. The primary goal is a technically comprehensive testing programme for compact ventilation units with heat recovery and heat pumps, which can nevertheless be carried out at reasonable cost. In addition to thermal and flow measurements, acoustic measurements are also carried out. The authors quote that the overall assessment provided can also include service and maintenance, materials used and possible problems with thermal ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Introduction of geothermal heat pump systems, which depend on temperature differential, is investigated for urban areas, which have large energy demands. Results of the surveys on the current situations of geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems indicate that they have already numbered 300,000 units in USA and totaled more than 50,000 units in Switzerland and Northern European countries, and that they are increasing at an annual rate of higher than 10%. The results also indicate that introduction of these systems are well feasible in Japan, which generally has better topographical conditions than American and European countries, and the GHP system with vertical ground heat exchanger is investigated for its topographical and environmental considerations. These systems could annually abate approximately 52 million tons of CO2 (4.3% decrease), if disseminated to all households. They are ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Geothermal energy resources are found in many countries. A reasonable and efficient utilization of these resources has been a worldwide concern. The application of geothermal heat pump systems (GHPS) can help increase the efficiency of using geothermal energy and reduce the thermal pollution to the earth surface. However, this is only possible with a proper working fluid. In this paper, a non-azeotropic working fluid (R290/R600a/R123) is presented for a GHPS where geothermal water at 40-45 deg. C and heating network water at 70-80 deg. C serve as the low and high temperature heat sources. Experimental results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of a GHPS using the working fluid is above 3.5 with the condensation temperature above 80 deg. C and the condensation pressure below 18 bar, while the temperature of the geothermal water is reduced from 40-46 deg. C to 31-36 deg. C.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Increasing environmental awareness and new legislation in Europe and, in particular, America have accelerated the development of marketable electric cars which satisfy customer demands in terms of performance, range capability, safety and comfort. Tomorrow's electric cars will therefore require powerful heating and cooling systems for the passenger compartment which meet the conditions specific to this particular mode of transport and which do not overly affect the range capability of such vehicles. At Behr GmbH suitable system concepts were developed at a very early stage which were based on a high proportion of recirculated air, the use of the A/C unit as a heat pump, and heat recovery. This paper will examine two typical A/C systems which combine good heating and cooling characteristics with the low electric power requirement of only 1,5-2 kW. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A one-dimensional thermal model is derived to describe the temperature field around a vertical borehole heat exchanger (BHEx) for a geothermal heat pump. The inlet and outlet pipe flows are modeled as one, and an effective heat capacity is added to model the heat storage in the fluid and pipes. Parameter estimation techniques are then used to estimate various parameters associated with the model, including the thermal conductivity of the soil and of the grout which fills the borehole and surrounds the u-tube. The model is validated using test data from an experimental rig containing sand with known thermal conductivity. The estimates of the sand thermal conductivity derived from the model are found to be in good agreement with independent measurements.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The basic design of a system installed in the Columbus, Ohio Zoo is described. The distribution system is described in detail. The control system is microprocessor controlled, with about 50 monitoring points. Preliminary evaluations have indicated that the system can operate with an overall coefficient of performance in excess of 3.5. 1 figure.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Geothermal heat pump systems necessitate a comprehensive approach to geology and building facilities in order to be energetically useful and efficient. Cooperation with geothermal experts should be sought at an early projecting stage in order to obtain reliable data. Geothermal data and the technical facilities of the building must be matched for the project to be both effective and efficient. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs), often referred to as geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), offer an attractive option for heating and cooling residential and commercial buildings owing to their higher energy efficiency compared with conventional systems. GSHPs have been used for four years in the Turkish market, although they have been in use for more years in developed countries. The purpose of this study is to present an energy and exergy analysis of a GSHP system with a 50 m vertical 1.25 in. nominal diameter U-bend ground heat exchanger. This system was applied to a 65 m"2 room in the Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Izmir, for the first time at the university level in Turkey. The Institute, built in 1986, has a livable floor area of 3000 m"2 and uses passive solar techniques. The heating and cooling loads of the room studied were 3.8 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Research commenced in FY 97 to determine the suitability of superplasticized cement-sand grouts for backfilling vertical boreholes used with geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems. The overall objectives were to develop, evaluate and demonstrate cementitious grouts that could reduce the required bore length and improve the performance of GHPs. This report summarizes the accomplishments in FY 98. The developed thermally conductive grout consists of cement, water, a particular grade of silica sand, superplasticizer and a small amount of bentonite. While the primary function of the grout is to facilitate heat transfer between the U-loop and surrounding formation, it is also essential that the grout act as an effective borehole sealant. Two types of permeability (hydraulic conductivity) tests was conducted to evaluate the sealing performance of the cement-sand grout. Additional properties of the proposed grout that were ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

1 - Description of test facility: The LOBI facility is a 1/700 scale model of a four loop PWR and has two primary loops, the intact loop representing three loops and the broken loop representing one loop of a four-loop PWR. The reactor pressure vessel model contains an electrically heated rod-bundle with 64 rods and a heated length of 3.9 m. The nominal heating power is 5.3 MW. The downcomer is of annular shape. An upper head simulator is connected to the vessel. Each of the two primary loops contains a pump and a steam generator. The different mass flows in the loops are established by the pump speeds, since the two pumps are identical. Heat is removed from the steam generators by a secondary system. ECC water can be supplied from two accumulators, one for each loop. Cold or hot leg as well as combined injection can be simulated. The LOBI ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The authors report here on an experimental study of heat transfer augmentation in turbulent flow. Enhancement strategies employed in this investigation are based on the near-wall mixing processes induced in the sublayer through appropriate wall and near-wall streamwise-periodic disturbances. Experiments are performed in a low-turbulence wind-tunnel with a high-aspect-ratio rectangular channel having either (a) two-dimensional periodic microgrooves on the wall, or (b) two-dimensional microcylinders placed in the immediate vicinity of the wall. It is found that microdisturbances placed inside the sublayer induce favorable heat-transport augmentation with respect to the smooth-wall case, in the near-analogous momentum and heat transfer behavior are preserved; a roughly commensurate increase in heat and momentum transport is termed favorable in that it leads to a reduction in the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Lincoln Public School District, in Lincoln, Nebraska, recently installed vertical-bore geothermal heat pump systems in four, new, elementary schools. Because the district has consistent maintenance records and procedures, it was possible to study repair, service and corrective maintenance requests for 20 schools in the district. Each school studied provides cooling to over 70% of its total floor area and uses one of the following heating and cooling systems: vertical-bore geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), air-cooled chiller with gas-fired hot water boiler (ACUGHWB), water-cooled chiller with gas-fired hot water boiler (WCCYGHWB), or water-cooled chiller with gas-fired steam boiler (WCUGSB). Preventative maintenance and capital renewal activities were not included in the available database. GHP schools reported average total costs at 2.13 cents/ft{sup 2}-yr, followed by ACC/GHWB ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The deep borehole heat exchanger (BHE) of Weggis is operational since 1994. During the years 1995 to 2000 the BHE has produced for both, direct heating and as a source for the heat pumps, a yearly amount of heat of 220 MWh. The share of direct heating has been more than 60%. The global average power delivered to all consumers has been about 100 kW. This has yielded to a mean source temperature out of the deep BHE of 40.5 {sup o}C and to a mean return temperature of 33.3 {sup o}C. During the years 2000 and 2001 three additional multi-family dwellings have been connected as heat consumers to the BHE. The amount of delivered heat has nearly been doubled (from 220 to 440 MWh per year) as well as the nominal load. This has induced a small reduction of the delivery temperature and a significant reduction of the return ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Work of the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC), a joint program of the US Department of Energy, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the US electric utilities and industry was described. The consortium was established to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO{sub 2} emissions by moving ground source and groundwater source heat pumps from niche products to ten percent of the new and retrofit HVAC market in less than a decade. The GHPC program focuses on : (1) reducing first costs through technology innovation and innovative financing, (2) strengthening the infrastructure though education, training and work codes and regulations, and (3) building confidence in the technology through demonstrations of cost-effectiveness, low maintenance efforts and through marketing programs. Results of the first two years of operations were described. Results indicate that the objectives are being achieved, the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Active Process Water (APW) system is provided as a unitized system in TAPP-3 and 4. Maintenance on APW system requires shutdown of this system. As shut down heat exchangers are fed by APW system; during APW system shutdown cold shutdown state cannot be maintained. Therefore safety analysis is done to optimize the duration of reactor shutdown (which means low decay heat) after which APW shutdown can be taken with minimum water supply to the shutdown heat exchangers. Based on this analysis, it is proposed in technical specification that APW system shutdown can be taken after 7 days of reactor shutdown with shutdown heat exchangers supplied with about 20 % of normal APW flow. With this configuration, PHTS, moderator, end shield, calandria vault water temperature can be maintained within limits. A design provision is made at TAPP-3 and 4 to interconnect APW system of both units in such a way that one unit ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present invention is a device for a solar heating system having a solar collector, a storage tank connected to the solar collector, a pump for circulating liquid from the tank to the solar collector, a supply of liquid at a temperature above freezing and a connection from the supply of liquid to the solar collector for replacing any liquid lost from said solar collector. The device comprises a sensor for sensing the temperature of liquid in the solar collector, and a valve for bleeding liquid from the solar collector when the sensed temperature falls below a predetermined minimum whereby cool liquid in the solar collector is automatically replaced by liquid at a temperature above freezing.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Large scale steam storage power generation, one of the new energy storage systems for the future of inflexible electric power sources consisting of nuclear and coal power plants has been studied on the subjects of the systems to be attached to coal and nuclear power units, of the definition of storage efficiency and of the vertical steam storage vessel technology. Steam storage power generation may be hopeful for its higher efficiency similarly defined as of pumped storage plants while high temperature heat storage and the internal structure of large vertical steam storage vessel (accumulator) need to be developed. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the green building of Shanghai Research Institute of Building Science, the evacuated tubular solar collectors with a total area of 150 m{sup 2} were installed to provide heating for the covered area of 460 m{sup 2}. The floor heating coil pipes were made of high-quality pure copper with the dimension of {phi} 12 x 0.7 mm. Under typical weather condition of Shanghai, the average heating capacity was 25.04 kW during the working hours from 9:00 to 17:00, which was sufficient to keep indoor thermal environment. The average electric COP of the floor heating system was 19.76 during the system operation. Compared with the widely used air-source heat pump heating systems with the electric COP of 3.5 in Shanghai, the solar-powered floor heating system shows great potential in energy conservation in winter. With respect to the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

DBEs (Design Basis Event) of KALIMER-600 (Korea Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor) were analyzed in one dimension by KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute). KALIMER-600 is the pool type SFR (Sodium cooled Fast Reactor), thereby the sodium of primary system is prohibited movement to out of a reactor vessel. There are many contacting and including compositions in the sodium hot pool, such as IHX (Intermediate Heat eXchanger), DHX (Decay Heat eXchanger), Pump, UIS (Upper Internal Structure), and core. Moreover, the complex phenomena are occurred in sodium hot pool during steady and transient states. Therefore, the one dimensional analysis is modified to the multi-dimensional analysis through modification of sodium hot pool from one to three dimensions

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) examines a project that aimed to define standard solutions for use in buildings built to meet Minergie low energy consumption standards. These standard solutions are to provide a way of meeting Minergie standards in an easy way and thus further the use of the standard and also assure quality at the same time. The report describes how the solutions were developed on the basis of a selection of existing Minergie buildings. For various combinations of heating systems - wood, wood/solar, heat pumps (brine-water and air-water), gas/solar and oil/solar - the appropriate U-values for various building elements are listed. The resulting Minergie forms and guides are listed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A large temperature differential (10K) thermal storage system in a small (4400 m{sup 2}) 8-storey office building is discussed and the monitoring results are analyzed in comparison with computer simulations. Requirements were a comfortable indoor environment and system cost effectiveness. Out of four potential system concepts, the Large Temperature Differential System was chosen. It comprises a flat-type thermal stratification heat storage tank in the under floor pit of the building as the heat source for a variable flow heat pump chiller. The heat sink is a set of serially connected air handling and fan coil units. The tank`s capacity is sized for one day operation and is made as large as possible to shift the electricity demand to night time. To avoid a large size and high cost, the water temperature differential was enlarged. The role of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) was ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Several research programs have been conducted to evaluate the capability of natural circulation cooling of reactors following a loss of cooling accident. Both experimental and RELAP5 simulation results were obtained for these studies in a facility with vertical heated tube(s) and a unheated bypass channel. The analytical results showed that, under a certain power level, a natural circulation pattern can be developed from both initial upflow and downflow conditions, and maintained for a significant cooling period. This power level, for the discussion of this paper, is defined as the natural circulation cooling (NCC) power limit. Two import factors, namely the pump coastdown rate and the initial flow direction, are examined in this paper. In the benchmark case, as compared to the experimental results, the RELAP5 simulation program accurately predicted the transient phenomena from forced convection through flow reversal, then, into natural ...

Science.gov (United States)

... Title : Transverse Pumping with Diode Lasers. Descriptive Note : Technical rept. ... Subject Categories : LASERS AND MASERS. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The invention deals with a pumping plant for oil filled power cables. An air driven piston type pump is used as primary pump. A PLS (Programmable Logic control System) is used to control the oil flow to the cable(s). Improvements of the pump includes means for ensuring that the pump piston is operated also at low pressure and flow, and means for sealing off the piston rod to ensure maximum life of seals, to facilitate detection of possible leakages and to avoid contamination of the cable oil. 3 figs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The performance of binary geothermal power plants can be improved through the proper choice of a working fluid, and optimization of component designs and operating conditions. This paper reviews the investigations at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) which are examining binary cycle performance improvements: for moderate temperature (350 to 400 F) resources with emphasis on how the improvements may be integrated into design of binary cycles. These investigations are examining performance improvements resulting from the supercritical vaporization of mixed hydrocarbon working fluids and achieving countercurrent integral condensation with these fluids, as well as the modification of the turbine inlet state points to achieve supersaturated turbine vapor expansions. For resources where the brine outlet temperature is restricted, the use of turbine exhaust recuperators is examined. The baseline plant used to determine improvements in plant performance (characterized by the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Once containment recirculation pumps are activated and emergency core cooling (ECC) flow is supplied from the recirculation sump during loss of coolant accident (LOCA), various insulations and coatings on a pipe, equipments and structures damaged by LOCA break jet as well as additional debris sources are transported to recirculation sump screen by the break flow and containment spray flow drainage. This debris may result in loss of net pressure suction head (NPSH) of the recirculation pumps, and have a threat to long term cooling and containment heat removal capacity. In this case, flow patterns of containment pool are important to confirm behaviors of debris transport for predicting various flow paths to the recirculation sump screen. In this paper, models using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software CFX are developed for containment pool simulation during recirculation mode. The specific plant used for ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Interference between the crossover leg of the Reactor Coolant System(RCS) and the Pipe Whip Restraints(PWR) has brought a degradation issue of the integrity of the Reactor Coolant System in Westinghouse type Nuclear Power Plants(NPPs) of Korea. According to the gap inspection carried out during planned overhaul (year 2000), interference between the crossover leg and the PWR was found in each RCS loop. This plant has had the high vibration problem on the RC pump 'B'. The reason for the high vibration in the RC pump 'B' had been massively surveyed and it was found that the crossover leg of RCS contacted with the PWR in hot condition. Since the contact between the crossover leg and the PWR changes the dynamic characteristics of the piping system for the RCS, this is considered as one reason for the high vibration. And a possibility of overstress on the crossover leg due to the contact with the PWR should be ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Beside sucker-rod-type pumps and submersible centrifugal pumps, excentric screw pumps (so-called progressing cavity pumps) belong to standard conveyors in the production of crude oil. The authors of the contribution under consideration present the further development of excentric screw pumps with respect to the reduction of fluid levels in gas wells. This further development is based on a co-operation between the operator (Rohoel Aufsuchungs AG (Gampern, Austria)), the pump supplier (NETZSCH Oilfield Products GmbH (Selb, Federal Republic of Germany)) and the Institute for Process Technologies and Machinery at the University of Erlangen-Nuernberg (Federal Republic of Germany). The authors report on first attempts with the excentric screw pump at Weizberg (Federal Republic of Germany), material investigations at the University of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A heat pump was tested in the cooling mode under the following conditions: (1) a steady-state test with 95/sup 0/F (35/sup 0/C) outdoor temperature, various indoor conditions, and a dry indoor coil; (2) a steady-state test with 82/sup 0/F (27.8/sup 0/C) outdoor temperature, various indoor conditions, and a dry indoor coil; (3) a cyclic test with an outdoor room temperature of 82/sup 0/F (27.8/sup 0/C), various indoor conditions, and a dry indoor coil. The indoor conditions were varied as follows: (1) indoor temperatures of 75/sup 0/F (23.9/sup 0/C), 80/sup 0/F (26.7/sup 0/C) and 85/sup 0/F (29.4/sup 0/C); (2) volume flowrates over the evaporator coil of 880 cfm (0.47 m/sup 3//s), 1100 cfm (0.52 m/sup 3//s) and 1425 cfm (0.67 m/sup 3//s); (3) during the off-time the dampers were closed in one test series and kept open with a continuously running air handling fan in another test series; (4) the on and off times of the heat ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Background vibration in a CANDU plant can be used to determine the dynamic characteristics of major items of equipment, such as calandria, the fuelling machines and the primary heat transport pumps. These dynamic characteristics can then be used to verify the seismic response of the equipment which, at present, is based on theoretical models only. The feasibility and basic theory of this new approach (which uses accelerations measured at several points on a structure and does not require knowledge of the source of excitation) was established in Phase I of the study. This report is based on Phase II in which the methods of analysis developed in Phase I were improved and verified experimentally. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm was incorporated and an interactive curve fitting technique was developed to obtain the dynamic characteristics in the form of natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. The method is now available for ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Electrical penetration assemblies mounted on the containment wall are used to carry electrical power and signals from the equipment inside this containment (e.g. recirculation pumps, control rod position indications etc.) Todays BWR nuclear power plants apply epoxy resin sealed electric penetration. Contrariwise, the epoxy resin (organic sealant) was replaced with sodium barium glass (inorganic) by way of trial in search for a quality sealant. The glass sealant has been proved to have high temperature airtightness at 300 degC above from an evaluation test involving full-scale model parts. Environmental tests were conducted continuously as to heat cycle, vibration and LOCA etc. the specimens (module) of five types. They were made certain of conformity to the design requirements for boiling water operation. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An Experimental study was performed to investigate flow characteristic of multi-stage expansion valve applied with inverter heat pump. Multi-stage expansion consists of parallel valve which is controlled on/off type of solenoid valve. Expansion valve open one solenoid the other closed in low frequency region and open two solenoid valve in high frequency region. In rated frequency region always open one solenoid valve and control period and on-off time ratio for the other solenoid valve. Flow characteristics of a orifice expansion was measured as a function of orifice diameter and operating conditions. As a results multi-stage expansion device can control a stable flow with period and on-off time ratio. (author). 4 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Slurry characteristics have a significant impact on centrifugal pump performance. For instance, as particle size increases or the percent solids concentration increases, pump head and efficiency decrease. Therefore, before a slurry pump is selected, it is important to define the slurry characteristics as accurately as possible. The effect of the slurry characteristics on the head and efficiency of the centrifugal pump will be emphasized (the effect on flowrate is less significant). The effect of slurry characteristics is more predominant in smaller pumps (with smaller diameter impellers) than in larger pumps. The data and relationship between the various slurry parameters have been developed from correlations and nomographs published by pump vendors from their field data and test results. The information helps to avoid specifying an ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The authors propose an integrated indicator of pump-rod couplings that allows both the couplings and the pump operations to be appraised according to the given formula. (Formula provided). The dynamic relationships of rod operations were determined with nomographs. These relationships involve such factors as: the type and size of the sucker-rod string; the pressure load at the equalizer head and its correlation to threshold pressure at pump discharge; pump diameter; the rod weight and construction; and integral reliability indicators.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper describes the advent of energy pumped storage plants in France, in connection with nuclear power reactors development and gives detailed specifications of different components (pump turbines, alternators, valves ...). 5 figs., 3 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Savannah River Swamp is a 3,020 Ha forested wetland on the floodplain of the Savannah River and is located on the Department of Energy`s Savannah River Site (SRS). Major impacts to the swamp hydrology occurred with the completion of the production reactors and one coal-fired powerhouse at the SRS in the early 1950`s. Water was pumped from the Savannah River, through secondary heat exchangers of the reactors, and discharged into three of the tributary streams that flow into the swamp. This continued from 1954 to 1988 at various levels. The sustained increases in water volume resulted in overflow of the original stream banks and the creation of additional floodplains. Accompanying this was considerable erosion of the original stream corridor and deposition of a deep silt layer on the newly formed delta. Heated water was discharged directly into Pen Branch and water temperature in the stream often exceeded 50 C. The nearly ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Among others, one of the main activities in the Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department of the Engineering School in Bilbao, is the study of liquid metals behavior. And for this purpose the CFD code FLUENT is being used. Currently, the code is being applied to the use of Lead-Bismuth eutectic (LBE) as the coolant of an accelerator driven system (ADS) and also as the target for a neutron source. In this paper, ANSALDO's Energy Amplifier Demonstration Facility is simulated, paying attention only on the coolant. As it will be later explained, natural convection is a very important issue, because the philosophy for safety systems in nuclear devices tends to consider passive technologies. The purpose is to avoid electrical machines like pumps, so the core should remain coolable, even if there is a blackout. To get this natural circulation, heat transfer plays a main role, and as turbulence enhances the heat transfer, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The purpose of the chapter is to explain briefly the various considerations that enter into determining the general layout or arrangement of typical hydroelectric powerplants, pumping plants, and pumped-storage plants. Some of the important factors that affect or determine the location, type, and layout of the plant and the selection of the major items of equipment included in the installation are outlined in this chapter. The first consideration in the design of a powerplant, pumping plant, or pumped-storage plant is that it adequately perform its function and be structurally safe. The structure is also designed to give a pleasing architectural appearance.

Science.gov (United States)

The advantages of using heads of around 1000 m in conjunction with underground location of the lower reservoirs for pumped storage plants are described, and the possible layouts, equipment, and construction methods are discussed.

Science.gov (United States)

pumped storage plants; but these must be built as well since there is no correspondence with the pump and turbine operating times governed by normal network ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A new double-null, slotted divertor configuration will be installed for the DIII-D Radiative Divertor Program at General Atomics in late 1996. Four cryocondensation pumps, three new and one existing, will be part of this new divertor. The purpose of the pumps is to provide plasma density control and to limit the impurities entering the plasma core by providing pumping at each divertor strike point. The three new pumps are based on the design of the existing pump, installed in 1992 as part of the Advanced Divertor Program. The pump continues to operate successfully. The new pumps require geometry modifications to the original design. Therefore, extensive modal and dynamic analyses were performed to determine the behavior of these pumps and their helium and nitrogen feed lines during disruption events. Thermal and fluid ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In 1999, the plasma parameters of reversed shear (RS) plasmas had been extended in 1) DT-equivalent fusion power gain Q_D_T"e"q - 0.5 (n_D(0)#tau#_ET_i(0) - 4x10"2"0 m"-"3#centre dot#keV#centre dot#s) for 0.8 s and 2) full non-inductive current drive with 80% of the bootstrap current fraction. Physics of the internal transport barriers (ITBs) in RS plasmas, including the energy transport and the formation of ITB, were extensively studied. A nearly full current drive (92% non-inductively) was obtained with negative ion based neutral beam (NNB) injection (360 keV, 3.4 MW) in a high #beta#_p H-mode plasma (I_p=1.5 MA, B_T=3.7 T, q_9_5=4.2) with high plasma performance (#beta#_N=2.4 and H_8_9=2.56). Rise in the central electron temperature (T_e - 9 keV) resulted in the current drive efficiency #eta#_C_D of NNB reached 1.3x10"1"9 A/W/m"2, the highest for the neutral beam current drive. As for the H-mode plasmas, decrease in the pedestal ion temperature due to strong gas was found cause ...

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Due to their good hydraulic characteristic semi-axial pump turbines are used in the medium head range of pumped storage plants. This paper describes model tests performed on a semiaxial pump turbine model and shows the results of these tests. The aim of the model tests was the optimization of the hydraulic water passage, the measurement of the hydraulic characteristics over the whole operating range, the investigation of the cavitation behaviour, the investigation of the hydraulic forces and torques as well as the proof of the values guaranteed to the customer.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... bypasses control rod drives cylinders electromagnetic pumps fluid flow fluidic

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

None provided

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The influence of the main factors on device efficiency of pulsed liquid jet pump with gas-liquid piston is analysed, the theoretical equation and its time-averaged solution of pulsed liquid jet pump device efficiency are derived. The theoretical and experimental results show that the efficiency of transmission of energy and mass to use pulsed jet is greatly raised, compared with steady jet, in the same device of liquid jet pump. The calculating results of time-averaged efficiency of pulsed liquid jet pump are approximately in agreement with the experimental results in our and foreign countries

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents a new algorithm for the optimal long-range generation planning for a thermal system with pumped-storage plants. The algorithm is based upon the analytical production costing model developed under the assumption of Gaussian probabilistic distribution of random load fluctuations and plant outages. The optimization problem consists of the master problem to determine the annual investment, and the pumped-storage subproblem to determine the optimal pumped-storage operation. The master problem is formulated as a Hamiltonian minimization problem, and the pumped-storage subproblem is solved using the concept of peak-shaving operation on the original load curve.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The paper deals with the exploitation of the pumped storage plants for the control of the Slovak power system. For that purpose current utilization of pumped storage plants currently in operation was analyzed from the point of view of their part in the operation control of the Slovak power system. The aim of this analysis was to exploit knowledge gained so far for the future outlook up to the year 2010, including the evaluation of the need to construct pumped storage plant Ipel with a weekly storage cycle. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Two-phase flow, thermal management systems are currently being considered as an alternative to conventional, single phase systems for future space missions because of their potential to reduce overall system mass, size, and pumping power requirements. Knowledge of flow regime transitions, heat transfer characteristics, and pressure drop correlations is necessary to design and develop two-phase systems. This work is concerned with microgravity, two-phase flow regime analysis. The data come from a recent sets of experiments. The experiments were funded by NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) and conducted by NASA JSC with Texas A M University. The experiment was on loan to NASA JSC from Foster-Miller, Inc., who constructed it with funding from the Air Force Phillips Laboratory. The experiment used R12 as the working fluid. A Foster-Miller two phase pump was used to circulate the two phase mixture and allow separate measurements of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper deals with conversions of solar energy efficiently into electricity and into gas laser radiation. In the first section, a review study of the possibility of a solar-electric thermophotovoltaic (TPV) device has been done. In a proposed extension of the TPV concept, a Cassagranian optical system concentrates solar radiation to heat a blackbody cavity to 2400/sup 0/K. A double-layer solar cell, GaAs and Si, forming the cylindrical surface concentric to the blackbody cavity, receives the blackbody radiation and converts it into electricity efficiently. A cell conversion efficiency of 50% or more would be possible with the TPV system. The second section explores the concept of blackbody radiation pumping of gas laser media as a step toward utilization of solar energy as a laser pumping source. To demonstrate this concept, an experiment was performed in which various gas mixtures of CO/sub 2/ and He were exposed to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

On behalf of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) a study has been established by the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Technical Options Committee in which famous experts of refrigeration technology compiled facts which allow for a reliable prospect of real possibilities of changing from fluorine hydrogen to ozone innoxious substitutes and substitute technologies. With regard to the organization, a division into 6 committees for the establishment of the study has been made: 1. Refrigeration Options Committee, 2. Foams Options Committee, 3. Solvents, Coatings and Adhesives Options Committee, 4. Aerosols, Sterilants and Miscellaneous Uses Options Committee, 5. Halons Technical Options Committee and 6. Economic Options Committee. (BWI).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The 1996/`97 buyers` guide comprises ten chapters: 1. List of suppliers; 2. Waste management, effluents, sewage systems; 3. Water supply, hydroengineering; 4. Chemistry, petrochemistry; 5. Chemical engineering; 6. Food industry, biotechnology; 7. Paper and cellulose industry; 8. Natural gas industry, natural gas supply; 9. Power plant engineering, power systems, district heating; 10. Air conditioning and refrigeration engineering. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der vorliegende Einkaufsfuehrer 1996/97 ist in zehn Kapiteln gegliedert. Diese sind: 1. Firmenverzeichnis 2-11 2. Entsorgungs-/Abwassertechnik, Klaeranlagen 12-15 3. Wasserversorgung, Wassertechnik 16-18 4. Chemie, Petrochemie 19-22 5. Verfahrenstechnik 23-26 6. Lebensmittelindustrie, Biotechnik 27-29 7. Papier-, Zeluloseindustrie 30-31 8. Erdgasindustrie, -versorgung 32 9. Kraftwerkstechnik, Energieanlagen, Fernwaerme 33-34 10. Kaelte-/Klimatechnik 35-36. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We discuss the possibility of extending solid state laser technology to high average power and of improving the efficiency of such lasers sufficiently to make them reasonable candidates for a number of demanding applications. A variety of new design concepts, materials, and techniques have emerged over the past decade that, collectively, suggest that the traditional technical limitations on power (a few hundred watts or less) and efficiency (less than 1%) can be removed. The core idea is configuring the laser medium in relatively thin, large-area plates, rather than using the traditional low-aspect-ratio rods or blocks. This presents a large surface area for cooling, and assures that deposited heat is relatively close to a cooled surface. It also minimizes the laser volume distorted by edge effects. The feasibility of such configurations is supported by recent developments in materials, fabrication processes, and optical pumps. Two types of ...

Science.gov (United States)

The governing equations for heat and mass transfer were derived for hydraulically fractured geothermal reservoirs. When converted to nondimensional form it was shown that the equations can be considerably simplified. The resulting equations can be strongly influenced by the effects of buoyancy; the magnitude of the effect is measured by the ratio of the Grashof and Reynolds numbers, and the ratio of the actual permeability of the fracture and the square of the fracture gap width. Significant quantities of energy can be extracted from hydraulic fractures--even without thermal stress fracturing. The amount is limited by the size of the fracture and the low thermal conductivity of rock. The viscous pressure drop in open fractures is insignificant, and depending upon losses in piping and surface equipment, the entire system could be ''self-pumped'' due to buoyancy. Thermal contraction of the rock tends to ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study investigated the effectiveness of dealing with biological waste by composting. In particular, it examined the feasibility of recovering excess thermal energy produced in the process of composting biological waste in terms of mass and energy transport parameters required in the aerated compost bed. An experiment was performed in which a 100 dm{sup 3} adiabatic, leak-tight reactor equipped with a controlled aeration system was constructed to study the temperature and pressure distribution in the bed. Sensors were used to determine the amount and humidity of emitted gases under variable external physical conditions. The perforated bottom of the reactor allowed for bed aeration. As such, the humidity and heat were transported upwards, forced by the air pumped in and by natural convection. In terms of pressure distribution inside the composted and aerated bed, the study results showed that there were considerable differences in pressure ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new energy concept known as centrifugal potential energy was discussed. This new energy concept is capable of increasing the pressure, temperature and enthalpy of a fluid, without having to apply work or heat transfer to the fluid. It occurs through a change in the centrifugal potential energy of the flowing fluid in a rotating frame of reference or a centrifugal force field, where work is performed internally by the centrifugal weight of the fluid. This energy concept has resulted in new energy equations, such as the Rotational Frame Bernoulli's Equation for liquids and the Rotational Frame Steady-Flow Energy Equation for gases. Applications of these equations have been incorporated into the design of centrifugal field pumps and compressors. Rather than compressing a fluid with a physical load transfer, these devices can compress a fluid via the effect of centrifugal force applied to the object. A large amount of energy is therefore ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A pump down model for a vacuum chamber with a reversibly adsorbed phase is presented. The outgassing equation which predicts the variation of coverage at the wall surface of a vacuum chamber with time is derived. Then the measured and the true outgassing rates are defined. The theoretical measured outgassing rate shows only a very weak dependence for pumping speed. This prediction is opposite to the experimental result that the measured outgassing rate depends significantly on pumping speed. It is discussed that the experimental measured outgassing rate must be described as the product of the effective pumping speed and the measured pressure in the pumped chamber, in which the measured pressure is equivalent to the equilibrium pressure of the wall surface described by the equilibrium adsorption isotherm as a function of the shifted surface coverage {theta}-{delta}{theta} by a small ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To examine the hormonal regulation of the ATP-dependent Ca{sup 2+} pump in the kidneys, the ATP-dependent Ca{sup 2+} uptake by the basolateral membrane vesicles in the renal cortex was measured using radioactive calcium ({sup 45}Ca{sup 2+}) in rats with vitamin D deficiency or rats undergoing thyroparathyroidectomy. The V{sub max} of the Ca{sup 2+} pump activity was increased not only by administering calcitriol, but also by normalizing the serum calcium level in vitamin D-deficient rats. PTH suppressed the Ca{sup 2+} pump activity in normocalcemic vitamin D-deficient rats. Thyroparathyroidectomy did not affect the Ca{sup 2+} pump activity in the kidneys of normal rats. It was concluded that the ATP-dependent Ca{sup 2+} pump activity was depressed by secondary hyperparathyroidism in vitamin D-deficient rats. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper develops optimal bidding strategies for a pumped-storage plant in a pool-based electricity market. In the competitive regime, when compared to simple hydroelectric generator, profit of the pumped-storage plant is maximized by operating it as a generator when market clearing price is high and as a pump when the price is low. Based on forecasted hourly market clearing price, a multistage looping algorithm to maximize the profit of a pumped-storage plant is developed, considering both the spinning and non-spinning reserve bids and meeting the technical operating constraints of the plant. The proposed model is adaptive for the nonlinear three-dimensional relationship between the power produced, the energy stored, and the head of the associated reservoir. Different operating cycles for a realistic pumped-storage plant are considered and simulation results are reported and ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

For the advanced fusion reactor FFHR2 (Force Free Helical Reactor) that has been proposed by NIFS, molten salt Flibe (LiF:BeF2=64:36) breeder blanket system is selected because of Flibe's features such as chemical stability, low-pressure operation and low electric conductivity. The Flibe is however high Prandtl number fluid since it has high viscosity and low thermal conductivity. Therefore its heat transfer performance is low compared with liquid Li or Pb-Li. In addition to heat removal of 1MW/m2 on the first wall, electrolysis of molten salt due to MHD effect will take place under high flow rate condition. This indicates that heat transfer enhancement under low flow rate is essential for the Flibe blanket system. In our laboratory, heat transfer characteristics of molten salt HTS (KNO3:NaNO2:NaNO3=53:40:7), have been evaluated, which is used as a simulant fluid of Flibe from the points of view of Be's ...

Science.gov (United States)

The Underground Hydroelectric Pumped Storage (UHPS) Program Plan describes in detail the planned activities and expected accomplishments in the conduct of UHPS technology development and validation envisioned in the 1976 to 1990 time frame. This document describes the program objectives, implementation strategy, and management methodology. The concept of underground hydroelectric pumped storage is fully directed to application in the electric utility industry. This technology involves using electrical energy generated by base-load plants during off-peak load periods to drive a high-head pump/turbine which pumps water from a lower reservoir to a substantially elevated (upper) reservoir corresponding to a head of 1000 m or so. The upper reservoir is at ground level and the lower reservoir is below ground. Then, during peak-load periods, water in the upper reservoir is allowed to flow to the lower ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nuclear power plant has several safety features and each safety feature is based on the operation of pumps and valves. Therefore, it is an essential basis for the safety of nuclear power plant to keep operational readiness of pumps and valves by In-Service Test (IST). According to Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) Bulletin 2008-14, the safety functioned pumps and valves of all nuclear power plants of Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. Ltd.(KHNP) have been tested to verify their performance of safety function. Each safety grade pump has own design requirement and should be tested to identify whether it could meet the requirement. Design requirements and test references of all safety grade pumps of Wolsung Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2 (Wolsung Unit 2) were examined in this study. And the results of the performance test of the pump were also ...

Science.gov (United States)

Feb 24, 2000 ... NASA computer experts have been using a supercomputer to improve the NASA/ DeBakey miniature heart assist pump, leading to on-going human ...

Wastenet

Pumped storage plants are a relatively common type.They use a dam to create an upper reservoir ...Some pumped storage plants use the same water turbine and electric generator for both operating periods.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Bolus infusion of insulin along with a meal is a standard procedure with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Modern insulin pumps allow applying this bolus in four different ways: infusion of...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Homologous to bacteriorhodopsin and even more to proteorhodopsin, xanthorhodopsin is a light-driven proton pump that, in addition to retinal, contains a noncovalently bound carotenoid with a function...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

BACKGROUNDOff-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery is associated with a hypercoagulable state in which the platelet thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor-1...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Due to changed operational conditions and because of the increasing age of several hydro power plant components, there is an increasing risk of damages and the control of degradation mechanisms is of increasing significance. Therefore lifetime considerations for safety relevant components in pumped-storage plants become more and more important. The development of a lifetime management system, in conjunction with monitoring systems and specific surveillance for a group of pumped-storage power plants of different ages and in a wide range of power output is presented. The special focus is on the impact of fatigue strength considerations within this framework. The applied procedure will be described for typical mechanical components in pumped-storage plants exemplarily. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Adjusting generation to demand (load following) is compared with practical experience. The importance of pumped storage plants is emphasized.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

All power plant engineers face the problem of peak power demands. Pumped storage plants are used to generate peak load power by pumping up water utilizing off-peak energy of hydrothermal and thermonuclear plants. This is a reference to cover hydroelectric power generation with emphasis on engineering to meet peak power demands by means of pumped storage plants, tidal power plants, and low head power generation. Text covers hydrology, mechanical and electrical equipment, accessories such as penstocks and valves, and civil engineering considerations. Contains descriptions of several existing plants. Includes 200 diagrams and 50 photographs.

Science.gov (United States)

... Propulsive efficiency is equivalent to the product of thrust efficiency and the hull/waterjet interaction efficiency. ... t'waterjet pump Ktorque repeated ...

Science.gov (United States)

Steady-state and transient behavior of the longitudinally pumped semiconductor laser is theoretically investigated by using a rate-equation model with distributed gain and photon density. Conditions necessary for bistable operation are derived. Dependencies of such major switching characteristics as turn-on and turn-off powers, delay, and rise times on laser parameters are examined. Influences of spontaneous radiation, impurities, and Auger recombination are studied. The results offer an explanation for the observed nonlinear behavior of face-pumped lasers.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pumping is one of the means for storing vast quantities of energy. This article analyses its principles and ways of implementation with emphasis on its double aspect, e.g., on the one hand, off-peak power is transferred to the periods of heaviest load and is thus valorized, even when taking into account losses due to poor efficiency of operations in the pumping and turbine modes, and on the other hand, plants have great flexibility in operation, faciliting the permanent fitting of generation to demand.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A new external-PIXE system utilizing a differential pumping technique, which can completely protect the accelerator and vacuum pumps when the exit foil breaks down, has been developed. Applications to analyses of liquid and heavily-outgassing samples were successfully achieved. Also, experiments for evaluating the efficiency of the system were performed and results will be presented. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This document is an executive summary of the colloquium organized by the French syndicate of renewable energies (SER) which took place at the Maison de l'UNESCO in Paris during the national debate on energies organized by the French government in spring 2003. The colloquium was organized around 6 round tables dealing with: the world perspectives and the environmental context of the contribution of renewable energies to the sustainable development (respect of Kyoto protocol commitments, contribution to the security of energy supplies, lack of large scale program of development of decentralized power generation in developing countries, lack of market tools linked with CO{sub 2} emissions, improvement of competitiveness); development of renewable energies in Europe (promotion and sustain in all European countries, obligation of supply and purchase, pricing regulation, European harmonization of practices); renewable electricity and its place in the new orientation law about ...

Science.gov (United States)

In the self-cooling blankets of the Tokamak fusion reactor, a liquid metal, namely liquid lithium, is pumped through a system of ducts to transfer heat and capture neutrons. One of the blanket designs proposed in Argonne National Laboratory's Blanket Comparison and Selection study uses a combination of poloidal and toroidal ducts in order to maximize heat transfer while minimizing net pressure drop. In the design, the poloidal and toroidal ducts meet at sharp, abrupt corners. They were modelled as two identical, straight, semi-infinite, thin-walled, rectangular ducts with 45{degree} miters and joined at a 90{degree} angle in the plane of a strong, uniform magnetic field. While in the toroidal containment vessel (i.e. the blanket), the liquid lithium is subjected to a large electromagnetic body force due to the presence of a strong magnetic field. This body force so dominates the flow as to make the inertial and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This handbook provides the necessary tools for the engineer to design forced-cooled HPOF pipe-type cable systems. It represents the final objective of a major project which included an extensive research program at the Waltz Mill Forced-Cooling Test Facility. The formulas and procedures presented in this handbook are consistent with the results of this program as well as other full-scale and model investigations. Introductory material, including historical information, general design concepts and basic heat transfer and fluid dynamics theory is given for those who are unfamiliar with the fundamental principles of forced-cooling. The nucleus of the handbook consists of equations and calculating procedures for determining forced-cooled parameters and thermal/hydraulic performance levels. Both simple and sophisticated procedures have been provided, with the more complex procedures treating such areas as the thermal interaction between cable pipes as well as the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Full text of publication follows: The TUV NORD e.V. is an independent Technical Support Organisation (TSO) performing safety assessments in almost every field of technology. In nuclear safety the TUV can look back on more than 40 years of experience. In the last years in Germany PWR safety analyses were focussed on boron dilution events with the potential of reactivity transients. The possibility of coolant with a low boron concentration collected in localized areas of the reactor coolant system (RCS) can be caused by injection of coolant with less boron content from interfacing systems (external dilution) as well as separation of borated reactor coolant into highly concentrated and diluted fractions (inherent dilution). Inherent dilution can e.g. occur after reflux-condenser heat transfer after a small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) with a limited operability of the emergency core cooling (ECC) systems. The TUV Nord e.V. was charged by German supervisory ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The world of antibiotic drug discovery and development is driven by the necessity to overcome antibiotic resistance in common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. However, the lack of Gram-negative activity among both recently approved antibiotics and compounds in the developmental pipeline is a general trend despite the fact that the plethora of covered drug targets are well-conserved across the bacterial kingdom. Such intrinsic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is largely attributed to the activity of multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps. Moreover, these pumps also play a significant role in acquired clinical resistance. Together, these considerations make efflux pumps attractive targets for inhibition in that the resultant efflux pump inhibitor (EPI)/antibiotic combination d...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

An attempt to develop a simple framework for financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies (RETs) such as photovoltaic (PV) pump, windmill pump, biogas and producer gas-driven dual fuel engine pumps for irrigation water pumping has been made. The unit cost of water and unit cost of useful energy delivered by the RETs have been estimated. The monetary benefits that accrued to the end-user have been quantified in terms of the amount of diesel or electricity saved. Financial figures of merit for the investments made in the RETs have been estimated. The effect of fuel price escalation on these measures of financial performance has also been evaluated along with the estimation of the break-even prices of fuels likely to be substituted by RETs. Results of some exemplifying calculations are presented and briefly discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents a new application in dynamic voltage control based on an older method of voltage regulation. The resulting method is suitable for adoption inn multi-unit pumped storage plants. Inherent operation characteristics of pumped storage plants in the pumping mode can created visible load rejection overvoltages on the transmission and the nearby distribution networks and cause customer complaints. This paper proposes a method in which the on-line units' excitation system impedance compensators are utilized to reduce the magnitude of these overvoltages. This paper presents the theoretical background, computer simulation results, and the field test results at the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's Helms Pumped Storage Plant. This paper should be of interest in the areas of power system planning as well as power system operation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The operation of pumped-storage plants (PSP) is based on the daily load variations of power demand. It performs power generation at peak load times during the day, and pumps water up into the reservoir during the off-peak times at night. In the Taipower system in Taiwan, there are two pumped storage plants with ten units. These had a total installed capacity of 2,602 MW or a 12 percent capacity at the end of 1995. The plants were able to reduce system generation costs and improve reliability. A Pumped-Storage Plant Benefit Analysis (PSPBA) program was established using the principle of economic dispatch in 1985. This paper explains the rules of the program, the analysis results of the past 10 years, and a a cost benefit evaluation. It was found that the advantages of PSP are not only in supplying the power for peak load, but also in decreasing the total fuel cost. 5 figs., 4 refs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Nonevaporable getters (NEGs) have been extensively studied in the last several years for their sorption properties toward many gases. In particular, an innovative alloy as a thin film by magnetron sputtering was developed and characterized at the European Organization for Nuclear Research. It is composed of Ti-Zr-V and protected by an overlayer of palladium (Pd), according to a technology for which the authors got the licence. NEG-Pd thin films used in combination with ion getter pumps is a simple, easy way to handle pumping devices for ultrahigh and extremely high vacuum applications. To show how to apply this coating technology to the internal surface of different types of ion pumps, the authors carried out several tests on pumps of various shapes, sizes (in terms of nominal pumping speed), and types (diode, noble diode, and triode). Special care was taken during the thermal cycle ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The operation and safety of both fossil-fuel and nuclear power stations depend on adequate cooling of the thermal source involved. This is usually accomplished using liquid coolants that are forced through the high temperature regions by a pumping system; this fluid then transports the thermal energy to another section of the power station. However, fluids that undergo boiling during this process create vapor that can be detrimental, and influence safe operation of other system components. The behavior of this vapor, or void, as it is generated and transported through the system is critical in predicting the operational and safety performance. This study uses two advanced penetrating radiation techniques, Real Time Neutron Radiography (RTNR), and High Speed X-Ray Tomography (HS-XCT), to examine void generation and transport behavior in a flow boiling system. The geometries studied were tube side flow boiling in a cylindrical configuration, and a similar flow ...

Science.gov (United States)

A compact heat exchanger pedestal array for augmenting heat transfer in a machine is disclosed. The compact heat exchanger pedestal array includes a wall having first and second surfaces. The first surface faces a heated flow path and the second surface p...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The paper is concerned with the economic operation of power systems comprising pumped storage and thermal plants. In power systems, pumped storage plants may receive the energy required for pumping water either from the system in which they are integrated or from a neighbouring system. Therefore, two mathematical formulations of the problem are presented depending on the source of energy during pumping. In both cases, the problem is reduced to a non linear optimization problem. Two numerical techniques are suggested for the solution of this optimization problem, namely the Lagrangian Multipliers technique and the Rosen Gradient Projection technique. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the techniques. Although the Lagrangian Multipliers technique has the advantage of being a well known technique, however, computer wise, the Rosen Gradient Projection technique proves to be more efficient. The ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

One of the principal problems confronting the remediation of Bear Creek Valley is the cleanup of contaminated groundwater. The S-3 Site is one of the locations in the valley where groundwater is most contaminated, and contamination from the S-3 Site has also caused extensive contamination of downgradient groundwater. This groundwater plume, therefore, has a high priority in the Bear Creek Valley remedial process. Pumping and treating groundwater was identified early in the feasibility study as a likely remedial alternative for the S-3 Site groundwater plume. The hydrology and geochemistry of the plume are extremely complex. There is a high degree of uncertainty in the current understanding of how the aquifer will react physically and chemically to pumping, making evaluation of a pump-and-treat alternative impractical at the present time. Before a pump-and-treat alternative can be evaluated, its ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper presents a novel organization of switch capacitor charge pump circuits based on voltage doubler structures. Each voltage doubler takes a DC input and outputs a doubled DC voltage. By cascading voltage doublers the output voltage increases up to 2 times. A two-phase voltage doubler and a multiphase voltage doubler structures are discussed and design considerations are presented. A simulator working in the Q-V realm was used for simplified circuit level simulation. In order to evaluate the power delivered by a charge pump, a resistive load is attached to the output of the charge pump and an equivalent capacitance is evaluated. To avoid the short circuit during switching, a clock pair generator is used to achieve multi-phase non-overlapping clock pairs. This paper also identifies optimum loading conditions for different configurations of the charge pumps. The proposed ...

Science.gov (United States)

Not Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pumped storage plants (PSP) enable the storage of energy with rated capacities of order of GW at a single site. Reservoirs allow charging and discharging times of at least hours, sometimes days or even up to several weeks. Short ramp-up times permit the participation in the secondary reserve market as a standing reserve. For bulk energy storage, PSP reach the lowest, specific costs. In the EU27 countries, Norway and Switzerland, a total of 44 GW of pumped storage capacity is installed. The utilisation of PSP strongly correlates with the amount of conventional generation capacity, rather than with topographical options. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The production of polarized negative ion beams by collisional pumping is described. Collisional pumping utilizes repeated charge changing collisions in a thick electron-spin-polarized gas or vapor target to form a polarized fast atom beam. The polarized fast atom beam is then partially converted into a polarized negative ion beam in a vapor target. Analysis is presented for a hydrogen beam passing through either a thick polarized H atom target or a thick polarized alkali target. Large polarizations and large currents may be possible.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The lateral natural frequency and vibration response analyses of the Large Scale Breeder Reactor (LSBR) primary pump were performed as part of the total dynamic analysis effort to obtain the fabrication release. The special features of pump modeling are outlined in this paper. The analysis clearly demonstrates the method of increasing the system natural frequency by reducing the generalized mass without significantly changing the generalized stiffness of the structure. Also, a method of computing the maximum relative and absolute steady state responses and associated phase angles at given locations is provided. This type of information is very helpful in generating response versus frequency and phase angle versus frequency plots.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

As an application of ART2 neural networks, computer aided monitoring of pump efficiency is successfully examined for an industrial waste-liquid treatment process with measured data of valve openness and liquid flow rates. By running the neural networks in parallel, we confirm that accuracy to detect system changes is good, and the adjustment of classifier parameters is relatively easy. Investigating the resulting classes carefully, frequency of each class is correlated with pump efficiency. The relative amount of variables are also related to the classes. (author)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Michigan Electric Coordination Center (MEPCC), operated by Consumers Power and Detroit Edison Companies, has the responsibility for scheduling the Ludington pumped storage plant. Ludington has an extremely large economic effect on the Consumers Power and Detroit Edison Companies' system due to its size (over 1800 MW net demonstrated generating capability). This paper presents a dynamic programming algorithm for scheduling large pumped storage plants and shows how this method can be coordinated with the commitment of the thermal units of the system.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The assets that Citizen Potawatomi Nation holds were evaluated to help define the strengths and weaknesses to be used in pursuing economic prosperity. With this baseline assessment, a Planning Team will create a vision for the tribe to integrate into long-term energy and business strategies. Identification of energy efficiency devices, systems and technologies was made, and an estimation of cost benefits of the more promising ideas is submitted for possible inclusion into the final energy plan. Multiple energy resources and sources were identified and their attributes were assessed to determine the appropriateness of each. Methods of saving energy were evaluated and reported on and potential revenue-generating sources that specifically fit the tribe were identified and reported. A primary goal is to create long-term energy strategies to explore development of tribal utility options and analyze renewable energy and energy efficiency options. Associated goals are to consider exploring ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This Guideline provides a set of procedures for the measurement of organic contaminants and particles in producer gases from biomass gasifiers. The procedures are designed to cover different gasifier types (updraft or downdraft fixed bed or fluidised bed gasifiers), operating conditions (0 - 900C and 0.6-60 bars) and concentration ranges (1 mg/m{sub n}{sup 3} to 300 g/m{sub n}{sup 3}). The Guideline describes a modular sampling train, and a set of procedures, which include: planning and preparation of the sampling, sampling and post-sampling, analysis, calculations, error analysis and reporting. The modular sampling train consists of 4 modules. Module 1 is a preconditioning module for isokinetic sampling and gas cooling. Module 2 is a particle collection module including a heated filter. Module 3 is a tar collection module with a gas quench (optionally by circulating a liquid), impinger bottles and a backup adsorber. Module 4 is a volume-sampling module consisting ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report discusses a representation scheme of device failures anticipated in nuclear power plant, to describe related knowledge in a computer software. Coping ability covering a wide range of physical events is desired in plant operators and maintenance staffs, but it is impractical to give them a set of experience to cover the all possible events in the education/training curriculum. However, in case that their knowledge of plant design and of generally-known physical principles are enforced, their ability of cause identification and of appropriate responding actions against inexperienced events are expected to be enhanced, by combining the basic engineering and physical knowledge. Most of the anomalies anticipated in nuclear power plants are initiated as an incipient failure in some auxiliary equipment initially affecting only within the relative subsystem and hiding from the central control room, and then are propagated to deviate process parameters in the main subsystems to be ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Within the cardiac cell, the movements of calcium ions are tightly regulated by a number of regulatory proteins including pumps, and channels. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is in large part...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... Union (INTAS), Brussels (Belgium) Science and Technology Center in Unkraine,

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Modern tubular type pumps commonly have lubricated radial bearings which require no compressed water supply and reduce the servicing requirements. Problems that may possibly result from entrained sand in the pumped fluid were solved with the development of ceramic Residur {sup trademark} bearngs in the early eighties. (orig.) [German] In zunehmendem Masse werden Rohrgehaeusepumpen mit foerdermediumgeschmierten Radiallagern ausgestattet, da dies z.B. neben dem Wegfall einer ansonsten notwendigen Druckwasserversorgung auch einen deutlichen reduzierten Wartungsaufwand nach sich zieht. Den Problemen durch eine moegliche Sandbeladung des Foerdermedium wurde bereits durch die Entwicklung der keramischen Residur {sup trademark} -Lager Anfang der 80er Jahre Rechnung getragen. (orig.)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: To eliminate the water level deviation due to the recycling flowrate, as well as enable a stable control to a reference value even upon changes in the recycling flowrate caused by the variation in the opening degree of a minimum flow valve. Constitution: Reactor recycling system comprises a feedwater pump, a flowrate control valve, a reactor water level detector, and a minimum flow line and a minimum flow valve for preventing the overheating of the feedwater pump at a low flowrate. A flowrate compensator is further disposed, in which a recycling flowrate signal is subtracted from a pump flow rate signal and the result is fedback as a compensated pump flowrate signal. This enables the control system to operate at a rapid response for suppressing the effect of the recycling flowrate as external disturbance, whereby the water level in the reactor can be controlled stably to the reference level and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The effects of orthovanadate on the uptake of sucrose by Ricinus cotyledons and on sucrose-coupled proton influx were measured in order to gain insight into the relationship to the plasma membrane proton pump. Vanadate had no effect on short-term sucrose uptake. In long-term experiments (> 30 min) sucrose uptake was progressively inhibited, but only at high external sucrose concentrations. Vanadate did not affect proton efflux pumping in the absence of sucrose and neither did it change the initial rate of sucrose-coupled proton influx. However, it enhanced the maximal level of sucrose-induced alkalization of the medium at all sucrose concentrations tested. This is interpreted as an inhibiting effect of vanadate on the proton pump that recycles protons during sucrose-proton cotransport. The sensitivity towards vanadate indicates that this proton pump is an ATPase. A second proton-translocating system, ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Environmental arsenic is a world-wide health issue, making it imperative for us to understand mechanisms of metalloid uptake and detoxification. The predominant intracellular form is the highly mephitic...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper deals with construction types of high temperature heat exchangers, their circulation loops and temperature differences. Most attention is given to gas dynamics, convective heat transfer, convection and radiant heat transfer interaction in high temperature heat exchangers. The ways of heat transfer augmentation and efficient heat exchanger construction are discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article describes acoustic methods used in the in-service inspection of the dams and peripheral concrete structures of the Toktogul, Kurpsai, and Bratsk hydroelectric and pumped storage plants. The tests were conducted to assess the compression strength, elasticity, and tensile strength of the concretes. Comparative evaluations against drill core studies proved the acoustic methods to be sufficiently accurate in predicting aging behavior and loss of mechanical and physical integrity in the concretes.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Previous models and evaluation techniques based on the Monte Carlo simulation for the reliability assessment of mixed hydrothermal generation systems are extended. Models for reservoirs on multiple rivers and pumped storage plants are developed. Operating and water management policies are extended to include the relative economical effects of operating alternative sources of generation. These effects and the benefits are described and discussed using an extended IEEE reliability test system. (Author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper suggests how nonlinear periodic optimal control of a pumped storage plant can be realized. The control problem consists in maximization of the plant benefits over an operational period. An optimal control law is proposed, yielding a bang-off-bang mode of operation. An algorithm for numerical solution of the problem was developed, and its effectiveness was demonstrated by simulation experiments.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report contains the results of a survey of reactor coolant pump shaft seal reliability. The survey sample is representatively large (approx. = 27% of total US commercial plant population) and includes the three industry seal suppliers (Bingham-Williamette, Byron Jackson, and Westinghouse). Operationally incurred/induced problems and seal redesign parameters are identified. Failure hypotheses in the form of fault trees have been developed to describe the failure mechanisms. Recommendations are made for seal reliability improvement.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Within the Westeuropean network of the electric current supply a continuing compensation is necessary with respect to the permanent alterations of capacity and frequency. Pumped-storage plants are of considerable significance to meet these requests. The Schluchseewerk AG, Freiburg/Breisgau, has among others five pumped-storage plants in the southern part of the Black Forest. The conception and the operation of them are described. (orig.).

Science.gov (United States)

A description is given of an automatic liquid nitrogen pumping system. Pamping of liquid nitrogen iato cooling traps up to a predetermined level is achieved by an automatically controlled compressed air system. An impontant feature of the equipment is the ability to switch automatically from an empty liquid nitrogen reservoir to a full one. This allows for a much more flexible operation than in conventional systems where the reservoir has to be replaced manually when empty. (auth)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The possibility of switching the heat transfer consists of varying heat transfer surfaces and making the heat transfer temporarily more intensive. Heat tubes prove to be particularly suitable, which must be exposed to a heat carrier fluid or removed from its effect for switching the heat transfer. This report gives a survey of the possibilities of switching heat flows and for making the heat transfer more intensive. Further, the report contains a survey of patents limited to heat transfer in the fields of cooling internal combustion engines and exhaust systems. (orig.) With 17 figs., 183 refs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The large number of forms and types of pump equipment in common use have different purposes and varying application requirements. This text has been prepared to bring together necessary information for those who are required to select and apply pumps in systems for all kinds of fluids and purposes. It is not a design manual. It limits the discussion of design to those factors which are necessary for an understanding of pump operation. The book contains not only descriptive information of many types of designs, but also the effect of design variation on use, economy, and reliability. Systems, an integral part of application, are discussed, so that the user of such equipment may properly select and install machines to reliably and economically satisfy his requirements. Reading of appropriate sections of the text will indicate possible problems to be avoided, and economics to be gained. The engineering design of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Theoretical and experimental results of investigating a cylindrical heat receiver with secondary reflectors are presented. One important element of solar thermal power plants (STPP) is the heat receiver. Several forms of heat receiver exist; the main form is the heat receiver of cavity form (including cylindrical, rectangular, and cubic heat receivers with a noncircular aperture). The linear dimension of such heat receivers is equal to, or larger than, the theoretical diameter of the concentrator focal spot.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This book contains nine selections. Some of the titles are: High Heat-Flux, Forced-Convection Heat Transfer for Tubes with Twisted-Tape Inserts; Heat Transfer Augmentation by Interrupted Surfaces - Experimental Consideration; Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer from Externally Roughened Tubes in Axial Flow in Concentric Pipe Heat Exchangers; and Heat Transfer Enhancement of Turbulent Flow in Pipes with an Internal Circular Rib.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In this paper, numerical simulation of a concentric tube heat exchanger is presented to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient and friction factor in a smooth tube. Increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient can increase heat transfer rate in a concentric tube heat exchanger from a given tubular surface area. This can be achieved by using heat transfer augmentation devices. This work constitutes the initial phase of the numerical simulation of heat transfer from tubes employing augmentation devices, such as twisted tapes, wire-coil inserts, for heat transfer enhancement. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation tool was developed with CFX software and the results obtained from the simulations are validated with the empirical correlations for a smooth tube heat exchanger. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This is the first text and reference book to be devoted completely to the very important and timely subject of heat transfer augmentation. This book is of equal appeal to both researchers and designers of heat transfer equipment.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The intensity of erbium up-conversion luminescence could be limited by a saturation effect due to increased pump power. We studied the luminescence saturation of the 550 nm emission on erbium-doped, SiO_2-TiO_2 sol-gel powders under pulsed excitation at 979 and 1532 nm. From the latter, the up-converted luminescence intensity decreased with increasing excitation power, whereas no saturation was observed at 979 nm excitation. We proposed that the saturation effect is determined by the pump power, the erbium content and the lifetime of the corresponding first excited states at different pumping schemes.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Currently the construction of small-scale hydroelectric and pumped storage plants is booming in the USA. The technology is attractive because of its relatively cheap construction methods and operation. Electric utilities are seeing it as a viable source of peaking power and a means of system regulation. Two schemes are described. One is a high-head/small flow river project designed to generate 3.5 MW and is about to come on line having overcome tight environmental and commercial constraints. The second is a pumped-storage project using two man-made reservoirs with an average elevation difference of 1280 ft. It is deemed to be of minimum environmental impact construction and good physical characteristics. Completion is hoped for by 1995 and the plant will deliver 1000 MW. (UK)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: To stably control the reactor water level so as not to cause excess water feeding in a BWR type reactor. Constitution: A flow control valve is disposed to the exit of a feedwater pump for a nuclear reactor and the valve is controlled by a flow regulator to maintain the water level constant in the reactor. A signal from a water level controller is inputted to the flow regulator to thereby control the flow rate control valve. In this case, the flow regulator remains in a saturated state just after the starting of the feedwater pump, in which the pump flowrate is at 100% to result in an excess water feeding condition. In view of the above, a feedback circuit is provided to the flow regulator so that the saturated state is eliminated and the water feeding can be controlled directly from the water level controller. (Kamimura, M.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The low-power operation of a semiconductor buried-heterostructure Raman laser is reported. We are developing these devices for very wide-band optical communication in the terahertz frequency region. It has a structure with a GaP active layer and Al{sub {ital x}}Ga{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}P cladding layers, which are grown by the temperature-difference method under controlled vapor pressure. By making the stripe width 30--40 {mu}m, we have obtained a threshold pump power of 500 mW. A low-threshold semiconductor Raman laser can be pumped by semiconductor injection lasers. We have measured the optical loss of the waveguide and detected the contribution from scattering and leakage at heterointerfaces.

KoreaScience (Korea)

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Science.gov (United States)

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Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Several heat transfer augmentation mechanisms contribute to the heat transfer augmentation around the stagnation point in the gas-solid two-phase impinging jet flow. Among those contributions, that of heat exchange was numerically analyzed and characteristically elucidated by the unsteady direct contact heat conduction at the time of impingement between the laden particles and heat transfer surface. In other words, if the contact time is short between the particles and heat transfer surface, the former is heated by heat stored in the latter as a heat capacity. In such a region, the heat quantity to be transferred to the particles changes by not only the thermal property value (heat capacity multiplied by heat conduction coefficient) of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

No abstract prepared.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An analytical study of the ice-formation process associated with heat-conducting plates located perpendicularly to isothermally heated and cooled surfaces with some clearance is presented. It is proposed that the onset conditions, which describe whether the ice-volume fraction in a steady state is greater than or less than that without heat-conducting plates, are defined by the dimensionless distances between the heated/cooled walls and the heat-conducting plates. It is shown that the onset conditions are dependent on the pitch and the thickness of the heat-conducting plates and are less dependent on the thermal conductivity of the plates.