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1

Pipeline Abandonment  

Safety, environmental, and financial issues, and legal concerns surrounding the abandonment of pipeline systems were addressed. Regulatory requirements of the Alberta Energy and Utility Board (AEUB) and of the National Energy Board (NEB) were explained .Work done by the Pipeline Abandonment Committee was described, along with a discussion of some of the issues being addressed by the various subcommittees in areas such as contamination, subsidence, corrosion, and abandonment costs. The Committee`s plan to release a guideline document to assist companies with pipeline abandonment problems was announced.

2

Egyptian Arab Republic; Egypte  

In this work are given the principal news concerning petroleum and natural gas in Egyptian Arab Republic. An important discovery of natural gas has been made in Khalda (Egyptian Arab Republic). The discovery well will be temporarily abandoned until it is connected to the egyptian pipeline system. In 1996 the south Khalda will be explored with at least two well drilling. The transit duties by the Suez canal for liquefied natural gas exports have decreased of 35%. The Arab Petroleum Pipeline Company studies a connection project of the trans saudi pipeline with the Suez mediterranean pipeline. The Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation will furnish 2,5 milliards of m{sup 3} per year of natural gas to Israel during 20 years. (O.L.). 2 figs.

3

Gas emission from shafts of abandoned mines  

Gas flows from abandoned mines were measured and possible control measures or means of draining gas for utilization were investigated. Gas can be drained from open shafts with gas-tight covers while maintaining the methane concentration in the shaft above the explosion limits. If all the shafts in a gas-bearing zone are filled, at least one of them should be fitted with a pipeline for gas drainage. If the gas is not used, steps should be taken to prevent air entering the mine workings.

4

Global Sea Level Stabilization-Sand Dune Fixation: A Solar-powered Sahara Seawater Textile Pipeline  

Could anthropogenic saturation with pumped seawater of the porous ground of active sand dune fields in major deserts (e.g., the westernmost Sahara) cause a beneficial reduction of global sea level? Seawater extraction from the ocean, and its deposition on deserted sand dune fields in Mauritania and elsewhere via a Solar-powered Seawater Textile Pipeline (SSTP) can thwart the postulated future global sea level. Thus, Macro-engineering offers an additional cure for anticipated coastal change, driven by global sea level rise, that could supplement, or substitute for (1) stabilizing the shoreline with costly defensive public works (armoring macroprojects) and (2) permanent retreat from the existing shoreline (real and capital property abandonment). We propose Macro-engineering use tactical technologies that sculpt and vegetate barren near-coast sand dune fields with seawater, seawater that would otherwise, as commonly postulated, enlarge Earth seascape area! Our Macro-engineering speculation blends eremology with...

5

49 CFR 195.446 - Control room management.  

...pipeline facility with a controller working in a control room who monitors and controls all or part of a pipeline facility through a SCADA system. Each operator must have and follow written control room management procedures that implement...

6

A hypertext environmental regulations manager for the petroleum industry  

A hypertext environmental regulations manager for the state of New Mexico has been created for the petroleum engineer. With the growing need for an understanding of environmental regulations, the hypertext system is designed to store environmental information and regulations and present them in an interactive and intuitive manner. This research will demonstrate the advantages of an on-line system to provide the unfamiliar engineer a logical methodology to comprehend the environmental aspect of the petroleum industry. Environmental operating guidelines are easily accessed by using a point and click method. The environmental guidelines recommended by the Oil Conservation Division (OLD), the regulatory agency for the petroleum industry in New Mexico, are presented as the primary focus of this work. These guidelines are categorized by five subject areas most useful to the petroleum engineer: drilling, production, pipeline and abandonment operations, and leaks, spill and release response. The manager also supplies the permitting requirements and procedures for environmentally sensitive operations such as drilling, injection and enhanced recovery and abandonment operations referenced to the OCD general operating rules and regulations for oil and gas exploration and production. The permitting procedures section also presents the necessary forms to be filed for such operations. Written in HTML (HyperText Markup Language), the manager s read using a browser such as Netscape. With the hypertext format, the program also furnishes Internet links to environmental information and resources like the EPA and the United States Congressional federal regulations in addition to commercial environmental World Wide Web sites. This system can be expanded to include not only environmental but all operating regulations for any state or country and is an effective method for future electronic filing of regulatory forms.

7

Autumn 1998 NW Europe continental shelf: oil and gas activity guide  

The updated autumn 1998 edition of the North West European continental shelf oil and gas activity tables is presented. It contains data on new fields in production; fields in production in the UK, Ireland, Norway, and Denmark, fields under development in the UK, Norway, and the Netherlands; subsea completions in the UK, Norway, Netherlands, Ireland and Denmark; major trunk pipelines in the UK, Norway, Netherlands and Denmark; abandoned fields in the UK; Norway and the Netherlands. (UK)

8

Application of reservoir characterization and advanced technology to improve recovery and economics in a lower quality shallow shelf San Andres reservoir. Quarterly progress report, October 1--December 31, 1997  

West Welch Unit is one of four large waterflood units in the Welch Field in the northwestern portion of Dawson County, Texas. The Welch Field produces oil under a solution gas drive mechanism from the San Andres formation at approximately 4,800 ft. The field has been under waterflood for 30 years and a significant portion has been infill-drilled on 20-ac density. A 1982--86 pilot CO{sub 2} injection project in the offsetting South Welch Unit yielded positive results. Recent installation of a CO{sub 2} pipeline near the field allowed the phased development of a miscible CO{sub 2} injection project at the South Welch Unit. The Class 2 Project at West Welch was designed to demonstrate the use of advanced technologies to enhance the economics of improved oil recovery (IOR) projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate (SSC) reservoirs, resulting in recovery of additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir at project abandonment. Accurate reservoir description is critical to the effective evaluation and efficient design of IOR projects in the heterogeneous SSC reservoirs. Therefore, the majority of Budget Period 1 was devoted to reservoir characterization. Technologies being demonstrated include: advanced petrophysics; three-dimensional seismic; cross-well bore tomography; advanced reservoir simulation; CO{sub 2} stimulation treatments; hydraulic fracturing design and monitoring; and mobility control agents. During the quarter, development of the project`s south expansion area was undertaken, work was continued on interpreting the crosswell seismic data and CO{sub 2} injection into 11 wells was initiated.

9

Preliminary characterization of abandoned septic tank systems. Volume 1  

This report documents the activities and findings of the Phase I Preliminary Characterization of Abandoned Septic Tank Systems. The purpose of the preliminary characterization activity was to investigate the Tiger Team abandoned septic systems (tanks and associated leachfields) for the purpose of identifying waste streams for closure at a later date. The work performed was not to fully characterize or remediate the sites. The abandoned systems potentially received wastes or effluent from buildings which could have discharged non-domestic, petroleum hydrocarbons, hazardous, radioactive and/or mixed wastes. A total of 20 sites were investigated for the preliminary characterization of identified abandoned septic systems. Of the 20 sites, 19 were located and characterized through samples collected from each tank(s) and, where applicable, associated leachfields. The abandoned septic tank systems are located in Areas 5, 12, 15, 25, and 26 on the Nevada Test Site.

10

Environmental audit guidelines for pipelines  

Environmental auditing is a form of management control which provides an objective basis by which a company can measure the degree of compliance with environmental regulations. Other benefits of this type of auditing include improved environmental management, furthering communication on environmental issues of concern within the company, and provision of documentation on environmental diligence. A series of environmental audit guidelines for pipelines is presented in the form of lists of questions to be asked during an environmental audit followed by recommended actions in response to those questions. The questions are organized into seven main categories: environmental management and planning; operating procedures; spill prevention; management of wastes and hazardous materials; environmental monitoring; construction of pipelines; and pipeline abandonment, decommissioning and site reclamation.

11

Direct examination case study : results from a small diameter pipeline  

A direct examination case study of a failed small diameter pipeline was conducted by Baker Hughes Pipeline Management Group. The pipe characteristics were presented. The pipeline was multi-aged and was constructed in two phases. It had low and high frequency longitudinal welds, relatively thin wall thickness and was tape coated. It was hydro-tested in 2007 and showed variable pressure cycles over the life of the line. The integrity history of the line was also provided. The presentation discussed program observations; site selection; program conditions such as coatings, corrosion deposits, and pipe preparation; soil measurements; site analysis; coatings; and integrity threats such as stress corrosion cracking; manufacturing defects; dents; and mitigation. The presentation concluded with a discussion of lessons learned. It was determined that soils can be aggressive in promoting enhanced disbondment and that coatings were disbanded along overwrap and girth weld areas at most sites. It was determined that the line should be abandoned by 2010. 3 tabs.

12

Energy harvesting of gas pipeline vibration  

Pipelines conveying gas under pressure exhibit turbulence-induced vibrations. The current work is concerned with extracting useful power from pipelines operating well within their stability region. At such regions, the pipe vibrations exist in small magnitudes and are unlikely to cause structural failure, yet can be exploited to provide useful energy for low-power electronic devices. Accordingly, emphasis in the present work is placed on the development of an energy harvesting technique employing the omnipresent and inevitable flow-induced vibrations in gas pipelines.

13

Influence of a Stone and a Screw in the Soil on Electrodialytic Remediation  

It is common to find pieces of construction waste in abandoned industrial sites. Experimental work confirm that both metallic pieces and non-conducting pieces as e.g. a large stone will influence the electrodialytic remediation.

14

Land application uses of dry FGD by-products. Monthly project status report No. 33, [October 1, 1993--December 31, 1993  

Field tests of the use of TIDD solid waste and ashes from a GM plant for support of a slipping roadway, for a base in a cattle feed lot, and for reclamation work at an abandoned mine site are reported.

15

77 FR 24190 - East Cheyenne Gas Storage, LLC; Notice of Amendment  

...design and number of wells (injection/withdrawal and water disposal wells) to be used...and to abandon two existing injection/withdrawal wells. East Cheyenne...in the working gas capacity, injection rates or withdrawal rates...

16

A REMOTE dENSiNq EVAIUATION of rhe POTENTIAL FOR ...  

Figure C7 - Historical sinkhole activity around an abandoned limestone ...... Oklahoma, he suggested that photographing and analyzing areas with known structural ..... detailed test drilling and foundation exploration work are justi- fied. ( 19, p.

17

On the Design of a Suspension System for Oil and Gas Transporting Pipelines Below Ocean Surface  

Expanding demand on oil transportation through submarine pipeline brings an immediate need for a proper design of underwater transporting pipeline system. A substantial amount of work has been conducted in the modeling of submarine pipelines laid on the seabed with the awareness of the downsides of such design approach. The high cost and labor intensiveness, due to installation and maintenance, are some of the disadvantages of such design. This paper discusses a new design of suspended pipelines which can be considered a favorable option as opposed to laying oil pipelines on the sea floor. An optimum design of a suspended oil transporting pipeline is considered in this study and a simple nonlinear mathematical model is developed to predict the dynamic behavior of the pipeline. The system c...

18

Remedial Investigation Report on the Abandoned Nitric Acid Pipeline at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Energy Systems Environmental Restoration Program; Y-12 Environmental Restoration Program  

Upper East Fork Poplar Creek Operable Unit 2 consists of the Abandoned Nitric Acid pipeline (ANAP). This pipeline was installed in 1951 to transport liquid wastes {approximately}4800 ft from Buildings 9212, 9215, and 9206 to the S-3 Ponds. Materials known to have been discharged through the pipeline include nitric acid, depleted and enriched uranium, various metal nitrates, salts, and lead skimmings. During the mid-1980s, sections of the pipeline were removed during various construction projects. A total of 19 locations were chosen to be investigated along the pipeline for the first phase of this Remedial Investigation. Sampling consisted of drilling down to obtain a soil sample at a depth immediately below the pipeline. Additional samples were obtained deeper in the subsurface depending upon the depth of the pipeline, the depth of the water table, and the point of auger refusal. The 19 samples collected below the pipeline were analyzed by the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant`s laboratory for metals, nitrate/nitrite, and isotopic uranium. Samples collected from three boreholes were also analyzed for volatile organic compounds because these samples produced a response with organic vapor monitoring equipment. Uranium activities in the soil samples ranged from 0.53 to 13.0 pCi/g for {sup 238}U, from 0.075 to 0.75 pCi/g for {sup 235}U, and from 0.71 to 5.0 pCi/g for {sup 238}U. Maximum total values for lead, chromium, and nickel were 75.1 mg/kg, 56.3 mg/kg, and 53.0 mg/kg, respectively. The maximum nitrate/nitrite value detected was 32.0 mg-N/kg. One sample obtained adjacent to a sewer line contained various organic compounds, at least some of which were tentatively identified as fragrance chemicals commonly associated with soaps and cleaning solutions. The results of the baseline human health risk assessment for the ANAP contaminants of potential concern show no unacceptable risks to human health.

19

Management of mining-related damages in abandoned underground coal mine areas using GIS  

The mining-related damages such as ground subsidence, acid mine drainage (AMD), and deforestation in the abandoned underground coal mine areas become an object of public concern. Therefore, the system to manage the mining-related damages is needed for the effective drive of rehabilitation activities. The management system for Abandoned Underground Coal Mine using GIS includes the database about mining record and information associated with the mining-related damages and application programs to support mine damage prevention business. Also, this system would support decision-making policy for rehabilitation and provide basic geological data for regional construction works in abandoned underground coal mine areas. (authors)

20

Engineering geology of underground movements  

39 papers are presented under the following session headings: introduction; ground movements due to tunnelling; ground movements due to deep excavations; ground movements and construction operations; ground movements due to abandoned mine workings; ground movements due to longwall mining; abandoned limestone mines in the West Midlands; investigation of ground movements; ground movements due to the abstraction or injection of fluids; and induced seismicity. Each session is followed by a discussion.

 
 
 
 
21

Details of transporting and packaging semiliquid products  

Details of the pipeline transporting and packaging of semiliquid products whose viscosity depends largely on temperature are considered. The type of liquid product used in our investigation is honey, pumped along the product pipeline of an ALB165 automated prepackaging and packaging line. The physical characteristics of honey are analyzed with allowance for temperature, and the effect of the product?s viscosity on the energy characteristics of the pump installed in the product pipeline is assessed. Our work is of value to specialists in the pipeline transporting and automated processing of semiliquid products.

22

Pipeline vibrations - new technology gives operators better control; CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) pipelines  

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations show very good results for predicting flow induced vibrations on free spanning sub sea pipelines. The onset of vibration on a pipeline potentially reduces its lifetime dramatically. With the new CFD technology, it is now possible to predict accurately, on any given flow and seabed condition, where pipeline will experience vibrations. With this knowledge, operators in pipeline design and installation are looking to save substantially on the cost of construction by reducing the amount of intervention work needed. (Author) 3. refs

23

Structural design of high pressure gas pipelines. Koatsu gas pipeline no kozo sekkei  

This paper describes the current developing stage and scope of work in the Engineering and Construction Division of Kawasaki Steel on the high pressure gas pipeline design, especially on the structural analysis and design methodology. Such high pressure gas pipelines are used for the high pressure pipeline of town gas and for the energy transport pipeline between power plants. Noting that the antiseismic design is the most important in the structural design field of Japan, a new analytical method on structural behaviors of buried pipelines against earthquake-induced ground movements has been developed. For this new analytical method, both material and geometrical nonlinearities are taken into consideration. In addition, the numerical study was conducted to analyze the pipe deformation caused by lateral ground movements which are forced by liquefaction. As a result, it was confirmed that the developed system is useful for the structural design of high pressure gas pipelines. 9 refs., 4 figs.

24

Managing integrity of underground fiberglass pipelines  

In Canada, fiberglass pipelines are being used to carry corrosive substances in upstream oil gathering systems. Unfortunately, these pipelines are subject to frequent failures. The aim of this paper is to present the work competed by Husky to better understand the factors responsible for failures in fiberglass pipelines and to develop a process to address this issue. A pipeline risk assessment was undertaken with a load-resistance methodology as well as a failure analysis and finally a technical analysis to find options to mitigate risks. Through these analyses Husky found that external interferences on fiberglass pipelines constitute the highest risk of failure and they developed a process including case by case backfilling procedures and a checklist for tie-in and repairs to minimize the risk. The different analyses carried out by Husky allowed them to create a process which helps in preventing fiberglass pipeline failures.

25

Installation of underwater pipeline using an ice bedding  

A newly developed method for laying underwater pipelines in ice-covered waters uses an artificially formed ice bedding frozen to the bottom of the pipeline. The method involves mounting the pipeline on the surface of the ice over the site of the underwater route, conducting all the required work on the pipeline (welding, insulating, ballasting), attaching the ice bedding to the bottom of the pipeline by successively freezing the water locally, and laying the pipeline underwater by cutting or breaking the ice on both sides of the line. The ice-cutting machines used for this purpose can move at rates of 3-5 ft/min. The advantages claimed for the method include a faster pipelaying operation and, due to the floating action of the ice, a reduction in the bending stresses on the pipe as it sinks.

26

Troll, Haltenpipe showcase offshore pipelay advances  

Pipelines installed on the Norwegian continental shelf represent current offshore pipeline installation technology for pipe size (up to 40 in.), water depth (to 540 m) distance between pigging stations (up to 800 km), and complex seabed intervention and landfall construction. Furthermore, the number of deepwater pipelines worldwide has triggered significant advances in the development of pipeline repair. The Troll oil pipeline and Haltenpipe projects faced technical challenges: irregular seabed, conditions requiring highly accurate mapping, careful routing, free-span design, seabed preparation works, and special low-tension lay techniques. The two projects, therefore, have in many ways benefited from each other and been run practically as one large integrated project. The paper describes the design, route preparation, and installation for both pipelines.

27

Seismic damage estimation for buried pipelines - challenges after three decades of progress  

This paper analyzes the evolution over the past three decades of seismic damage estimation for buried pipelines and identifies some challenges for future research studies on the subject. The first section of this paper presents a chronological description of the evolution since the mid-1970s of pipeline fragility relations - the most common tool for pipeline damage estimation - and follows with a careful analysis of the use of several ground motion parameters as pipeline damage indicators. In the second section of the paper, four gaps on the subject are identified and proposed as challenges for future research studies. The main conclusion of this work is that enhanced fragility relations must be developed for improving pipeline damage estimation, which must consider relevant parameters that could influence the seismic response of pipelines.

28

Low-power 8-bit Pipelined ADC with current mode Multiplying Digital-to-Analog Converter (MDAC)  

In order to convert the analog information in the digital domain, pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) offers an optimum balance of resolution, speed, power consumption, size and design effort. In this thesis work we design and optimize a 8-bit pipelined ADC for low-power. The ADC has stage r...

29

Utilisation of geothermal heat in flooded coal mines of the Aachen and southern Limburg coal districts; Gewinnung von Erdwaerme aus gefluteten Steinkohlenbergwerken des Aachener und Suedlimburger Reviers  

In the flooding of abandoned mines, the main concern is the control of potential effects on the surface terrain and on the groundwater, i.e. safety aspects. In the context of the current intensive discussion of the potential uses of renewable energy sources, the warm water available in flooded mineshafts is an important option for power supply to former mining regions. As a rule, shafts and pipelines are still in existence which, together with the underground roadways, will make it easy to utilise geothermal energy. The contribution outlines the state of research on thermal utilisation of mine water in the transfrontier coal district of Aachen and southern Limburg. (orig.)

30

Cathodic corrosion protection of underground steel pipelines. Experience with the DVGW work sheet GW 10. Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz erdverlegter Stahlrohrleitungen. Erfahrungen mit dem DVGW-Arbeitsblatt GW 10  

Cathodic corrosion protection should ensure safe operation of underground steel pipelines and should contribute to maintaining the value of this plant. It is therefore extremely important to keep these devices in constantly faultless and optimum operation. Therefore the effectiveness of the cathodic protection of pipelines must be monitored. The DVGW Work Sheet GW 10 determines the guidelines for the setting to work and monitoring of cathodic corrosion protection of storage containers and steel pipelines installed underground. This is a report on experience with this Work Sheet at Thuega AG. (orig.).

31

U.S. pipeline industry enters new era  

The largest construction project in North America this year and next--the Alliance Pipeline--marks some advances for the US pipeline industry. With the Alliance Pipeline system (Alliance), mechanized welding and ultrasonic testing are making their debuts in the US as primary mainline construction techniques. Particularly in Canada and Europe, mechanized welding technology has been used for both onshore and offshore pipeline construction for at least 15 years. However, it has never before been used to build a cross-country pipeline in the US, although it has been tested on short segments. This time, however, an accelerated construction schedule, among other reasons, necessitated the use of mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The $3-billion pipeline will delivery natural gas from northwestern British Columbia and northeastern Alberta in Canada to a hub near Chicago, Ill., where it will connect to the North American pipeline grid. Once the pipeline is completed and buried, crews will return the topsoil. Corn and other crops will reclaim the land. While the casual passerby probably won't know the Alliance pipeline is there, it may have a far-reaching effect on the way mainline pipelines are built in the US. For even though mechanized welding and ultrasonic testing are being used for the first time in the United States on this project, some US workers had already gained experience with the technology on projects elsewhere. And work on this pipeline has certainly developed a much larger pool of experienced workers for industry to draw from. The Alliance project could well signal the start of a new era in US pipeline construction.

32

Improvement activities to soil stabilization near Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline crossing through an embankment over a corrugated drainage pipe, at Km 247 in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Melhorias para estabilidade do gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil em cruzamento de aterro sobre tubo de drenagem tipo ARMCO, no km 247 em Mato Grosso do Sul  

A hundred and seventy kilometers from Campo Grande city, on Mato Grosso do Sul State, the Brasil-Bolivia Gas Pipeline crosses a 8,5 meters high landfill, over a drainage systems made of a 2,8 meters of diameter corrugated pipe. This drainage pipe was installed to allow the drainage of the valley, and the landfill above it was built so the Gas pipeline could cross easier the 80 meters deep and 30 degree vertices valley. This paper illustrates the work tasks and solutions taken to monitor and guarantee the integrity of the drainage and landfill structures, as well as the integrity of the Gas Pipeline. Some of the work tasks illustrated are the investigation of the support conditions of the Gas Pipeline, the analysis of a drainage system under the pipeline, on a rocky soil, the analysis of the stability of the landfill, the construction of a gravity retaining walls and the monitoring of the deformations on the drainage pipe. (author)

33

Safety and human factors considerations in control rooms of oil and gas pipeline systems: conceptual issues and practical observations.  

All oil and gas pipeline systems are run by human operators (called controllers) who use computer-based workstations in control rooms to "control" pipelines. Several human factor elements could contribute to the lack of controller success in preventing or mitigating pipeline accidents/incidents. These elements exist in both the work environment and also in the computer system design/operation (such as data presentation and alarm configuration). Some work environment examples include shift hours, shift length, circadian rhythms, shift change-over processes, fatigue countermeasures, ergonomics factors, workplace distractions, and physical interaction with control system computers. The major objective of this paper is to demonstrate the critical effects of human and organizational factors and also to highlight the role of their interactions with automation (and automated devices) in the safe operation of complex, large-scale pipeline systems. A case study to demonstrate the critical role of human organizational factors in the control room of an oil and gas pipeline system is also presented. PMID:16554002

34

Protection of the South Arne-Nybro offshore pipeline with respect to trawl interference  

Protection of pipelines with respect to trawl gear interaction is an important issue in the design of pipelines in the North Sea. The present paper describes the design work performed in relation to pipeline - trawl gear interference for the new South Arne pipeline in the Danish sector of the North Sea. The work involved investigation of trawl equipment, simulation of trawling frequencies, detailed finite element analyses of over-trawling of pipes and assessment of free span criticality. It was found that the pipeline, even though of 2'' in size, needed burial to protect it from over trawling. This is basically due to the very powerful trawl equipment currently in use in the specific areas combined with the level of internal pressure and temperature. (author)

35

Phase 2 environmental site assessment SW corner of plan 954 GV, block 7 : Main Street, Turner Valley, AB  

This document described the second phase of an environmental site assessment (ESA) at a parking lot in front of the Flare and Derrik on Main Street in Turner Valley, Alberta. The objective of this ESA was to confirm the presence of any substances of concern. The site has been occupied by an outdoor ice rink, and there is pipeline right-of-way along the east portion of the site. There is also an abandoned crude oil pipeline along the east portion of the property and an abandoned natural gas pipeline on the west side of the property. This ESA investigated the impact of the pipelines, the underground storage tanks on the adjacent sites, and the oil and gas lease on the adjacent site. Seven exploratory testholes were drilled and 3 monitoring wells were installed. The study involved soil inspection and field VOC measurements every 60 centimeters, or as required. Groundwater sampling and surveying was also performed. Groundwater and soil samples were analyzed for hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), salinity and metals. All the results for soil were below Tier 1 guidelines. There appeared to be a layer of clay fill which had some hydrocarbons, PAHs and barium present, but they were below the applicable criteria. In terms of groundwater, PAHs and selenium exceeded the Tier 1 guidelines in monitoring well no. 4 (MW4). In another well, manganese exceeded the Tier 1 guidelines. Copper exceeded the Tier 1 guidelines in all three wells. All the results were below the Tier 2 guidelines in all 3 wells with the exception of carcinogenic PAHs (B(a)P TPE) in MW4. Due to the minor presence of hydrocarbons (below criteria) located in the surficial soil layer, Ballast Environmental Consultants recommended that an environmental professional be present during the excavation and that further soil samples be taken from the suspect layer to confirm all the soils in the area of the library are below the applicable criteria. refs., tabs., figs.

36

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMAT IN-LINE INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR DETECTION, DISCRIMINATION, AND GRADING OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN PIPELINES  

This report describes prototypes, measurements, and results for a project to develop a prototype pipeline in-line inspection (ILI) tool that uses electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) to detect and grade stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The introduction briefly provides motivation and describes SCC, gives some background on EMATs and guided ultrasonic waves, and reviews promising results of a previous project using EMATs for SCC. The experimental section then describes lab measurement techniques and equipment, the lab mouse and prototypes for a mule, and scan measurements made on SCC. The mouse was a moveable and compact EMAT setup. The prototypes were even more compact circuits intended to be pulled or used in an ILI tool. The purpose of the measurements was to determine the best modes, transduction, and processing to use, to characterize the transducers, and to prove EMATs and mule components could produce useful results. Next, the results section summarizes the measurements and describes the mouse scans, processing, prototype circuit operating parameters, and performance for SH0 scans. Results are given in terms of specifications--like SNR, power, insertion loss--and parametric curves--such as signal amplitude versus magnetic bias or standoff, reflection or transmission coefficients versus crack depth. Initially, lab results indicated magnetostrictive transducers using both SH0 and SV1 modes would be worthwhile to pursue in a practical ILI system. However, work with mule components showed that SV1 would be too dispersive, so SV1 was abandoned. The results showed that reflection measurements, when normalized by the direct arrival are sensitive to and correlated with SCC. This was not true for transmission measurements. Processing yields a high data reduction, almost 60 to 1, and permits A and C scan display techniques and software already in use for pipeline inspection. An analysis of actual SH0 scan results for SCC of known dimensions showed that length and depth could be determined for deep enough cracks. Defect shadow and short length effects were apparent but may be taken into account. The SH0 scan was done with the mule prototype circuits and permanent magnet EMATs. These gave good enough results that this hardware and the processing techniques are very encouraging for use in a practical ILI tool.

37

The pipeline industry and the Migratory Birds Convention Act  

Canada's Migratory Bird Convention Act was legislated in 1917 to conserve and protect migratory birds and their habitat. It also established the Government of Canada's jurisdiction over coastal and inland bird habitats. This report raises awareness of the broad coverage of the Act which was updated in 1994. It offers environmental management advice to pipeline companies whose activities may affect migratory birds. The activities that affect migratory birds include fires, spills, hazardous materials and land disturbance such as road construction, tree clearing and excavation for pipelines. Sensory disturbances such as lights and noises during pipeline construction may also affect migratory birds. The Migratory Bird Convention Act applies to all stages of industry's activities, including planning, construction, operation, decommissioning and abandonment. The Act does not permit any disturbance to nests or nesting birds during breeding and nesting period which is typically from early April to late August. Pipeline activities are therefore carried out between late summer and the fall season. refs., figs.

38

Coal log pipeline research at University of Missouri. 1. quarterly report for 1996, January 1--March 31, 1996  

This project consists of the following nine tasks: Machine design for coal log fabrication; Very rapid compaction of coal logs; Rapid compaction of coal logs; Fast-track experiments on coal log compaction; Coal log fabrication using hydrophobic binders; Drag reduction in large diameter hydraulic capsule pipeline; Automatic control of coal log pipeline system; Hydraulics of CLP (Coal Log Pipeline); and Coal heating system research. The purpose of the task, the work accomplished during this report period, and work proposed for the next quarter are described for each task.

39

NASA - NASA Looks for International Student Educational Interest  

Feb 29, 2012 ... There is a national effort to promote STEM education careers to students as ... " Goddard greatly benefits from keeping this pipeline alive, because ... is what they tell their international peers when asked why they don't work for ...

40

Diagnostyka Defektow Materialowych Wystepujacych W Rurociagacii Wykonanych Ze Stali 13 HMF NA Podstawie Emisji Akustycznej (Diagnostic of Material Defects Found in Pipelines Made of 13 HMF Steel on the Basis of Acoustic Emission).  

Preparatory work performed in developing a diagnostic method for testing welded joints in pressure pipelines made of 13 HMF steel by means of acoustic emission (AE) measurements is described. Within the framework of these studies the mechanical strength c...

 
 
 
 
41

On-line chemical cleaning of pipelines; Limpieza quimica de ductos en linea  

The concern of efficiency and maintenance in the pipeline industry, due to fluids and sediments, has led the development of new methods of cleaning. Some methods of cleaning are described in this work with their advantages and disadvantages.

42

Instruction Set Commutivityl 1 Introduction.  

struction sequence and current techniques are largely ad hoc. Our work is done ... On one hand, modern pipelined architectures perform poorly without ... Current compiler technology utilizes rule-based, heuristic algorithms for optimizing code ...

43

Design and stabilization works of the km 767 slope of Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline; Projeto e obra de estabilizacao do talude do km 767 do gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil  

The Bolivia-Brazil Natural Gas Pipeline starts at Santa Cruz de La Sierra city, in Bolivia, and goes until Canoas City (RS) in Brazil, with a total extent of 3,150 km. The pipeline crosses in the 2,593 km established in Brazilian soil, the most diverse types of geology and geomorphology. Along the line, the right-of-way (ROW) also crosses a lot of roads, railways, rivers and lakes. During a routine inspection (foot patrol), signs of instability were detected at an embankment slope of a highway of the Santa Catarina state, at the pipeline crossing. An eventual failure of this slope could put the pipeline at risk. The aim of this paper is to present the aspects of the stabilizations phases, since field investigation, design, works, instrumentation, until monitoring. Emphasis is given to the design criteria to pipeline safety. The solution adopted is composite by soil nailing, a changing of slope inclination and superficial drainage system. (author)

44

In-line measurement of pipeline stress  

This paper discusses the need for measuring stress in operating transmission pipelines as related to pipeline integrity assurance. There are three important reasons to measure pipe-wall stress from within the pipeline: (1) Stress information makes it possible to better interpret results of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) metal-loss inspection. MFL signals are affected by pipe stress, and knowledge of the stress condition will allow corrections to be made to the signals. The paper describes completed and ongoing work in this area; (2) Stress data (particularly residual stress) can be an indicator of previous mechanical damage to the pipeline, and in the case of dents, re-rounded from internal pressure, it may be the only indicator of such damage; and (3) Elevated pipe-wall stress can be an indicator of impending failure of the line due to combined loading from internal pressure, thermal effects, and pipeline movement.

45

77 FR 19799 - Pipeline Safety: Pipeline Damage Prevention Programs  

...196 and 198 Pipeline Safety: Pipeline Damage Prevention Programs; Proposed Rule Federal...2137-AE43 Pipeline Safety: Pipeline Damage Prevention Programs AGENCY: Pipeline...adequacy of state pipeline excavation damage prevention law enforcement...

46

Investigations on the re-excavation of the abandoned working field near Welzow for development of LAUBAG's Welzow-South opencast mine; Untersuchungen zur Ueberbaggerung des Altbergbaureviers bei Welzow durch den LAUBAG-Tagebau Welzow-Sued  

In conjunction with the further development of the Welzow-South opencast mine the abandoned working field in the Welzow area has to be re-excavated. As preparatory measures for re-excavation, the available mine survey data and records of the abandoned working field were incorporated in the current series of maps and charts, and the physical properties of the soils of the various abandoned dumps as well as of the upgrading residues flushed into the residual pits were determined by exploratory measures. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen der weiteren Entwicklung des Tagebaues Welzow-Sued muss das Altbergbaugebiet im Raum Welzow ueberbaggert werden. Zur Vorbereitung der Ueberbaggerung wurden die vorhandenen markscheiderischen Unterlagen zum Altbergbaugebiet in das aktuelle Risswerk eingearbeitet und die bodenphysikalischen Eigenschaften der unterschiedlichen Altkippen sowie der eingespuelten Veredlungsrueckstaende in den Restloechern durch Erkundungsmassnahmen ermittelt. (orig.)

47

Landscape susceptibility, hazard and risk assessments along pipeline corridors in Canada  

This article discussed work that was carried out to inventory landslides and assess hazards along two proposed gas-pipeline routes in the North. Landslide inventories and hazard assessments are necessary to quantify and qualify the risk of environmental impacts from landslides on linear infrastructure. The Yukon Alaska Highway Pipeline and the Mackenzie Gas Project Pipeline, which will both be over 800 kilometres in length, will cross harsh landscapes characterized by permafrost terrain and will be at risk from geological hazards, including landslides with debris flows, earthquakes, subsidence, and permafrost degradation. The work involved inventorying and mapping landslides via aerial photography and field visits to identify the frequency-magnitude relationships for debris flow fans along the route and the creation of qualitative parametric landslide maps for both proposed pipeline corridors. A good correlation was found between actual landslide distribution and the landslide susceptibility maps. For the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Corridor, most landslides have occurred in fine unconsolidated sediments and shallow slopes. Landslides in the Yukon Alaska Highway Corridor mostly happened in unconsolidated sediments, but a few took place in bedrock with high relief. The preliminary investigation revealed that a slope hazard exists in both corridors and must be taken into account during pipeline development. The results are intended to facilitate better decision-making for planning, constructing, and maintaining safe and economically viable pipeline routes in Northern Canada. The mapping methodology was outlined. 13 refs., 1 tab., 6 figs.

48

Development of through pig lining method  

As a refreshment repair method of city gas supply pipeline system, complicated in piping form, having change in diameter, branching, curvin in a single pipeline, through pig lining method is a work method of uniformly lining the internal surface of supply pipeline by a pig with epoxy resin. That method is to fill the pipeline from a pipeline end with epoxy resin, insert a pig corresponding to each of the different diameters and pull the pig by band steel with back pressure, and characterized by enabling a uniform lining even against change in diameter of a single pipeline. Maximum diameter use pig containing medium diameter use pig therein and medium diameter use pig containing minimum diameter use pig therein, lining use pig is a pig with coupling of two or three pigs, different in diameter, and can correspond to 13 patterns for the different parts in diameter, 25 to 80mm. As resin to line with, two-liquid mixture resin of summer use liquid and winter use liquid is used. Standard work time is approx. four hours per 20m in pipeline length. 4 figs., 5 tabs.

49

Structural design of HPHT pipelines - new guideline  

High pressure/High Temperature pipelines are characterised from structural point of view by high expansion forces. This may cause Global buckling (or Euler buckling). Design codes often have only functional requirements to global buckling but no calculation procedures or specific design criteria. The guideline on Structural design of HP/HT pipelines will be issued as a public DNV-RP-F110 later this year approaches the design challenges in a systematic manner for three scenarios: exposed pipeline on even seabed; exposed pipelines on un-even seabed; and Buried pipeline. Safety factors are determined based on the sensitivity in moment response from different input parameters. By use of the Recommended Practice, significant reduction in intervention work may be achieved, leaving pipelines exposed on the seabed with spot rock dumping only. This will be even more important for deeper water where intervention work is extremely costly combined with even higher temperatures and pressure. The Recommended Practice on structural design of HP/HT pipelines may even provide feasible and economic solutions to high pressure/high temperature and ultra deep water projects previously classified as non-feasible. The RP is the outcome of a Joint Industry Project called Hotpipe initiated by Statoil and later also sponsored by several oil companies. (author)

50

Upstream pipelines : inspection, corrosion and integrity management  

Working Group 3 discussed issues regarding the inspection, corrosion and integrity management of upstream oil and gas pipelines. It entailed 7 sessions in which issues from the 2005 symposium were reviewed with particular reference to aging pipelines, new materials and inspection of construction. Working Group 3 also discussed internal corrosion monitoring; inline inspection; topical issues; integrity issues for upstream pipeline operators as stipulated in the Canadian Standards Association's Annex N; and non-metallic pipelines. The effect of metallurgy on localized corrosion and localized pitting corrosion was discussed along with corrosion rates and the need for absolute numbers. Solids deposition in oil pipelines versus gas pipelines were reviewed along with probability and reliability based modelling. Carbon dioxide flooding and sequestration was also discussed, with reference to internal monitoring through the Upstream Pipeline Integrity Management Association (UPIMA) and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE). It was recommended that the industry could benefit from an unbiased database of failures and that the coordination of product testing would be useful. In this regard, a specification by the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers would be useful for manufacturers and installers. tabs., figs.

51

75 FR 69520 - Pipeline Safety: Request for Comments of a Previously Approved Information Collection  

...of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials...Title: National Pipeline Mapping Program. OMB Control Number: 2137-0596...Each operator of a pipeline facility (except...on their pipeline system. This...

52

Coal log pipeline research at the University of Missouri. 1st Quarterly report for 1995, January 1, 1995--March 31, 1995  

Work continued on the study of coal log pipeline research. Individual projects described include fast compaction of coal logs; effect of cooling on coal log quality; coal log capping; effectiveness of adding fiber to enhance coal log quality; fabrication using hydrophobic binders; cost estimation of different lubricants; automatic control of coal log pipeline system; CLP design; coal log train transport; economics of coal log pipeline; legal aspects; heating, cooling, and drying of logs; vacuum systems to enhance production; design; and effect of piston modification on capping.

53

INTERNAL REPAIR OF PIPELINES  

The two broad categories of deposited weld metal repair and fiber-reinforced composite repair technologies were reviewed for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines. Preliminary test programs were developed for both deposited weld metal repairs and for fiber-reinforced composite repair. To date, all of the experimental work pertaining to the evaluation of potential repair methods has focused on fiber-reinforced composite repairs. Hydrostatic testing was also conducted on four pipeline sections with simulated corrosion damage: two with composite liners and two without.

54

Pactole: a software to design third party damage proof pipelines; Pactole: un outil d'aide a la conception de canalisations resistant aux agressions de tiers  

Common experience in Europe shows that third party interference is generally the main cause of incidents leading to a gas leak. Gaz de France performed an important work in order to take into account this incident cause. This work, mainly based upon experimental studies, allowed to characterise pipeline resistance to denting and puncture by excavators. Most of the work was done on behalf of EPRG (European Pipeline Research Group composed of major European pipeline operators and pipe manufacturers), and resulted in simple criteria for dent and puncture resistance covering the whole range of transmission pipelines. The paper presents the main principles of a software called 'PACTOLE' that incorporates the results of this work on third party interference for pipeline design purposes. 'PACTOLE' aims at checking that the pipeline resists to different scenarios of aggression by an excavator. The defect stability criteria used in this context are recalled. The paper presents also 'PACTOLE' 's functionality and interface. A typical case of implementation of this software is also detailed. Finally, perspectives of further development are indicated. (authors)

55

EVERYDAY AFTERLIFE  

In this paper I draw on Walter Benjamin's understanding of the flaneur, memory and history to discuss my recent ethnographic fieldwork on the cultural history of abandoned spaces and places in rural Saskatchewan, Canada. By utilizing Benjamin's notion of historical accumulation that is based in individual perception, I ask how abandoned spaces can create reflexive textual meaning through the process of historical accumulation in space. Additionally, I work to develop a conflux of Bakhtin's notion of the chronotope and Benjamin's theories of time, history and memory to create an understanding of abandoned space that sees isolation and depopulated locations as fertile grounds for cultural critique. I also invoke Benjamin's writing on the figure of the flaneur in my methodological approach to...

56

Oil pipelines inspection with high wall thickness using MFL tool - Campos Basin experience; Inspecao de oleoduto com paredes espessas com ferramenta MFL - a experiencia da Bacia de Campos  

Campos Basin deep water pipelines are designed to out stand internal pressure, launching loads and buckling witch demands high wall thickness up to 1 inch. On the other hand, operational conditions require high pumping temperatures to meet requirements of flow assurance. This scenario becomes difficult internal survey specially MFL tools. The present work describes PETROBRAS effort, with PipeWay partnership, looking for alternatives for internal inspection on those pipelines using MFL specially designed, showing details and results from a recent survey. (author)

57

Bolivian gas-pipeline: the start-up; Gasoduto boliviano: foi dada a largada  

After 40 years of negotiations between Brazil and Bolivia, the construction of the Brazil-Bolivia gas pipeline was finally started. Up to 2003, PETROBRAS (The Brazilian holding petroleum company - State owned and controlled) will probably buy over than 12 million cubic meters per day of imported gas which will be transported to Brazil through the above mentioned pipeline. This work discusses the above mentioned issues 3 figs., 3 tabs.

58

Analysis of several ways to minimize the scatter contribution in radiographic digital images of offshore pipelines  

The aim of this work is to evaluate, through MCNPX simulations, several ways to minimize the scatter contribution in radiographic digital images of offshore pipelines. The influence of liquid inside the pipes and water surrounded the pipelines in the scatter contribution will be analyzed. The use of lead screen behind the detector to reduce the backscattered radiation and filter between the radiation source and the pipes will be discussed. (author)

59

Non-destructive testing of equipment and pipelines in nuclear power plants with RBMK  

The basic problems of flaw formation in pipelines and equipment in nuclear power plants with RBMK-1000 are examined. Attention is focused on perfecting procedures, means and methods for organizing nondestructive testing of operating and in-design reactor facilities. The results of R&D work on a domestic document at the level of federal norms and rules for testing the main metal, welds and weld surfaces during the operation of equipment, pipelines and other elements of nuclear power plants are presented.

60

Why the mirror is a sign — and why the television picture is no mirror. Two episodes in the critique of the iconicity critique  

In his recent work, Eco abandons his conventionalist theory of pictures, which was heavily censored by, among others, the present author. In so doing, however, Eco now goes to the other extreme, claiming that television images are like mirrors, which are no signs. It is my contention that Eco fails ...

 
 
 
 
61

Properties of the ochre-precipitates formed during passive treatment of AMD for potential reuse  

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) , This work presents the properties of the waste sludge formed by neutralization in a passive system, constructed to treat AMD from an abandoned Au-mine (Jales plant, Portugal). These wastes, here designated as ochre-precipitates, pose some management proble...

62

Avoiding safety risks by defined air-flow distribution in the goaf  

The abandoned workings (goaf) can act as reservoirs for gases and may lead to spontaneous ignition in caving faces. Selected results from applying a flow model for the goaf and a software for the calculation of mine ventilation networks, WETTER, to seams at two German coal mines are discussed. 5 refs., 7 figs.

63

FIELD-SCALE TESTING OF A TWO-STAGE BIOREACTOR FOR REMOVAL OF CREOSOTE AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL FROM GROUNDWATER: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT  

A two-stage, field-scale bioreactor system was used to determine the efficacy of bioremediation of creosote and pentachlorophenol (PCP)-contaminated ground water at the abandoned American Creosote Works (ACW) site in Pensacola, Florida. n separate 15-day runs of the field-scale (...

64

Does Lean Production Sacrifice Learning in a Manufacturing Environment? An Action Learning Case Study.  

An action learning program was implemented by a manufacturer using lean production practices. Action learning practices were accommodated during times of stability, but abandoned in times of crisis. The meaning of work in this organizational culture excluded all practices, such as reflection, that were not visible and targeted at immediate production needs. (Contains 27 references.) (SK)

65

Feeler pig - a new tool for multi-size pipeline inspection  

The PPG-1/PGP-1 crude pipeline connects platforms Pargo and Garoupa in the Campos Basin. Crude is processed at Garoupa by removing water and transferring it to the coast. For 10 years this pipeline had operated with more than 20% of water. In 2001, the pipeline was surveyed with a Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) pig. The results showed internal corrosion in almost the entire 22 inchpipeline concentrated on its bottom part (channeling corrosion). This type of indication is very difficult to size using MFL tools. The logistic arrangements were made to replace the damaged pipeline, but before the beginning of the work the pipeline was surveyed again using an Ultrasonic (US) pig this time, in order to enhance the sizing of all defects. The results of the US pig confirmed the MFL pig report, so all previous arrangements were maintained with the purpose of replacing the corroded segment. At that time, a new inspection pig was under development at PETROBRAS Research Centre in cooperation with the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Pontifica Universidade Catolica - PUC-RJ). This new pig, the feeler pig, ran on that pipeline and the results were compared to the two most common methods used in pipeline inspections. (orig.)

66

Study of abrupt contact forces variation on the dynamics of pigs moving through multisize pipelines  

Simulation of the dynamics of pig through gas pipelines with variable contact force is presented. The differential mass and linear momentum equations were numerically solved by a finite difference numerical scheme, for compressible flow through pipelines. The fluid flow equations were combined with an equation representing a force balance on the pig. Pressure forces developed due to flow through by-pass holes in the pig, pig acceleration and pig/pipe contact forces were considered. A stick/slip model was developed to account for the distinct friction regimes that prevail depending on whether the pig is stopped or in motion. An adaptive grid technique was employed to account for the moving pig. Very often, pipelines are built with different pipe sets (pipes with different diameters, roughness, etc). As a result, severe contact force changes can be encountered by pig along its movement inside the pipeline, in which a cleaning operation must be carry on. Further, flanges also induce great contact force variation. At the present work, two cases are examined. The first case presents an analysis of the effect of pipeline flanges in the pig motion. The second case examines the pig movement along a pipeline, with different pipe sets. The numerical solution examined helps to understand the pig dynamics, to prevent situations in which the pig gets stuck inside the pipeline. (author)

67

Correlation between designed wall thickness of gas pipelines and external and internal corrosion processes; Adequacao de espessura de parede projetada em funcao de processos de corrosao externa e interna em gasodutos  

Corrosion control on gas pipelines plays an important role on the assessment of pipeline integrity and reliability. In many countries a great extension of buried pipelines is used on transport and distribution systems. This extension will be certainly increased in a near future due to the increasing consumption of natural gas. Inadequate corrosion control can drive to pipeline failures, bringing up the possibility of accidents in populated or environmental protected areas, bringing together severe economical, legal and environmental consequences. Corrosion is frequently considered as a natural and inevitable phenomenon. Based upon this assumption, some recommendations are included on design standards of gas pipelines in order to compensate its detrimental effect. The aim of this work is to present a review of the correlation between external corrosion process and the guidelines established during the project phase of gas pipelines. It is intended to contribute for a better understanding of the impacts of corrosion on integrity, reliability and readiness of gas transport and distribution systems. Some aspects regarding external corrosion of pipelines extracted from technical papers will be summarised. Information provided will be compared to design criterion prescribed by the NBR 12712 Standard. (author)

68

Sniffer patrols: dogs, airborne sensors, and computers stand on guard against pipeline leaks  

Pipeline inspection service, involving old as well as the newest of technology is discussed. In this instance, attention is focused on gas sniffing dogs, the low end of the technology ladder, but the high end on the performance scale. A recent surveillance report by the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board advised that of 200 pipelines inspected, 105 did not meet Board requirements. Fifteen lines were temporarily shut down . More than 880 leaks were reported, 65 per cent of them involving pipeline corrosion. Old pipelines were not the only ones falling short of Board standards; of 358 pipeline construction projects inspected, 99 of them showed various deficiencies. Canine Technology Inc, located near Calgary, began working with Imperial Oil nine years ago on training leak detection dogs. How successful they are in sniffing out leaks in pipelines is demonstrated by the fact that today they are being put to work throughout North America to insure the integrity of newly-completed and older pipelines. Dogs are reliably accurate in all environments, they can be transported anywhere, and they can detect leaks smaller than can be measured by sophisticated man-made technology. Calgary-trained dogs have worked in four-feet of snow in northern Alberta, in the bayou country of Louisiana, and the deserts of New Mexico with equal success. Aerial reconnaissance using video and thermal image cameras, computer software to help monitor problem areas, pinpoint leaks and co-ordinate emergency responses are some of the other means of detecting leaks in pipelines; so far, dogs have proven to be the most accurate and the most reliable.

69

Pipeline patrol: airborne instruments - and sharp human eyes - spot even the tiniest of leaks  

Safety inspection measures to ensure the integrity of Canadian oil and natural gas pipelines are described. There are some 550,000 kms of pipelines lying just beneath Canada`s surface soil. Parts of the system, which includes long-distance transmission lines and smaller production and distribution lines, were laid more than 75 years ago. The lines transport 67 different products including natural gas, crude oils, synthetics, condensates, refined products and their blends. Safety patrols of the established grid are the responsibility of the pipeline companies who are required by the National Energy Board to periodically patrol their pipelines for indications of leaks, construction activity near pipelines performed by others, and other conditions affecting the operation of the pipelines. Aircraft patrols equipped with detection gear and trained human eyes which are still considered irreplaceable, fly daily missions in a variety of aircraft, many of which can land near remote well sites to check equipment. Helicopters fly `twice tree-top height`. Video monitors attached to the outside frame of the aircraft contain infrared cameras which detect hot and cold signatures from the ground. These are observed on a video screen by a trained thermographer inside the aircraft, while the pilot scans the terrain looking for tell-tale changes in the palette of colors. Any change in color or appearance of the ground below that is even remotely suspicious is immediately reported by radio to the pipeline company for immediate action. Safety patrols are usually flown by specialist companies working on contract to the pipeline companies. A day in the life of one these aircraft and its crew are described to illustrate the painstaking and sometimes dangerous task of ensuring that any ruptures and leaks are detected and remedial action is taken as quickly as possible. Government statistics report more than 700 pipeline ruptures annually. 6 photos.

70

Masila mamba : as Nexen predecessor Canadian Occidental raced to produce first oil from its Yemen concession, its lead engineer juggled a succession of challenges  

This article described the challenges faced by Canadian Occidental's lead engineer when scouting and laying a pipeline for the Masila complex in Yemen. The engineer was sent to Yemen in 1991 to lay initial construction plans for the pipeline. The Yemeni president was relying on the project to boost the country's poor economic performance. The project's central processing facility was located on a plateau interspersed with deep canyons and limestone fault scarps. Wells drilled by Canadian Occidental produced a flow rate of 3,767 barrels per day of oil. A 24 inch pipeline was used to transport oil from holding tanks to a terminal located in Ash Shir. For the first 60 km, the pipeline climbed at an incline of 1 per cent, then sloped gradually for the next 30 km. The route included a cliff edge where pumps were used to push the oil to the edge of the escarpment. In order to build the pipeline, construction crews stockpiled equipment at several locations on the pipeline's route, which also bypassed several villages. The pipeline was buried to keep the oil at an even temperature as well as to avoid acts of vandalism. The buried pipelines did not interfere with the movement of Yemeni tribespeople. A road was then built along a series of switchbacks wide enough to allow for the haulage of hundreds of tonnes of equipment. An experienced workforce was coordinated to complete the pipeline, feeder lines, processing facility and storage tanks. The work camp assembled for the project housed approximately 5000 workers from various countries. While the initial estimates for the oilfield were 243 million barrels, drilling success led to a revised estimate of over a billion barrels of recoverable oil. Reservoir engineers were required to expand beyond their initial targets. It was concluded that the project was completed 1 year ahead of schedule. 5 figs.

71

Earthquake resistant countermeasures for pipelines in Tokyo gas F.T.R.L.; Etude menee par l'institut de recherches de Tokyo gas et portant sur les mesures antisismiques applicables aux canalisations  

Taking 'damage factor', 'ground response', 'soil pipe interaction', and 'deformability of pipes' as its four key concerns, Tokyo Gas F.T.R.L. is working to clarify the behavior of pipelines during strong earthquakes and improve their earthquake resistance to increase safety levels. In specific terms, Tokyo Gas F.T.R.L. has sought to contribute to earthquake resistance by, for example, conducting pipeline damage forecasts, FEM dynamic response analyses to quantify ground amplification, empirical and analytic studies of forces acting on pipelines, various vibration tests, and tests to determine the deforming behavior of pipes. A further important concern given the limited resources available is the prioritization of the pipes to be made more earthquake resistant. Ultimately, these studies should contribute to more rational and effective seismic design of pipelines and improvement of earthquake resistance both in the case of existing and new facilities and equipment. (authors)

72

Troll Phase 1 offshore pipelines, a project overview  

Construction of the Troll Phase 1 pipelines and power and communication cable offshore Norway was completed 21st of November 1995 when the rockdump vessel Tertnes left the field. The majority of construction work was carried out during the 1995 season following detailed design and engineering preparations. The main innovations and/or experiences that made this offshore pipeline project so special are: 36 inch/16 inch pipelines deepwater platform pull-in/tie-in; 36 inch/40 inch pipelines installation on a soft uneven seabed; associated design/execution of extensive rockdumping; installation of very large spools before pipelay; and deepwater J-tube pull-in and soft seabed trenching. Following this introductory overview article, each of these subjects is covered in detail in separate articles, respectively Nonner et al. (1996), Thorvaldsen et al. (1996), Brennodden et al. (1996), Buchan and Kuhlmann (1996), and Rodrigues de Miranda et al. (1996).

73

Citizenship program in near communities of pipelines  

During the construction of a pipeline, the IENE - Engineering Unit of PETROBRAS, responsible for the construction and erection of pipelines and related plants in northeastern Brazil, crossed more than 7 states and 250 counties, had implemented a social responsibility program, in special a citizenship program. This action was the result of community studies located near of the pipelines AID - Direct Influence Area (438 yards right and left of the pipeline) and through the evidence that those locations were poor and have no personal documents and citizen position in society. This paper intents to share the experience of IENE about its citizen program that worked in three big lines: community mobilization; citizenship qualification; and citizenship board. This last one, turns possible to people obtains theirs personal documents and exercise the plenitude of citizenship. (author)

74

Parallelizing XML data-streaming workflows via MapReduce  

In prior work it has been shown that the design of scientific workflows can benefit from a collection-oriented modeling paradigm which views scientific workflows as pipelines of XML stream processors. In this paper, we present approaches for exploiting data parallelism in XML processing pipelines through novel compilation strategies to the MapReduce framework. Pipelines in our approach consist of sequences of processing steps that receive XML-structured data and produce, often through calls to "black-box" (scientific) functions, modified (i.e., updated) XML structures. Our main contributions are (i) the development of a set of strategies for compiling scientific workflows, modeled as XML processing pipelines, into parallel MapReduce networks, and (ii) a discussion of their advantages and t...

75

Geological, geotechnical and environmental evaluation of influence area of the oil production in the municipality of Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Avaliacao geologico-geotecnica e ambiental da zona de influencia do duto petrolifero no municipio de Mangaratiba (RJ)  

This paper is applicable for a specials and strategies areas that must be permanently controlled called pipelines and their proximities. Those areas are liable to be under the influence of different situations like potential environmental risks - eg. conflagrations, floods, soil erosion, slumps and also accidental risks like located spills. Besides those negatives environmental situations, the pipelines also cross different regions that has an important natural resource like forests, watersheds, urban, industrial and agricultural areas. For main regulator of this work the pipeline was developed a series of maps that can be used single or overlayed with another maps. Those maps can be useful for Mangaratiba city urban management and demonstrate possible environmental risks that can occur on pipelines proximities of this city. (author)

76

Fitness for service assessment of defects in oil and gas pipelines  

During normal operation a pipeline generates a series of defects that can affect its integrity. At some stage during the pipeline life will require an assessment of these defects in order to determine their ability to maintain safe operation. Defects can be classified as geometric defects (gouges, plain dents, dents containing other defects), volumetric defects (external or internal corrosion) or planar defects (cracks, SCC). In this work a methodology to the characterization and determination of the severity of defects detected by an ILI inspection in pipelines is presented. A series of practical procedures and instructive has been developed based on international codes, national regulations and industry best practices. The repair approaches were defined from the risk level that the company it is disposed to assume. The contributed examples were collected in high pressure pipelines of different ages, located on diverse geographical locations and over different operation conditions. (author)

77

Pipeline flow of heavy oil with temperature-dependent viscosity  

The heavy oil produced offshore needs to be transported through pipelines between different facilities. The pipelines are usually laid down on the seabed and are submitted to low temperatures. Although heavy oils usually present Newtonian behavior, its viscosity is a strong function of temperature. Therefore, the prediction of pressure drops along the pipelines should include the solution of the energy equation and the dependence of viscosity to temperature. In this work, an asymptotic model is developed to study this problem. The flow is considered laminar and the viscosity varies exponentially with temperature. The model includes one-dimensional equations for the temperature and pressure distribution along the pipeline at a prescribed flow rate. The solution of the coupled differential equation is obtained by second-order finite difference. Results show a nonlinear behavior as a result of coupled interaction between the velocity, temperature, and temperature dependent material properties. (author)

78

Cool-down flow-rate limits imposed by thermal stresses in LNG pipelines  

Warm cryogenic pipelines are usually cooled to operating temperature by a small, steady flow of the liquid cryogen. If this flow rate is too high or too low, undesirable stresses will be produced. Low flow-rate limits based on avoidance of stratified two-phase flow have been calculated for pipelines cooled with liquid hydrogen or nitrogen. High flow-rate limits for stainless steel and aluminum pipelines cooled by liquid hydrogen or nitrogen have been determined by calculating thermal stress in thick components vs flow rate and then selecting some reasonable stress limits. The present work extends these calculations to pipelines made of AISI 304 stainless steel, 6061 aluminum, or ASTM A420 9% nickel steel cooled by liquid methane or a typical natural gas. Results indicate that aluminum and 9% nickel steel components can tolerate very high cool-down flow rates, based on not exceeding the material yield strength.

79

Probabilistic assessment of pipeline resistance to third party damage : use of surveys to generate necessary input data  

The four major causes of pipeline failure are corrosion, third party damage, natural disasters and human errors. More than half of the incidents with a leak are caused by third party damage. As such, the probability of failure due to third party interference must be accurately assessed. A total risk assessment procedure for pipelines depends on the evaluation of failure probabilities. Some approaches already exist for the evaluation of pipeline failure probability subject to third party damage, but the issue of feeding the models with appropriate statistical data is a key factor for the success of the evaluation. This paper reviewed a tool developed by Gaz de France Research and Development Division to evaluate failure probabilities in the event of third party damage. This issue of available data was addressed, with the most critical one being that of ground working machinery. In order to determine the exposure of pipeline to the threat of interference with excavators, a large scale survey was conducted in rural, semi-urban and urban areas in Western Europe. The important parameter distributions of the excavators was determined. The influence of excavator mass, digging depth, tool types, soil type and type of ground work on the failure probability was demonstrated in a series of case studies. The probabilities of stable damage, leak and rupture of a pipeline impacted by an excavator was determined by statistical modeling of the pipeline characteristics such as wall thickness and yield strength. 7 refs., 2 tabs., 13 figs.

80

Pargo/Garoupa 22'' crude oil pipeline from reconstruction to inspection: stages of the pipeline rehabilitation into the standard of guarantee of structural integrity; Oleoduto Pargo/Garoupa 22'' da reconstrucao a inspecao: etapas de re-habilitacao de um duto ao padrao de garantia de integridade estrutural  

The Pipeline Pargo/Garoupa 22'' is 17 km long transfers the production of six platforms of the Northeast Pole for the Garoupa Central platform in Campos' Basin. This pipeline works with a flowrate of 450 m{sup 3}/h and it began to operate in 1987. The existence of a non-piggable sub sea manifold 500 meters down stream PGP-1 allied with receiver's absence impeded the passage of any type of pigs. The strategic importance of the pipeline allied with the need of operational safety assurance took PETROBRAS/UN-BC to the decision of building a pigs receiver in PGP-1 and to reestablish pig ability assembling a new riser and a new sub sea pipeline covering 500 meters, both in the diameter of 22 inches. After the conclusion, it was carried out a long campaign of cleaning, with emphasis in the development new drawings of specific pigs for the removal of the internal debris accumulated since the beginning of the operation. Several accessories were developed in order to improve the removal and arresting of wax and barium sulfate scale. Finally, the pipeline was inspected with a high resolution MFL pig. The present work describes all the stages of this pipeline rehabilitation, from the adaptation of the submarine facilities and of surface, going by the extensive campaign of cleaning and culminated with the inspection and the evaluation of the integrity. (author)

 
 
 
 
81

Pigs and pigging techniques  

The aim of this paper is to explain to engineers and non-engineers what is meant by the term 'pipeline pig'. During the course of this explanation the techniques of 'pigging' is revealed. In the field of pipelining there exist many unique terms that are used to describe the people, their role, their machines, devices used and techniques employed. Many of these terms originated in the United States where perhaps more pipeline experience has been gained than in any other country throughout the world. It can therefore be confusing to someone who has not worked in pipelining to understand some of the expressions used in this type of work. One such expression is the word 'pig' which one would immediately think of as a rather stocky animal more at home on the farm than on a pipeline 'spread'. The term pig refers to a device which is placed, squashed or pushed into the end of a pipeline and then propelled along the length of that pipeline. Once placed inside the pipe it is necessary to enclose the pig, so that some method of propulsion can be employed behind it, eg compressed air, gas, water, etc. The closure is performed by either loading into a permanent pig trap or a temporary test end. When the pig arrives at the other end of the pipeline it will have performed its function, and will be removed. The pig will have been received by either a pig receiver, or a temporary pig trap. Once the pig has been removed the information it has gathered will either be immediately evident or eventually decoded.

82

Development of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for the utilization of coal mine gas  

Apart from natural gas there is another important natural source of methane. The so-called coal mine gas is a by-product of the geochemical process of the carbonization of sediments from marsh woods of the Earth's Carboniferous Period. Methane evaporates from the coal and has to be removed out of the active mines where it represents one of the main safety risks. Methane also evaporates in abandoned coal mines. In the federal state Saarland in Germany exists above ground a more than 110km pipeline for the drained coal mine gas from 12 different sources. The content of methane varies between 25 and 90%, the oxygen content (from air) is in the range up to 10%. This wide range or variation, respectively, of fuel and oxygen content, causes a lot of problems for the use in conventional engines. ...

83

Kepler Science Operations Center pipeline framework  

atomic storage of pipeline products for a unit of work across a relational ... Module code need only process the data specified by the unit-of-work ..... an operator to restart failed jobs after the problem that caused the failure is corrected .

84

Definition of a national program in energy-efficient pump utilization. Volume II. Contract management. Second bi-monthly progress report, July 10-September 10, 1976  

Progress is reported in a study of energy requirements for pumping operations in the USA. The purpose of this work is to identify areas where optimized or improved pump design and operation could result in energy conservation in industrial plants, pipeline transport, power plants, municipal facilities such as sewage and water works, and other pump locations. (LCL)

85

Connection to district heating system by means of pipe driving with open shield. Pipework construction; Fernwaermeanschluss durch Rohrvortrieb mit offenem Schild. Rohrleitungsbau  

In order to connect the Nuremberg fair trade centre to the district heating system it was necessary to pass pipelines below an underground railway line and a four-lane thoroughfare. This was accomplished by pipe driving with an open shield. As a safeguard against groundwater present in the subsoil the working face was supported by pressurising the working chamber with compressed air.

86

Development and implementation of a pipeline inertial PIG trajectory measurement system; Desenvolvimento e implementacao de um sistema de medicao inercial de trajetorias de dutos - PIG inercial  

A PIG (Pipeline Inspection Gauge) is an inspection tool used in oil and gas distribution pipelines. It is inserted into the pipeline and propelled by the pressure of the product circulating in the pipe. The PIG identifies anomalies that can impact the integrity of the pipe, such as: oval deformation, dents and corrosion. This early detection helps to avoid structural failures that can cause very serious environmental accidents. To minimize costs and allow a quick section replacement of a detected pipeline anomaly, it is necessary to know the exact geo-referenced location of the defect. Furthermore, it is necessary to detect pipeline displacements caused by land movements. To facilitate this work a tool known as an inertial PIG is employed. In Brazil, there has been a great effort to nationalize pipeline inertial inspection technology, which was dominated by international companies. This has made the development of a Brazilian inertial PIG viable. This paper presents a new robust data processing method to reconstruct the inertial PIG trajectories, which has achieved results as low as a 0.1% uncertainty factor in field tests to validate the method. (author)

87

Insulation/coating system developed for pipeline  

This paper reports that three years of effort by BP Engineering, working closely with the Miller Gas System Project, resulted in the development, testing and manufacture of a unique insulation and coating system used in construction of the St. Fergus-to-Boddam Pipeline. The 147-mile, 30-in. offshore pipeline has a design pressure of 175 bara and operates in the dense phase with a gas cricodenbar of 100 bara. Due to safety considerations, a design pressure of 35 bara was chosen for the onshore section, which is below the gas cricodenbar. The hydrocarbon dewpoint at this pressure is approximately 20 C. Gas pressures are reduced at the St. Fergus terminal and the gas is heated to give a pipeline inlet temperature between 40 C and 80 C, depending on flow conditions. The pipeline is insulated to avoid excessive heat loss and liquid dropout. The decision to insulate the pipeline was made with the knowledge that experience with insulated, buried pipelines has not been good. Considerable time and effort would be required if problems were to be avoided.

88

Evaluation results on the effectiveness of the corrosion protection system for underground pipelines, using the DC-voltage gradient technique  

A pipeline of diameter 6'' with 17.694 km of extension was evaluated how much to the integrity of its external covering and the effectiveness of the system of cathodic protection, using the method DC-Voltage Gradient. The Cathodic Protection in this pipeline is made by seven rectifiers. The gotten data indicate that the potential pipe-ground registered in some check points to the long one of the pipeline is extremely negative, what has led to a super protection of the pipeline for the CP. This if explains for the great proximity between the anodes and the pipeline. For km had been identified 917 failures with a mean density of 50,1 per Km. Beyond the analysis of the data, this work includes conclusions and recommendations detailed for the repairs of the covering of the pipeline and for improvement of the effectiveness of the CP. One sends regards to a combination of repairs in the covering and reevaluation of the CP, in way to improve the protection level and to assure the reduction of the risk of external corrosion. (author)

89

OSBRA right of way characterization in Vila Estrutural, Brasilia, Brazil; Caracterizacao de faixa do OSBRA na Vila Estrutural em Brasilia - evidencia de uma nova relacao da TRANSPETRO com a comunidade  

In this project we will introduce the relationship experience between TRANSPETRO and Vila Estrutural community, located in Guara, D.C., what we consider a social responsibility practice and an important tool of the integrity maintenance of right of way pipelines, considering the risks caused by other people actions. In this specific case, Vila Estrutural is the most critical one, of Sao Paulo - Brasilia pipelines (OSBRA): irregular occupations, with an estimated population by 25,000 people, with an inhabit strangle and development constructions tendency in the straight ahead direction of pipelines. To deal with this reality, OSBRA management created a strategy called 'Acquaintance Communication', increasing the knowledge about the community (diagnostic), promoting to yours employees an acquaintance culture (qualifying); developing communications strategies with those that live nearby right of the pipelines way (relationship); and finally, building the stonemason of the characterization of the right of way pipelines as a real device and right of the way protection (framing). This work is lined up with the idea of an integrated communication, using many strategies (visits, meetings, argument groups, etc.), constituting in a corporative social responsibility practice, admitting the community right of information and knowing it the right manner of living nearby the right of way pipeline, resulting in the equipment integrity, asserting the community safety and environment maintenance. (author)

90

Development of robotic inspection system for small pipelines  

Scientists and engineers in the robotics community have been attracted for years to automatic inspection for the interior of pipelines. Major achievements have been reported for large pipelines (300-600 mm) and medium pipelines (100-250 mm), but robots for small pipelines (20-30 mm) are relatively new. The authors reported on the research activities taking place in the field of robotics for inspection in small pipelines at Shanghai University. They touched on locomotion mechanisms and actuation and on the Tubot I, which was the first system of micro robotic inspection developed by the authors. They also described the control system and the sensory system of the Tubot II. It was successfully implemented and tested and demonstrated fast moving speed, large relative payload, low interference with sensory signals and adaptation to size and shape deviations of pipeline from standard value. They are now at work on the development of the Tubot III. It is an integrated demonstrative system with both visual and eddy current sensor. The authors are attempting to create a new robot locomotion mechanism capable of carrying a micro CCD camera at the front, screw motion wheels with improved performance, and a sensory system for pipe robot localization. Research and development is progressing on microwave power supply, wireless robot localization, high-resolution CCD camera application and integrated sensory data processing. 14 refs., 3 tabs., 8 figs.

91

Analysis of the changes in the consumption profile of the system use gas in Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline after integration with the Campinas-Rio Gas Pipeline; Analise das alteracoes do perfil de consumo de gas de sistema no Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil apos a interligacao deste gasoduto com o Campinas-Rio  

The natural gas pipeline transport is carried out by one or more compression stations. Each station possesses one or more compressors. The compressor's fuel is usually natural gas itself. The amount of natural gas consumed by the compressors fluctuates daily according to the demand at the city-gates. The daily operational result of a pipeline is known as imbalance. The imbalance is the difference between the natural gas entering into a in a pipeline and the volume delivered in the city-gates added to system use gas. The imbalance analyses in a pipeline that uses natural gas powered compressors requires the analyses of the system use gas. The aim of this work is to study the system use gas in the Bolivia-Brazil pipeline using the available data from the Superintendencia de Comercializacao e Movimentacao de Petroleo, seus Derivados e Gas Natural - ANP and compare the change of the volume consumed before and after the entry into operation of the Campinas-Rio gas pipeline. (author)

92

In Salah export pipeline project  

Details of the In Salah gas export pipeline system were presented. Located in southern Algeria, the In Salah gas field has 7 proven fields that are expected to deliver 9 billion cubic meters of dry gas per year. Gas will be transported to market via a pipeline connecting the gas field to a collection point in Hassi R'Mel. Gas will then be fed into gas transport lines for delivery to Europe. The pipeline system consists of 600 km of pipelines, with 460 km of mainline pipes and 140 km of interfield trunk lines. Five Trencor machines were used to dig the trench for the pipeline. Line pipe was double jointed in storage yards, and semi-automatic welding was used for the field joints. A total of 600 km of roads were engineered and graded to gain access to the project. Pipes were purchased from a variety of sources, and continuous monitoring was conducted to ensure that pipes met the required specifications. Mainline welding commenced in September of 2002. Progress on the pipeline averaged 2.7 km per day. Overall weld repairs were estimated at 2.5 per cent. Mechanized UT was used to increase production and ensure quality. Pipelines facilities included 14 block valve stations and scraper traps along the right-of-way. Equipment for the project included 26 sidebooms; 5 graders; 65 dump trucks; 20 water tankers; 21 bulldozers; and 2 rockditchers. A fiber-optic communication cable was also installed alongside the pipeline in a separate ditch. Intensive equipment operator training was conducted during the project's construction period, and safety training was provided for all staff. Audits were conducted regularly throughout the project. Approximately 12 million man-hours were worked for the project, which had an excellent safety record. It was concluded that the project was completed 3 months ahead of schedule. 18 figs.

93

Survey of the state of the art in near-shore pipeline location and burial assessment  

Project's objective is to evaluate state-of-the-art methods for locating pipelines in shallow (less than 15 ft) water and for determining and monitoring their burial depths. The following recommendations are made on the research needed in three areas for locating near-shore, shallowly buried pipelines: (1) Sensors: The pipeline industry has selected the magnetic gradiometer array (GA) as a preferred sensor method. Other potential methods exist as backups. No additional research is recommended. (2) Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs): The Pipeline Research Committee is pursuing development of a prototype ROV is deliver the GA or other similar equipment to pipeline locations. (3) Phenomena: The data being collected from research on the phenomena affecting seabed conditions and the bathymetric data being collected along the Gulf Coast should be synthesized. This new effort should focus on identifying erosion-prone areas with respect to present and potential future pipeline locations. Technical approach is to get the broadest perspective on the concerns related to the determination of burial conditions for offshore pipelines, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) contacted individuals and organizations from the gas and petroleum industries, hardware and software vendors, academicians, and representatives from the government. A literature survey yielded the names of persons within academia who are presently working on similar applications with sensors. In the oil and gas industry, individuals and organizations involved in the Pipeline Research Committee made extensive contributions to the review and also provided the names of meaningful contacts from among their vendors. Discussions were held with the various persons both on the telephone and face to face. Vendors provided background materials and overview presentations on their capabilities for ANL to review.

94

Survey of the state of the art in near-shore pipeline location and burial assessment. Topical report, August 1990--November 1991  

Project`s objective is to evaluate state-of-the-art methods for locating pipelines in shallow (less than 15 ft) water and for determining and monitoring their burial depths. The following recommendations are made on the research needed in three areas for locating near-shore, shallowly buried pipelines: (1) Sensors: The pipeline industry has selected the magnetic gradiometer array (GA) as a preferred sensor method. Other potential methods exist as backups. No additional research is recommended. (2) Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs): The Pipeline Research Committee is pursuing development of a prototype ROV is deliver the GA or other similar equipment to pipeline locations. (3) Phenomena: The data being collected from research on the phenomena affecting seabed conditions and the bathymetric data being collected along the Gulf Coast should be synthesized. This new effort should focus on identifying erosion-prone areas with respect to present and potential future pipeline locations. Technical approach is to get the broadest perspective on the concerns related to the determination of burial conditions for offshore pipelines, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) contacted individuals and organizations from the gas and petroleum industries, hardware and software vendors, academicians, and representatives from the government. A literature survey yielded the names of persons within academia who are presently working on similar applications with sensors. In the oil and gas industry, individuals and organizations involved in the Pipeline Research Committee made extensive contributions to the review and also provided the names of meaningful contacts from among their vendors. Discussions were held with the various persons both on the telephone and face to face. Vendors provided background materials and overview presentations on their capabilities for ANL to review.

95

Transient leak detection in crude oil pipelines  

Nord-West Oelleitung (NWO) operates 2 crude oil pipelines from Wilhemshaven to Koln and Hamburg respectively. German regulations for transporting flammable substances stipulate that 2 independent continuously working procedures be used to detect leaks. Leak detection pigs are used routinely to complement the surveillance system. This paper described the specific issues of transient leak detection in crude oil pipelines. It was noted that traditional methods have failed to detect leaks that occur immediately after pumps are turned on or off because the pressure wave generated by the transient dominates the pressure wave that results from the leak. Frequent operational changes in a pipeline are often accompanied by an increased number of false alarms and failure to detect leaks due to unsteady operations. NWO therefore decided to have the Atmos statistical pipeline leak detection (SPLD) system installed on their pipelines. The key to the SPLD system is the sequential probability ratio test. Comprehensive data validation is performed following reception of pipeline data from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. The validated data is then used to calculate the corrected flow imbalance, which is fed into the SPRT to determine if there is an increase in the flow imbalance. Pattern recognition is then used to distinguish a leak from operational changes. The SPLD is unique because it uses 3 computational pipeline monitoring methods simultaneously, namely modified volume balance, statistical analysis, and pressure and flow monitoring. The successful installation and testing of the SPLD in 2 crude oil pipelines was described along with the main difficulties associated with transient leaks. Field results were presented for both steady-state and transient conditions. 5 refs., 2 tabs., 16 figs.

96

Automated system for scheduling pipeline time for small batch production using a symphony spreadsheet  

A scheduling pipeline program can be easily developed and customized using Symphony spreadsheet software. Monsanto Research Corporation produces small electro-mechanical component subassemblies in large lot sizes which are subdivided into transfer quantities. Since production takes place in several buildings, the transfer quantities create wait time for parts not being worked. Batch production schedules are constructed and adjusted using the pipeline program. This application uses work centers and/or balanced workstation assignments to determine schedule dates for a given transfer quantity. Production routing information is summarized for each station assignment, and these are considered as schedule points. The program incorporates many data base management, input forms, and graphic features available in Symphony.

97

Landfill Gas Conversion to LNG and LCO{sub 2}. Final Report  

This report summarizes work on the development of a process to produce LNG (liquefied methane) for heavy vehicle use from landfill gas (LFG) using Acrion's CO{sub 2} wash process for contaminant removal and CO{sub 2} recovery. Work was done in the following areas: (1) production of natural gas pipeline methane for liquefaction at an existing LNG facility, (2) production of LNG from sewage digester gas, (3) the use of mixed refrigerants for process cooling in the production of LNG, liquid CO{sub 2} and pipeline methane, (4) cost estimates for an LNG production facility at the Arden Landfill in Washington PA.

98

Problems Caused by Microbes and Treatment Strategies: Rapid Diagnostics of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) in Oilfield Systems with a DNA-Based Test Kit  

In the past, many operators have encountered failures due to MIC in pipelines and topside facilities contaminated with sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In some cases, severe pitting has resulted in flow lines being either abandoned or replaced (Davies and Scott, 2006). However, there are reports of little or no significant MIC in some systems, despite an apparent significant contamination with SRB (Maxwell, 2006). As most bacterial counts were conducted using serial dilution techniques such as the most probable number (MPN) technique selective enumeration of SRB strains (depending on the type of growth medium used) will inevitably be conducted. Therefore, high bacterial numbers derived from cultivation-based techniques do not necessarily correlate to high SRB numbers causing MIC in the production system (Larsen et al., 2005). In addition, MIC can be caused by other microbes such as sulphate-reducing archaea (SRA), methanogens and fermentative microbes (Larsen et al., 2008, 2009). Also most samples taken by the oil industry are water samples. However, the majority of microbial activity takes place in biofilms that attach to pipeline walls, well tubing and on the inside of topside facilities.

99

Approval of land divisions in passage way servitude areas: OSBRA pipeline; Aprovacao de loteamento em areas de servidao de passagem: experiencia do OSBRA em Senador Canedo, GO  

This work systematizes actions taken by TRANSPETRO and the Department of Planning of the City of Senador Canedo, in order to discipline the urban growth in areas around the Pipeline Sao Paulo - Brasilia, OSBRA. The need for such measure was identified with the increase of the number of interferences of new lots planned for the areas of servitude for the OSBRA. These lots imply a significant change in the characteristics of the track use of pipelines, since the transformation of status from rural to urban implies a greater amount of interference and increase the potential of others. Actions to deal with that reality began with the creation of a working group, whose goal was to identify the problems and solutions to establish a routine for approval of lots in areas of servitude of the pipelines, so as to enable ventures, seeking the integrity of equipment, the security of the population and the preservation of the environment. (author)

100

75 FR 73117 - New Agency Information Collection Activity Under OMB Review: Pipeline Corporate Security Review  

...Requirement Title: Pipeline Corporate Security...Form(s): Pipeline Corporate Security...Liquids and Natural Gas Pipeline Industry. Abstract...such as threat assessments, criticality...process to determine baseline security...

 
 
 
 
101

49 CFR 193.2007 - Definitions.  

...Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY LIQUEFIED...the Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials...waters. Cargo transfer system means a component...equipment, containers, control devices,...

102

49 CFR 195.565 - How do I install cathodic protection on breakout tanks?  

...Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION...HAZARDOUS LIQUIDS BY PIPELINE Corrosion Control § 195.565 How...you must install the system in accordance...

103

Geophysical void detection at the site of an abandoned limestone quarry and underground mine in southwestern Pennsylvania  

Locating underground voids, tunnels, and buried collapse structures continues to present a difficult problem for engineering geoscientists charged with this responsibility for a multitude of different studies. Solutions used and tested for void detection have run the gamut of surface geophysical and remote sensing techniques, to invasive trenching and drilling on closely-spaced centers. No where is the problem of locating underground voids more ubiquitous than in abandoned mined lands, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines continues to investigate this problem for areas overlying abandoned coal, metal, and nonmetal mines. Because of the great diversity of resources mined, the problem of void detection is compounded by the myriad of geologic conditions which exist for abandoned mined lands. At a control study site in southwestern Pennsylvania at the Bureau's Lake Lynn Laboratory, surface geophysical techniques, including seismic and other methods, were tested as a means to detect underground mine voids in the rather simple geologic environment of flat-lying sedimentary strata. The study site is underlain by an abandoned underground limestone mine developed in the Wymps Gap Limestone member of the Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation. Portals or entrances into the mine, lead to drifts or tunnels driven into the limestone; these entries provided access to the limestone where it was extracted by the room-and-pillar method. The workings lie less than 300 ft from the surface, and survey lines or grids were positioned over the tunnels, the room-and-pillar zones, and the areas not mined. Results from these geophysical investigations are compared and contrasted. The application of this control study to abandoned mine void detection is apparent, but due to the carbonate terrain of the study site, the results may also have significance to sinkhole detection in karst topography.

104

Methodology for assessing environmental impacts of offshore installation abandonment and disposal  

Many oil and gas producing fields in tile North Sea are now facing a period of production shut down and decommissioning as exploitable petroleum reserves in the earliest developments are decreasing. Most of the oil and gas fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) are located in areas with water depths in the range of 75-300 meters. Production installations on these fields are generally large, and removal of such installations may be costly and technically complex with high risk levels. It is therefore a major challenge to develop management tools for prioritizing and selection of abandonment solutions, to secure the best overall abandonment solution. Possibilities and problems associated with different abandonment and disposal options for installations should therefore be identified and assessed in detail on a case by case base. A specific methodology for performing Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and assessing impacts to the society of offshore installation abandonment and disposal is made. The methodology is based on the principles of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and is applicable for the whole spectrum of abandonment solutions including sea disposal, reuse, material recovery, and demolition. The methodology has so far been applied in four cases; three on the NCS and one on the UK Continental Shelf. The paper presents the principles which the methodology is based upon, with examples of application. Secondly, the paper presents how the results may be used in planning for decommissioning by oil operating companies. Finally, the paper focuses on general problems in performing such assessment work, and discuss how the methodology may be refined in the future.

105

Development of a Special Application Coiled Tubing Applied Plug for Geothermal Well Casing Remediation  

Casing deformation in producing geothermal wells is a common problem in many geothermal fields, mainly due to the active geologic formations where these wells are typically located. Repairs to deformed well casings are necessary to keep the wells in production and to occasionally enter a well for approved plugging and abandonment procedures. The costly alternative to casing remediation is to drill a new well to maintain production and/or drill a well to intersect the old well casing below the deformation for abandonment purposes. The U.S. Department of Energy and the Geothermal Drilling Organization sponsored research and development work at Sandia National Laboratories in an effort to reduce these casing remediation expenditures. Sandia, in cooperation with Halliburton Energy Services, developed a low cost, bridge-plug-type, packer for use in casing remediation work in geothermal well environments. This report documents the development and testing of this commercially available petal-basket packer called the Special Application Coiled Tubing Applied Plug (SACTAP).

106

Harwell abandons cold fusion research  

This article reports the abandonment of cold fusion research at Harwell Laboratory. Following announcements in March 1989, that work in the laboratory, at the University of Utah had produced cold fusion, a team of scientists was assembled at Harwell to attempt to reproduce this exciting possibility. Despite repeated and wide ranging efforts, no evidence of cold fusion has been found by the Harwell team. (author).

107

Industrial building reutilization at Rovereto, Italy. Riuso a Rovereto  

This paper briefly describes the success that an Italian consulting firm (Tecnofin) is having in restructuring and refurbishing old and abandoned industrial complexes (electric cable, aluminium, and olive oil factories, etc.) so as to avoid the need for costly and wasteful large scale demolition work and to provide relatively inexpensive factory space to prospective tenants in the manufacturing field. The retrofitted architectural arrangements stress modularity and convenience, thus giving flexibility of use to the refurbished industrial complexes.

108

A study of natural recovery in an aquatic ecosystem affected by mining: the Rodrigatos stream (El Bierzo, Leon, Spain)  

This work takes place into the Bierzo Region, located in northeast of the province of Leon (Spain). In this area numerous open-pit and underground coal mines exist. Some of them are still in activity but almost have been abandoned. In any case, mining implies the presence of coal adits, spoil dumps, tailing dams, and coal-washing plants at the river bank. Most of them persist when mining have finished. (Author)

109

Subsidence control measures in coalmines: a review  

This paper reviews subsidence control approaches adopted in underground coalmines. Subsidence, a sudden depression of the ground, occurs in two forms, trough and pothole subsidence. This can be hazardous to life and property as it occurs without any prior indication. Subsidence can be controlled by using partial extraction methods, stowing etc. in working mines. Backfilling and grouting can be used to stabilize unapproachable abandoned underground mines.

110

Petroleum pipe leakage detection and location embedded in SCADA  

The average age of pipelines around the world is 30 to 40 years. These aging pipelines will leak under corrosive conditions and other destructive factors such as stress, misoperation of pressure control valves, soil humidity in buried pipelines, overpressure and human-induced damage. In order to reduce serious environmental pollution and economic loss caused by leakage, petroleum companies are working on finding new techniques to detect and accurately locate pipeline leaks. In China, the negative pressure wave method effectively locates leak positions since nearly all pipe leakage is paroxysmal. Although supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems can monitor pipeline operation, leak detection and location is not included in existing SCADA systems in China. In this study, pipe pressure, flow rate, temperature, bump current, and valve position were obtained using the dynamic data exchange method from the SCADA system. In the event of a pipeline leak, the leak point produces decompression wave propagation at the inlet and outlet. The detection of this negative pressure wave can be used to identify the leak position. This method has a high response speed and high precision. However, in order to avoid false alarms, the negative pressure waves caused by normal operations must be distinguished from real leaks. The wavelet packet analysis-based fault diagnosis method decomposes the leak pressure signal and then forms a time sequence on each decomposition node through the reconstruction of the decomposing coefficient on each frequency range. The time sequences are then analyzed in time domain and the eigenvector targets obtained from SCADA are used to identify the occurrence of real leaks. PetroChina has used this method successfully in its pipeline operations. 10 refs., 1 tab., 2 figs.

111

Statpipe experience reveals techniques for seabed problems  

Design and construction problems posed by severe permanent seabed irregularities along the Statpipe route in the North Sea required careful route planning to avoid pipeline damage and extensive intervention work later. Experiences from the Statpipe project will prove useful for future pipeline construction on the Norwegian Shelf where even more severe seabed irregularities lie north of 62/sup 0/ N. This first of two articles categorizes the major seabed irregularities encountered and recounts design approaches to solving consequent pipelay problems. The Statpipe pipeline system consists of four pipeline legs and totals 842-km subsea and 40-km onshore lines. Two pipelines cross the Norwegian Trench at about 300 m water depth: a 289-km, 30-in. line from Statfjord to the landfall at Kalsto, and a 208-km, 28-in. line from Kalsto to riser platform 16/11S in block 16/11. One 155-km, 36-in. pipeline goes from Heimdal field to 16/11S, and another 191-km, 36-in. line links 16/11S to riser platform 2/4S which is bridge-connected to the Ekofisk field complex. The two 36-in. lines and parts of the 30-in. and 28-in. lines are laid on the North Sea Plateau, west of the Norwegian Trench, in relatively shallow water (70-150 m) on a regular seabed. These represent traditional North Sea pipeline problems only. On the other hand, the two lines crossing the Norwegian Trench have been a challenge both because of the water depth and because of the wide areas of severe seabed irregularities.

112

Report of the inquiry concerning the recommendations of the Transportation Safety Board of Canada on stress corrosion cracking in pipelines and the National Energy Board reassessment of TransCanada PipeLines Limited pipeline maintenance program  

Subsequent to failures of gas pipelines in northern Ontario in 1985 and 1986, TransCanada PipeLines implemented a pipeline maintenance and research program to investigate and find a solution to the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) problem, which had been identified as the cause of the failures. In 1985, Canada's National Energy Board (NEB) formed a SCC working group to monitor and inspect TransCanada's activities and also conducted detailed site investigations of all SCC-related ruptures. Following investigation of two pipeline breaks in Ontario in 1991 and 1992, the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) issued recommendations relating to pipeline safety, including measures to be taken by the NEB with respect to the SCC problem. As a response to the TSB recommendations, the NEB held an inquiry which solicited input from interested parties regarding the SCC question. A thorough analysis of the information submitted in the inquiry (or readily available to the NEB) about SCC is presented along with the NEB responses to the TSB recommendations. The TransCanada pipeline maintenance program is also assessed. The NEB concluded that restrictions on operating conditions are not a practical solution to the types of SCC problems found in Canadian pipelines. It is not currently possible to determine the threshold level for either initiation or propagation of non-classical SCC, and imposition of arbitrary restrictions would not result in any quantifiable improvement in safety and would have substantial negative effects on producers and consumers of natural gas. The NEB believes SCC is not a widespread problem in Canada and that where it exists, the problem is being managed in a responsible fashion. 8 refs., 1 fig.

113

EBSD study of hydrogen-induced cracking in API-5 L-X46 pipeline steel  

The spatial distribution of plastic deformation and grain orientation surrounding hydrogen-induced cracks (HIC) is investigated in samples of API-5L-X46 pipeline steel using scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). This work shows direct experimental evidence of the influence of microstructure, microtexture and mesotexture on HIC crack path.

114

Inert gas - a safer route to offshore generation  

Inert gas - in particular nitrogen - is used widely to purge vessels and pipework of toxic, explosive, and corrosive gases. It is in continuous use aboard production platforms where safety standards demand reliable sources of supply. This work describes the pressure swing absorption nitrogen generation process, highlighting its contribution toward improving safety in offshore pipeline pumping operations.

115

Trained dogs finding place in oil industry  

This article reported on the use of trained detector dogs to track down leaks in pipelines instead of using electronic methods. Detector Dog Services International has more than 20 years of experience in training dogs for police and security work around the world, including training dogs to pick up the scent of oil leaking from pipelines. Instead of using a chemical scent to help the dogs track in, the company trains its dogs to pick up on the scent of components in oil that make their way from a buried pipeline leak up to the surface. The compounds in the oil are used to train the dogs. The dog is trained to signal when the appropriate scent is picked up and is rewarded for finding the leak. A properly trained dog can cover a kilometre of pipeline in half an hour, and can typically cover 10 kilometres in a day's work. To date, the use of leak detection dogs in the oil industry has yet to be adopted on a regular basis. Although Detector Dog Services International has worked with Duke Energy near Fort St. John doing some leak detection work, the trend towards using costly high-tech equipment has continued.

116

Peculiarities of the development of stress-corrosion cracking on a pipeline section from the results of repeated in-tube nondestructive testing  

The results of the repeated in-tube nondestructive testing (INDT) of a gas pipeline section were analyzed. It was established that the process of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) develops at an increasing rate. The instability of the stressed state due to large-scale repair works was experimentally established to be one of the possible causes for the accelerated development of SCC processes.

117

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF COAL TRANSPORTATION  

Work described in this report deals with (1) primary and secondary environmental impacts resulting from transportation of coal by slurry pipeline, railroad, barge, truck, and conveyor; (2) coal preparation and associated activities, such as loading and unloading, and (3) energy e...

118

Environmental strategic evaluation (ESE) as an instrument for environmental management in Brazil: the case of Bolivia - Brazil gas pipeline (GASBOL); Avaliacao ambiental estrategica (AAE) como instrumento de gestao ambiental no Brasil: o caso do gasoduto Bolivia - Brasil (GASBOL)  

The present work analyses the state-of-art of the environmental strategic evaluation in Brazil and presents the methods suggested by the Ministry of Environment for the realization of the ESE. As a case study one of the first of ESE done in Brazil, in the year of 1997, has been considered, specifically the Bolivia - Brazil gas pipeline (GASBOL)

119

The RNA-Seq Analysis pipeline on Galaxy  

Q: How do I know my RNA-Seq experiments worked well A: RNA-Seq QC PipelineQ: How do I detect transcripts which are over expressed or under expressed in my samples A: Counting and Statistic AnalysisQ: What do I do if I don't have a reference genome A: Rnnotator de novo Assembly.

120

Optimisation of a Pipeline ADC by using a low power, high resolution Flash ADC as backend.  

Flash ADCs with resolutions from 3 to 5 bits have been implemented on a transistor level. These ADCs are to be incorporated as the backend of a higher resolution Pipeline ADC. The motivation for this work has been to see how much the resolution of this backend can be increased before the power...

 
 
 
 
121

Fast VMEbus interface for NIM ADC`s  

This work is connected to the construction project of a new cyclotron laboratory in Jyvaeskylae. A high performance VMEbus interface module for NIM ADC`s has been developed. Data pipelining and data suppression speed up the data acquisition. An event synchronization module for coincidence experiments has also been designed.

122

The OpenMP Implementation of NAS Parallel Benchmarks and Its ...  

As the new ccNUMA architecture became popular in recent years, parallel .... number of working arrays necessary for the MPI code can be reduced or ... tested two types of implementations for parallelization: “pipeline”, which is ...... applying the similar optimization technique to the MPI version, the performance has been ...

123

Introductory Tutorial for “Discover” - NCCS's newest Linux Networx ...  

Competency in. – state-of-the-art visualization tools and techniques ... Scientific code re-factoring and redesign. • Object Oriented ... Overview of System Architecture - Processor. • Base Unit: .... -O3: Includes more software pipelining, prefetching, and loop ... Check the optimization level; a different level might work. • If the link ...

124

NAS-98-005 (PDF-1.89MB)  

ing applications quickly and efficiently for new architectures, such as the SGI Origin ... this work involved the optimization of cache performance and array locality on the .... pipelining parallelism, it is necessary to modify the serial code. .... The second technique of padding array dimensions was used in the above example.

125

Assessing the human immune system through blood transcriptomics  

Blood is the pipeline of the immune system. Assessing changes in transcript abundance in blood on a genome-wide scale affords a comprehensive view of the status of the immune system in health and disease. This review summarizes the work that has used this approach to identify therapeutic targets and...

126

76 FR 8396 - Notice of Availability of Report Commissioned by Department of Energy Entitled “Keystone XL...  

...possible effect of the proposed Keystone XL Pipeline on U.S. and global oil markets...Petroleum Market Impacts of the Keystone XL Pipeline Project'' on the ``State...international pipeline project (the Keystone XL Pipeline Project) that is...

127

77 FR 31827 - Pipeline Safety: Pipeline Damage Prevention Programs  

...2137-AE43 Pipeline Safety: Pipeline Damage Prevention Programs AGENCY: Pipeline...adequacy of state pipeline excavation damage prevention law enforcement programs...enforce in states with inadequate excavation damage prevention law enforcement...

128

76 FR 31326 - Gulf LNG Pipeline, LLC; Notice of Request Under Blanket Authorization  

...Commission [Docket No. CP11-486-000 ] Gulf LNG Pipeline, LLC; Notice of Request Under...Take notice that on May 18, 2011, Gulf LNG Pipeline, LLC (GLNG Pipeline), Colonial...to Margaret G. Coffman, Counsel, Gulf LNG Pipeline Company, LLC, Colonial...

129

49 CFR 195.579 - What must I do to mitigate internal corrosion?  

...TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION...HAZARDOUS LIQUIDS BY PIPELINE Corrosion Control § 195.579 What...that would corrode the pipeline, you must investigate...part of the pipeline system that the...

130

49 CFR 192.917 - How does an operator identify potential threats to pipeline integrity and use the threat...  

...threats to a covered pipeline segment, an operator...information on the entire pipeline that could be relevant...history, corrosion control records, continuing...conditions specific to each pipeline. (c) Risk assessment...segment in the pipeline system with such pipe...

131

New tools for steel catenary risers inspection; Novas ferramentas para inspecao de risers tipo SCR  

The Research Center of PETROBRAS and two of the Federal Brazilian Universities, PUC-Rio and UFRJ, have been developing two new projects in order to inspect risers of petroleum production. The first tool is an instrumented pig for profiling internal corrosion, having flexibility under diameter variations and independence related to thickness wall pipeline. The second one is a gammagraphy system remotely operated by ROVs, to be employed in alveoli corrosion and fatigue cracks detection in underwater pipelines. This work shows the trajectory of these two tools, describing laboratory and field tests and the future activities. (author)

132

Effect of polymeric additives on mass transfer characteristics of two-phase gas-liquid flows in pipeline  

The reduction in skin friction due to certain additives in two-phase gas-liquid flows in a pipeline is well known. The effect of such additives on the mass transfer characteristics is not well understood. There are conflicting reports suggesting an increase or decrease in mass transfer coefficient. This work is carried out to study the effect of dilute polymeric solutions on mass transfer characteristics, K/sub L/a and a, for two-phase gas-liquid flow in a pipeline. 8 references, 3 figures.

133

Mechanical analyses of pipeline repair and reinforcement with use of composite functionally graded materials; Analise mecanica de reforco de dutos submarinos com materiais compositos com gradacao funcional  

This work presents a methodology for design of stiffener sleeve constituted by functionally graded composite materials in offshore pipelines located in extreme-deep waters, where high mechanical resistance allied to an efficient system of thermal isolation is necessary, in view of the excellent thermomechanical behavior of composites. For the case of FGMs, due to continuous variation in its featuring, is necessary to employ an adapted model, based on a model typically adopted for conventional composites (Rule of Mixture), as the model idealized by Tamura, Tomato e Ozawa, the TTO model. In this report, the influence of geometric and materials parameters in mechanical behavior of pipelines under propagating collapse is analyzed. (author)

134

Alaska drilling/production  

Alaska overtook Louisiana in 1979 to become the number 2 oil producing state in the US. The Prudhoe Bay field, largest ever discovered in the US, supplied most of the oil, and it was transported to market along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline system with an assist from drag reduction additives. Wildcatters are continuing to search for new fields from lower Cook Inlet to the Arctic slope. Alaska's production is approximately 1.5 million bpd. Operations activities in maintaining Prudhoe Bay and Cook Inlet basin's production are described, including plans for new pipelines. Development work in the Kuparuk area and for state-wide petrochemical and refining facilities also is described.

135

Pipeline -- lifetime  

Sixty-five representatives from the pipeline industry, including owners, operators, vendors, consultants, regulators, and researchers met to identify and prioritize technical issues which affect pipeline lifetime. This compilation presented the schedule of meetings, the list of attendees, organizational matters, such as the various groups set up to deal with specific issues, text of the opening address, and overheads and speaking notes of papers presented at the workshop. Graphic summaries of the presentations by the working groups, and the issues identified and prioritized by them, were also included.

136

Pipeline systems - Safety for assets and transport regularity  

This review regarding safety for assets and financial interests for pipeline systems has showed how this aspect has been taken care of in the existing petroleum legislation. It has been demonstrated that the integrity of pipeline systems with the respect to maintaining petroleum transport is important for all parties involved, including third party`s interest and national interests. Examples have been given to provide a picture of the value of transported petroleum products. Finally, the scope of work for as well as observations after a supervisory activity related to safety for the transported product, have been referenced. 1 fig., 1 tab.

137

British Gas installs major 42-in. line in record time  

British Gas completed nearly 144 miles of a new 283-mile high-pressure, 42-in. pipeline in just 9 months, despite adverse weather, rocky ground, and two crossings of major rivers. In constructing the first long-distance 42-in. line in the UK, pipeline engineers chose epoxy-coated pipe for the first time, found rail delivery faster and cheaper than road transport of pipe sections, applied a new land-drainage technique to maintain existing land drainage and keep work sites water-free, and discovered that field-coating the butt joints with epoxy was an easy, clean method.

138

Application of composite repair for pipeline anomalies  

The cost of maintaining the structural integrity of the 650,000 kilometer high-pressure gas gathering and transmission pipeline network is a significant part of the operating budget of the US pipeline industry. To help in controlling thee costs, the Gas Research institute (GRI) has supported research resulting in the development of Clock Spring{reg_sign}, a low-cost fiberglass composite alternative to conventional steel sleeves for transmission line pipe reinforcement and repair. Investigation and development of engineering guidelines have been completed. Field validation of laboratory research on application of Clock Spring as a repair for corrosion and mechanical damage defects is in progress. This paper presents an overview of composite repair technology for pipeline corrosion and mechanical damage defects. It summarizes the results and conclusions of modeling and experiments on reinforcement and repair of both corrosion and mechanical damage (i.e., dent and gouge) pipeline defects. These investigations provide quantitative results on the operating envelope of composite reinforcements and installation requirements that ensure sound and reliable repair of pipeline defects. The paper further summarizes the work to date on field installation in verification of composite repair performance.

139

Prediction of wax buildup in 24 inch cold, deep sea oil loading line  

When designing pipelines for cold environments, it is important to know how to predict potential problems due to wax deposition on the pipeline's inner surface. The goal of this work was to determine the rate of wax buildup and the maximum, equlibrium wax thickness for a North Sea field loading line. The experimental techniques and results used to evaluate the waxing potential of the crude oil (B) are described. Also, the theoretic model which was used for predicting the maximum wax deposit thickness in the crude oil (B) loading pipeline at controlled temperatures of 40 F (4.4 C) and 100 F (38 C), is illustrated. Included is a recommendation of a procedure for using hot oil at the end of a tanker loading period in order to dewax the crude oil (B) line. This technique would give maximum heating of the pipeline and should be followed by shutting the hot oil into the pipeline at the end of the loading cycle which will provide a hot oil soaking to help soften existing wax. 14 references.

140

Asynchronous Pipeline Controller Based on Early Acknowledgement Protocol  

A new pipeline controller based on the Early Acknowledgement (EA) protocol is proposed for bundled-data asynchronous circuits. The EA protocol indicates acknowledgement by the falling edge of the acknowledgement signal in contrast to the 4-phase protocol, which indicates it on the rising edge. Thus, it can hide the overhead caused by the resetting period of the handshake cycle. Since we have designed our controller assuming several timing constraints, we first analyze the timing constraints under which our controller correctly works and then discuss their appropriateness. The performance of the controller is compared both analytically and experimentally with those of two other pipeline controllers, namely, a very high-speed 2-phase controller and an ordinary 4-phase controller. Our controller performs better than a 4-phase controller when pipeline has processing elements. We have obtained interesting results in the case of a non-linear pipeline with a Conditional Branch (CB) operation. Our controller has slightly better performance even compared to 2-phase controller in the case of a pipeline with processing elements. Its superiority lies in the EA protocol, which employs return-to-zero control signals like the 4-phase protocol. Hence, our controller for CB operation is simple in construction just like the 4-phase controller. A 2-phase controller for the same operation needs to have a slightly complicated mechanism to handle the 2-phase operation because of the non-return-to-zero control signals, and this results in a performance overhead.   

 
 
 
 
141

PE-3 - a high class pipeline; PE-3 - um oleoduto high-class  

Pipeline PE-3, with a length of approximately 17 Km mainly inside of Guanabara Bay, connects the refinery of Duque de Caxias to the terminal of the Ilha D'Agua. It is used to export dark products from the refinery. Product transfer, by operational necessity, is conducted at a temperature of 75 deg C. This introduces a considerable load of tension on the pipeline, in addition to creating a fatigue-inducing thermal cycle. Because of this, and unlike almost all other existing oil and gas pipelines, PE-3 posses a zig zag configuration, alternating a straight tube with a curve of 10 degrees. This stands out as an innovative concept. Their are only two other similar installations in the world, but in very different conditions, thus conferring a pioneering aspect on this pipeline. Due to its criticality, the pipeline is predicated on complete certification in its entirety, from design to operation and in adherence with the strictest requirements. The environmental conditions encountered along its right of way, and the constructive tolerances imposed by the project, obligate the adoption of constructive and technical solutions that are themselves innovative in the terrestrial and marine realms. The principal objective of this work is to present a general overview of the methodology employed in PE-3 construction, installation and assembly. (author)

142

External coatings for buried pipelines - a project approach; Revestimento externo para dutos enterrados - uma abordagem de projeto  

The transport of liquid or gas fluids, such as water, fuel, chemical products, minerals, among others, through underground pipelines, is becoming more significant in the whole world, specially in Brazil, due to low cost, operational security and low physical interference at the surface. By the other hand, the ambient matters, the population's security in pipeline tracing and economic aspects lead to greater requirements in relation to the integrity of those installations. Corrosion is one of the most important causes of underground pipelines' deterioration and coating and cathodic protection are recommended to prevent it from occurring. However, both techniques must be considered in the pipeline project for it to be successful. At the present work the most important kinds of coating for underground pipelines are presented, as well as the applications, limitations, reference norms and the interface with the cathodic protection systems in relation to the efficiencies to be adopted and the expected performance. Is it also discussed the welded piping joints confection and the protection difficulties when the efficiencies are not corresponded to those foreseen in the cathodic protection systems project. (author)

143

Hazard identification studies applied to oil pipelines  

In order to assess risks inherent to an Oil Pipeline, it is imperative to analyze what happens 'outside the process'. HAZID (HAZard IDentification) studies are mainly carried out for this purpose. HAZID is a formal study which identifies hazards and risks associated to an operation or facility and enable its acceptability assessment. It is a brainstorming exercise guided by a typical 'Checklist', divided into four Sections: External, Facilities and Health Hazards and Issues pertaining to Project Execution, which are further subdivided into Hazard Categories. For each Category, there are 'Guide-words' and 'Prompts'. Even if an Oil Pipeline Risk Assessment can be performed by means of the above referred 'Checklist', carrying out the actual process can become lengthy and annoying due to the lack of specificity. This work aims at presenting the most suitable 'Checklist' for the identification of Oil Pipeline Risk Assessment, although it could be used for Gas Pipeline Risk Assessment too. Prepared ad hoc, this list, is based on the spill causes established by CONCAWE (CONservation of Clean Air Water in Europe). Performing Oil Pipeline Risk Assessment by means of specially formulated Checklist enables the Study Team to easily identify risks, shortens execution time and provides both accuracy and specificity. (author)

144

Security of pipeline facilities  

This working group provided an update on provincial, federal and industry directions regarding the security of pipeline facilities. The decision to include security issues in the NEB Act was discussed as well as the Pipeline Security Management Assessment Project, which was created to establish a better understanding of existing security management programs as well as to assist the NEB in the development and implementation of security management regulations and initiatives. Amendments to the NEB were also discussed. Areas of pipeline security management assessment include physical safety management; cyber and information security management; and personnel security. Security management regulations were discussed, as well as implementation policies. Details of the Enbridge Liquids Pipelines Security Plan were examined. It was noted that the plan incorporates flexibility for operations and is integrated with Emergency Response and Crisis Management. Asset characterization and vulnerability assessments were discussed, as well as security and terrorist threats. It was noted that corporate security threat assessment and auditing are based on threat information from the United States intelligence community. It was concluded that the oil and gas industry is a leader in security in North America. The Trans Alaska Pipeline Incident was discussed as a reminder of how costly accidents can be. Issues of concern for the future included geographic and climate issues. It was concluded that limited resources are an ongoing concern, and that the regulatory environment is becoming increasingly prescriptive. Other concerns included the threat of not taking international terrorism seriously, and open media reporting of vulnerability of critical assets, including maps. tabs., figs.

145

Algorithms for near real-time detection of gas leaks from buried pipelines using hyperspectral imagery  

Gas leaks from buried pipelines can directly impact the health of overlying vegetation. The leak can produce patches of highly stressed or dead vegetation. Plant health can be assessed remotely by measuring the depth of the chlorophyll absorption, which is located between 550 nm and 700 nm in reflectance imagery. Chlorophyll absorption is readily recognizable in multispectral and hyperspectral imagery as a strong absorption band centered on red light (typically 680 nm wavelength). We have examined several methods of measuring chlorophyll absorption with the goal of automating vegetation stress detection above underground pipelines in order to facilitate same-day detection of potential pipeline leak locations. One method, in which we measure vegetation stress as the ratio of the measured reflectance at peak absorption to the spectral continuum, was particularly successful. We compare the results of this measurement with a manual analysis of 0.18 m resolution imagery of several controlled CO2 leaks, finding the automatic analysis to be robust. High spatial resolution is shown to greatly increase the quality of the results, however, we show that this method works in even 3 m resolution imagery of an underground pipeline methane leak. This algorithm runs very quickly for large images. We are developing the image analysis algorithm to operate in real-time while flying buried pipeline right of way with hyperspectral sensors.

146

Influence of a source line position on results of EM observations applied to the diagnostics of underground heating system pipelines in urban area  

The condition of underground constructions, communication and supply systems in the cities has to be periodically monitored and controlled in order to prevent their breakage, which can result in serious accident, especially in urban area. The most risk of damage have the underground construction made of steal such as pipelines widely used for water, gas and heat supply. To ensure the pipeline survivability it is necessary to carry out the operative and inexpensive control of pipelines condition. Induced electromagnetic methods of geophysics can be applied to provide such diagnostics. The highly developed surface in urbane area is one of cause hampering the realization of electromagnetic methods of diagnostics. The main problem is in finding of an appropriate place for the source line and electrodes on a limited surface area and their optimal position relative to the observation path to minimize their influence on observed data. Author made a number of experiments of an underground heating system pipeline diagnostics using different position of the source line and electrodes. The experiments were made on a 200 meters section over 2 meters deep pipeline. The admissible length of the source line and angle between the source line and the observation path were determined. The minimal length of the source line for the experiment conditions and accuracy made 30 meters, the maximum admissible angle departure from the perpendicular position made 30 degrees. The work was undertaken in cooperation with diagnostics company DIsSO, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

147

Technical forums as an instrument for knowledge management in oil pipelines and terminals companies: the experience of TRANSPETRO  

This paper describes the experience of TRANSPETRO's Oil Pipelines and Terminals Unit regarding an institutionalized knowledge management (KM) process of systematically promoting technical forums focused on: pipeline and terminal operations; industrial maintenance; and right-of-way activities management. This empirical work adds evidence that in the model of cooperative and communicative knowledge management it is necessary to motivate staff to provide the company with their tacit knowledge and to take a proactive part in knowledge management processes, particularly in technical forums. Within this KM perspective, technical forums have been held by TRANSPETRO for the following purposes: to discuss the main barriers and challenges the oil pipelines and terminals unit has to face in the coming years; to share and disseminate good practices concerning oil pipeline and terminal activities; to discuss new processes, methods and equipment developments with potential application in business and operational processes; to establish action plans concerning the main challenges, barriers and opportunities; to disseminate Research and Development (R and D) projects in course, new procedures, methods and equipment and to promote integration among forum attendees. The two year-experience in TRANSPETRO's Oil Pipelines and Terminals Unit revealed that technical forums have been an important instrument for cooperative and communicative knowledge management, according to evaluations from 173 attendees. (author)

148

Emergency preparedness of OSBRA Pipeline  

This paper presents the experience of PETROBRAS Transporte S. A. - TRANSPETRO in the preparation for emergencies in the OSBRA pipeline, showing specific aspects and solutions developed. The company has a standardized approach for the emergency management, based on risk analysis studies, risk management plan and contingency plans. To cover almost 1,000 km of pipeline, the Company avails of Emergency Response Centers and Environmental Defense Center, located at strategic points. In order to achieve preparation, fire fighting training and oil leakage elimination training are provided. Additionally, simulation exercises are performed, following a schedule worked out according to specific criteria and guidelines. As a conclusion, a picture is presented of the evolution of the preparation for emergencies in the OSBRA System which bears the enormous responsibility of transporting flammable products for almost 1,000 km of pipeline, crossing 40 municipalities, 3 states and the Federal District. (author)

149

Effect of yield to tensile (Y/T) ratio on the structural integrity of offshore pipeline: advanced engineering assessment using limit state design approach  

Nowadays specifications require strict Yield to Tensile ratio limitation, nevertheless a fully accepted engineering assessment of its influence on pipeline integrity is still lacking. Probabilistic analysis based on structural reliability approach (Limit State Design) aimed at quantifying the Y/T ratio influence on failure probabilities of offshore pipelines was made. In particular, Tenaris seamless pipe data were used as input for the probabilistic failure analysis. The LSD approach has been applied to two actual deep water design cases that have been on purpose selected, and the most relevant failure modes have been considered. Main result of the work is that the quantitative effect of the Y/T ratio on failure probabilities of a deep water pipeline resulted not so big as expected; it has a minor effect, especially when failure modes are governed by Y only. (author)

150

High Schools That Work and college preparedness: Measuring the model's impact on mathematics and science pipeline progression  

The High Schools That Work school improvement initiative is the nation's largest comprehensive school reform model with over a thousand schools adopting its framework. The initiative's premise is that all students can meet the demands of a college preparatory curriculum if provided the right supports. Analyzing over a decade of data on student course taking and performance, we employ a rigorous comparative interrupted time series strategy to assess the extent to which HSTW meets its goal by increasing students' successful progression through the mathematics and science pipelines. Each pipeline consists of three college preparatory courses: algebra 1, geometry, and algebra 2 in mathematics and biology plus two physical science courses in science. The results show no effect on pipeline progr...

151

Pressure based leak detection system implanted on the business Unit Exploration and Production of PETROBRAS in Rio Grande do Norte e Ceara; Sistema de deteccao de vazamentos em dutos baseado em pressao implantado na Unidade de Negocios de Exploracao e Producao da PETROBRAS no Rio de Grande do Norte e Ceara  

This paper presents the experience faced by people who works in PETROBRAS Business Unit (UN-RNCE), located in Rio Grande do Norte Province, Brazil, during the implementation of a pipeline leak detection system. That application involved nine multiphase oil pipelines distributed along several production facilities. Because of the emergency after the leakage that polluted the Guanabara bay and due to the two phases and multi phases pipelines characteristics, the UN-RNCE decided to apply the Pressure Point Analysis (PPA) technology in order to detect leakages. It is a statistical method for leak detection e uses a very simple instrumentation which facilitates the installation and maintenance. However, in order to get the best performance of the system, it is necessary to know thoroughly the whole process and have a fast and reliable SCADA system for long distance communication. Finally it will be shown the test results, the recommendations to expand the system and the conclusions. (author)

152

Statoil study confirms advanced design for condensate pipeline  

This paper reports a study of the feasibility of installing a condensate pipeline over uneven seabed offshore Norway. It concluded that the use of advanced design criteria can give cost savings in the order of 30% compared with a design approach based on the permissible stress criterion and use of simplified calculation procedures. The cost saving is related to intervention work, which in traditional studies takes place over the total length of the route across irregular stretches. The study investigated the possibility of installing a condensate pipeline through the deep waters of the Fensfjord to bring the condensate ashore at the Mongstad terminal, northwest of Bergen, Norway. A description of the Troll-Mongstad condensate-pipeline concept, particularly the outer Fensfjord route section is presented. The authors review the implications of introducing advanced design criteria into a project in which the sealine must face extremely irregular seabed topography in deep waters.

153

Laying of pipeline across Mediterranean begins  

Fall 1979 marked the beginning of operations by Saipem S.p.A. to lay three 20-in. gas pipelines across the Mediterranean Sea from Tunisia to Sicily as part of the Algeria-Italy pipeline project. Saipem's Castoro Sei, the twin-hulled semisubmersible self-propelled lay vessel that recently completed the Straits of Messina section of the pipeline is making the 99-mile crossing, working in water depths of nearly 2000 ft along a 4-mile stretch of jagged seabed. The concrete-encased pipes are coated internally with epoxy resin and externally with a 0.14-in. layer of polyethylene. Zinc-anode systems, installed at 400-ft intervals along the lines, will protect the pipe from corrosion.

154

Historical case - welding on service in Brazil Bolivia gas pipeline at 92 Bar of pressure, in Tres Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Caso historico: execucao de soldagem em operacao no gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil a pressao de 92 BAR, em Tres Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil  

The Bolivia-Brazil Natural Gas Pipeline - GASBOL - begins in the city of Santa Cruz of La Sierra, in Bolivia, arriving in Canoas (RS), in Brazil, traveling an extension of 3.150 km. TBG is the owner and operator from 2.593 km in Brazilian soil, with maximum nominal diameter 32 inches, capacity of transportations until 30 million cubic meter a day, and MAOP 100 bar. This work presents the steps for the qualification the welding procedure and the jobs for the welding in service at 92 bar of pressure, the measures to guarantee the integrity of the gas pipeline, including lines support, requirements for hydrostatic testing and the main equipment used during the jobs. It is made reference to an accident happened several month after in service welding in gas pipeline and presents the respective cause. (author)

155

Hydrocarbons in Iran; Les hydrocarbures en Iran  

This publication takes stock of all economical aspects of oil, gas and petroleum products in Iran: historical and political aspects; oil, condensates and gas reserves (per basin and field); production (onshore and offshore fields, share in the OPEC); related infrastructures (oil and gas pipelines, tanker ships); domestic oil, gas and petroleum products consumption (consumption, comparison with other Middle-east and other countries from the independent states community, capacity of refineries); exports (crude oil, prices, benefits, traders, sales, agreements, gas and refined products); government policy (production and exports, transit for oil and gas pipelines); projects of development (onshore, offshore and abroad); oil and gas pipelines projects (Iran-Europe, Iran-Turkey, Iran-Pakistan-India, evacuation of gas from Turkmenistan, oil from Azerbaijan and crude from central Asia, supply of Caucasus); financial problems and US embargo; local offer and oil and gas imports; work projects in Iran. (J.S.)

156

Modeling and simulation of unloading operations in petroleum product storage terminals  

Liquefied petroleum products such as propane, butane, LPG and LNG are transported by ships and stored in tanks in storage terminals. These products are conveyed from the jetty by above-ground insulated pipelines to storage terminals that are typically situated 12-20km inland. Unloading of petroleum products is energy intensive and results in excessive BOG (boil off gas) generation and pressure build up in the storage tank. In this work, a dynamic model of the unloading operation is developed to predict temperature dynamics of pipeline, pressure and inventory changes in the storage tank. This model consists of a lumped dynamic model for the storage tank coupled with a distributed parameter model for the pipeline. The model is validated using limited data collected from an operating plant du...

157

Analysis of burst tests and long-term hydrostatic tests in produced water pipelines  

The present work is concerned with the analysis of special hydrostatic tests performed in metallic pipelines used to convey produced water in offshore oil and gas platforms. The goal is to evaluate the strength of a pipeline with through-thickness corrosion damage when repaired with special epoxy systems. Burst tests and long-term hydrostatic tests at constant pressure levels performed at the operation temperature (between 353K and 363K) are generally recommended for assessing the structural integrity of these repaired pipelines. Elastoplasticity theory and thermodynamics are used in the modelling of these tests. The goal is to propose phenomenological models, as simple as possible, able to perform a physically realistic description of the non-linear phenomena. In the case of hydrostatic t...

158

Mechanical Characteristics of Submerged Arc Weldment in API Gas Pipeline Steel of Grade X65  

The mechanical properties of submerged arc weldment (SAW) in gas transportation pipeline steel of grade API X65 (65 ksi yield strength) were investigated. This steel is produced by thermo mechanical control rolled (TMC), and is largely used in Iran gas piping systems and networks. The results from laboratory study on three different regions; i.e. base metal (BM), fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) were used to compare weldment mechanical characteristics with those specified by API 5L (revision 2004) standard code. Different laboratory experiments were conducted on test specimens taken from 48 inch outside diameter and 14.3 mm wall thickness gas pipeline. The test results showed a gradient of microstructure and Vickers hardness data from the centerline of FZ towards the unaffected MB. Similarly, lower Charpy absorbed energy (compared to BM) was observed in the FZ impact specimens. Despite this, the API specifications were fulfilled in three tested zones, ensuring pipeline structural integrity under working conditions.

159

Studying of acid-gas pipelines corrosion with impedance spectroscopy  

In this research, the acid-gas pipelines of a gas refinery were simulated in laboratory. Acid gas is normally the feed of sulfur recovery plant (SRP) in a gas refinery. For studying corrosion kinetic and related mechanisms the impedance spectroscopy was used. Impedance diagrams were simulated by Boukamp1988 software. It was found that the simulated systems can be equated to a circuit with two time constants. For studying corrosion rate changes a type of inhibitor was utilized. The inhibitor used in this work was an imidazoline, an appropriate based inhibitor formulated with the commercial grade imidazoline and dimmer - trimer acid. It was shown that impedance spectroscopy technique can be used for corrosion monitoring of acid gas pipelines in gas refineries. The impedance spectroscopy will be tried in due course as a suitable technique in field for corrosion control of acid-gas pipelines. (authors)

160

CATS landline installed beneath the river Tees  

Press Construction Ltd. has completed installation of the land portion of a new gas pipeline from the North Sea, including a tunnel beneath the River Tees in the north of England. The work was carried out under a multi-million dollar contract from Amoco (UK) Exploration Co. The pipeline is the land portion of the Central Area Transmission System. The 4.6-mile, 36-in. onshore pipeline connects a valve station at the CATS landfall at Coatham Sands, just south of Tees Bay, to a gas terminal north of the River Tees. This paper reports on the entire CATS system which runs for nearly 250 miles from a riser platform in the Central Graben area of the North Sea to the Coatham Sands landfall and then overland to the gas terminal. The gas will fuel a new combined heat-and-power generating plant on Teesside, currently under construction by Teesside Power.

 
 
 
 
161

A DATA FUSION SYSTEM FOR THE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF NON-PIGGABLE PIPES  

The objectives of this research project are: (1) To design sensor data fusion algorithms that can synergistically combine defect related information from heterogeneous sensors used in gas pipeline inspection for reliably and accurately predicting the condition of the pipe-wall. (2) To develop efficient data management techniques for signals obtained during multisensor interrogation of a gas pipeline. During this reporting period, Rowan University fabricated test specimens with simulated defects for nondestructive evaluation (NDE); designed and developed two versions of a test platform for performing multi-sensor interrogation of test specimens under loaded conditions simulating pressurized gas pipelines; and performed acoustic emission (AE) NDE on the test specimens. The data resulting from this work will be employed for designing multi-sensor data fusion algorithms during the next reporting period.

162

Economic evaluation of pipeline construction and capacity expansion projects; Avaliacao economica dos projetos de construcao e expansao de um gasoduto de transporte  

In this work, two investment projects that are characteristic of the recent phase of the Brazilian natural gas industry were economically valued, taking into account the government going Thermoelectric Priority Program or PPT: economical design of a gas pipeline, to be built and operated by a Proprietary Carrier, where the interest variable is the transport tariff that will remunerate the investment and pipeline expansion through compressor stations, sponsored by the only shipper in the system, as it aims at selling gas to a thermoelectric plant, where the interest variable is the net present value of the project. In both cases, some sensitive analyses of the interest variable to variables that carry greater uncertainty are presented. Results show that pipeline expansion is viable. (author)

163

Pipeline damage caused by transient ground deformation: Case study of 2010 Darfield and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes  

The main goal of this work was to derive repair rate (RR) values as related to transient ground deformations (TGD) during 2010 Darfield and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes. Pipeline distribution and repair rate in areas of TGD during the earthquakes was also presented. Derived data is compared and plotted against data for major historic earthquakes. Using standard statistical methods, it was shown that the derived data is within 95% prediction band of historic regressions. Furthermore, new regression was developed for combined variants of PVC pipes and compared to regressions for cast iron and asbestos cement main pipelines. Finally, it was found that combining PGV intervals is of value in deriving RR points where isolated PGV intervals contain insufficient pipeline length.

164

Field trials of a high-resolution CSAMT system for locating abandoned coal mine workings  

New developments and experimental evaluation of high-resolution controlled source and audiomagnetotelluric (CSAMT) techniques have been accomplished recently with the specific objectives of detecting and delineating shallow abandoned mine workings. Successful results have been demonstrated in detecting the presence of disturbed coal beds and in resolving surface locations of related underground mine entries in good agreement with established maps. Recent field trials of a new CSAMT system operating in the 3Hz to 50kHz frequency ranges were performed at an active mine having open coal haulage ways underlying a 110 ft thick sandstone overburden and at an abandoned mine having a partially collapsed room and pillar structure under a 220 ft thick shale and sand stone overburden. Brief summaries of these field tests are presented.

165

Assessing the response of open-habitat bird species to landscape changes in Mediterranean mosaics  

In Mediterranean landscapes, wildfires and land abandonment lead to major landscape modifications primarily by favouring the presence of open, shrub-like habitats. At present, we know very little of how these changes affect patterns of species occurrence at the landscape scale. In this work, we analyse the impact of these landscape changes on the occurrence patterns of eight open-habitat species by using presence/absence data collected in the Catalan Breeding Bird Atlas (NE Spain). We compared the species occurrence patterns along habitat gradients for three different landscape settings: a semi-permanent farmland?forest landscape (i.e. with variable proportions of farmland and forests) and two landscape settings which mimic those favoured by land abandonment and fire: farmland?shrubland la...

166

Analysis of a last come first served queueing system with customer abandonment  

Motivated by manufacturing and service applications, we consider a single class multi-server queueing system working under the LCFS discipline of service. After entering the queue, a customer will wait a random length of time for service to begin. If service has not begun by this time she will abandon and be lost. For the GI/GI/s+M queue, we present some structural results to describe the relation between various performance measures and the scheduling policies. We next consider the LCFS M/M/s+M queue and focus on deriving new results for the virtual waiting time and the sojourn time in the queue (either before service or before abandonment). We provide an exact analysis using Laplace-Stieltjes transforms. We also conduct some numerical analysis to illustrate the impact of customer impatie...

167

Sulimar Queen environmental restoration project closure package Sandia environmental stewardship exemplar.  

In March 2008, Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia), in partnership with the Bureau of Land Management, Roswell Field Office, completed its responsibilities to plug and abandon wells and restore the surface conditions for the Sulimar Queens Unit, a 2,500 acre oil field, in Chaves County, Southeast New Mexico. Sandia assumed this liability in an agreement to obtain property to create a field laboratory to perform extensive testing and experimentation on enhanced oil recovery techniques for shallow oil fields. In addition to plugging and abandoning 28 wells, the project included the removal of surface structures and surface reclamation of disturbed lands associated with all plugged and abandoned wells, access roads, and other auxiliary facilities within unit boundaries. A contracting strategy was implemented to mitigate risk and reduce cost. As the unit is an important wildlife habitat for prairie chickens, sand dune lizards, and mule deer, the criteria for the restoration and construction process were designed to protect and enhance the wildlife habitat. Lessons learned from this project include: (1) extreme caution should be exercised when entering agreements that include future liabilities, (2) partnering with the regulator has huge benefits, and (3) working with industry experts, who were familiar with the work, and subcontractors, who provided the network to complete the project cost effectively.

168

GARGOYLE: An environment for real-time, context-sensitive active vision  

Researchers in robot vision have access to several excellent image processing packages (e.g., Khoros, Vista, Susan, MIL, and X Vision to name only a few) as a base for any new vision software needed in most navigation and recognition tasks. Our work in automonous robot control and human-robot interaction, however, has demanded a new level of run-time flexibility and performance: on-the-fly configuration of visual routines that exploit up-to-the-second context from the task, image, and environment. The result is Gargoyle: an extendible, on-board, real-time vision software package that allows a robot to configure, parameterize, and execute image-processing pipelines at run-time. Each operator in a pipeline works at a level of resolution and over regions of interest that are computed by upstream operators or set by the robot according to task constraints. Pipeline configurations and operator parameters can be stored as a library of visual methods appropriate for different sensing tasks and environmental conditions. Beyond this, a robot may reason about the current task and environmental constraints to construct novel visual routines that are too specialized to work under general conditions, but that are well-suited to the immediate environment and task. We use the RAP reactive plan-execution system to select and configure pre-compiled processing pipelines, and to modify them for specific constraints determined at run-time.

169

Issues for managers : skilled workers, our natural resource challenge  

Working Group 1 discussed issues regarding the implementation of oil and gas pipeline integrity activities with particular reference to resource constraints currently facing companies, such as skilled labour shortage, labour costs, worker productivity, and safety performance. Emerging issues and best practices were also identified. The presentations revealed that demand is outstripping supply. Given the unprecedented number of new projects, the availability of equipment and materials is an issue of concern. It was suggested that extending the traditional working season may help solve the problem of the shortage of skilled workers. Streamlining the permitting process may also address this concern. Although pipeline safety statistics are currently satisfactory, it was questioned when the effects of an unskilled workforce and the resource challenge on pipeline integrity will be seen. According to the Workman's Compensation Board, inexperienced workers accounted for 20 per cent of all claims made in the oil and gas industry. In addition, 40 per cent of workers are currently over the age of 45. Working Group 1 determined that there is a lack of good forecast of supply versus demand. Issues regarding the industry's effort to attract young workers and solve the issue of pipeline integrity were also discussed. Several solutions were proposed, notably: increase efficiency through collaboration; leverage regional opportunities for staffing and attract and retain young workers. tabs., figs.

170

TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE OPERATION OF THE EXISTNG NATURAL GAS COMPRESSION INFRASTRUCTURE  

This report documents work performed in the third quarter of the project entitled: ''Technologies to Enhance Operation of the Existing Natural Gas Compression Infrastructure''. The project objective is to develop and substantiate methods for operating integral engine/compressors in gas pipeline service, which reduce fuel consumption, increase capacity, and enhance mechanical integrity. The report describes the following work: first field test; test data analysis.

171

Residual stresses evaluation in a gas-pipeline crossing  

The X-rays diffraction technique is a well established and effectiveness method in the determination of the residual and applied stresses in fine grained crystalline materials. It allows to characterize and to quantify the magnitude and direction of the existing surface stresses in the studied point of the material. The objective of this work is the evaluation of the surface stresses in a 10 in diameter Natural Gas Distribution Pipeline manufactured from API 5 L Gr B steel of COMPAGAS company, in a crossing with a Natural Gas Transportation Pipeline, in Araucaria-PR. This kind of evaluation is important to establish weather you have to perform a repositioning of one of the pipeline or not. The measurements had been made in two transversal sections of the pipe, the one upstream (170 mm of the external wall of the pipeline) and another one downstream (840 mm of the external wall of the pipeline). Each transversal section measurements where carried out in 3 points: 9 hours, 12 hours and 3 hours. In each measured point of the pipe surface, the longitudinal and transversal stresses had been measured. The magnitude of the surface residual stresses in the pipe varied of +180 MPa at the -210 MPa. The residual stress state on the surface of the points 12 hours region is characterized by tensile stresses and by compressive stresses in the points of 3 and 9 hours region. The surface residual stresses in gas-pipeline have been measured using X-ray diffraction method, by double exposure technique, using a portable apparatus, with Cr-K-alpha radiation. (author)

172

Optimizing the fMRI data-processing pipeline using prediction and reproducibility performance metrics: I. A preliminary group analysis  

We argue that published results demonstrate that new insights into human brain function may be obscured by poor and/or limited choices in the data-processing pipeline, and review the work on performance metrics for optimizing pipelines: prediction, reproducibility, and related empirical Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve metrics. Using the NPAIRS split-half resampling framework for estimating prediction/reproducibility metrics (Strother et al., 2002), we illustrate its use by testing the relative importance of selected pipeline components (interpolation, in-plane spatial smoothing, temporal detrending, and between-subject alignment) in a group analysis of BOLD-fMRI scans from 16 subjects performing a block-design, parametric-static-force task. Large-scale brain networks were detected using a multivariate linear discriminant analysis (canonical variates analysis, CVA) that was tuned to fit the data. We found that tuning the CVA model and spatial smoothing were the most important processing parameters. Temporal detrending was essential to remove low-frequency, reproducing time trends; the number of cosine basis functions for detrending was optimized by assuming that separate epochs of baseline scans have constant, equal means, and this assumption was assessed with prediction metrics. Higher-order polynomial warps compared to affine alignment had only a minor impact on the performance metrics. We found that both prediction and reproducibility metrics were required for optimizing the pipeline and give somewhat different results. Moreover, the parameter settings of components in the pipeline interact so that the current practice of reporting the optimization of components tested in relative isolation is unlikely to lead to fully optimized processing pipelines.

173

Electromagnetic field model for the numerical computation of voltages induced on buried pipelines by high voltage overhead power lines  

This paper proposes an innovative, generally applicable numerical model for the calculation of the three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic field generated by high voltage (HV) overhead power transmission lines (OHL) on the buried metallic structures (e.g., pipeline networks). The numerical analysis is based on a coupled finite element-boundary element model (FEM-BEM) designed to calculate the induced potential on buried pipelines for complex geometrical structures of HV OHL networks working on normal or fault conditions. The one-dimensional (1D) FEM technique based on pipe elements is used to discretize the mathematical model that describes the interior of the pipe and is coupled with the mathematical model that describes the exterior of the pipe using 3D-BEM integral equations. The full electromagnetic field model gives the flexibility to calculate the potential distribution in any point of the soil, providing useful information for the step and touching voltages. The computation accuracy of the numerical algorithm implemented is verified through two test problems by comparing the numerical results with those obtained using a software package based on the Transmission Line Method (TLM) and CIGRE formulae. Last part of the paper presents calculations of the induced potential on buried pipeline in the vicinity of a complex HV OHL working on normal and fault condition. The influence of the currents' direction and magnitude flowing on the HV OHL on the induced pipeline potential distribution is analyzed.

174

Risk assessment/risk management : communications, public consultation, and planning  

The presentations by Working Group 9 included 8 papers dealing with the emerging expectations, policy and direction of objective-based public communication and consulting programs within the energy sector. The benefits of a proactive approach were illustrated in two case studies which highlighted the drilling of a critical sour gas well in the recreational resort community of Nordegg, Alberta, and the routing of a tie-in pipeline to be completed if the well is successful. The topics of discussion during this Working Group session included: a progressive philosophy and approach for public involvement and consultation; setting the stage for successful consultation; a regulatory perspective of effective communication through participant involvement; identification of communication issues and potential solutions; integrity and sour gas exploration; and, lessons learned and recommendations for implementation. Participants were invited to give recommendations on the direction of consultation requirements and implementation within the pipeline industry. It was noted that the public is becoming more educated about pipeline issues, their hazards and risks. It was therefore recommended that industry find a consistent approach to determine the impact of pipeline distribution corridors. tabs., figs.

175

Saudi Aramco experience towards establishing Pipelines Integrity Management System (PIMS)  

Saudi Aramco pipelines network transports hydrocarbons to export terminals, processing plants and domestic users. This network faced several safety and operational-related challenges that require having a more effective Pipelines Integrity Management System (PIMS). Therefore Saudi Aramco decided to develop its PIMS on the basis of geographical information system (GIS) support through different phases, i.e., establishing the integrity management framework, risk calculation approach, conducting a gap analysis toward the envisioned PIMS, establishing the required scope of work, screening the PIMS applications market, and selecting suitable tools that satisfy expected deliverables, and implement PIMS applications. Saudi Aramco expects great benefits from implementing PIMS, e.g., enhancing safety, enhancing pipeline network robustness, optimizing inspection and maintenance expenditures, and facilitating pipeline management and the decision-making process. Saudi Aramco's new experience in adopting PIMS includes many challenges and lessons-learned associated with all of the PIMS development phases. These challenges include performing the gap analysis, conducting QA/QC sensitivity analysis for the acquired data, establishing the scope of work, selecting the appropriate applications and implementing PIMS. (author)

176

Saudi Aramco experience towards establishing Pipelines Integrity Management Systems (PIMS)  

Saudi Aramco pipelines network transports hydrocarbons to export terminals, processing plants and domestic users. This network faced several safety and operational-related challenges that require having a more effective Pipelines Integrity Management System (PIMS). Therefore Saudi Aramco decided to develop its PIMS on the basis of geographical information system (GIS) support through different phases, i.e., establishing the integrity management framework, risk calculation approach, conducting a gap analysis toward the envisioned PIMS, establishing the required scope of work, screening the PIMS applications market, and selecting suitable tools that satisfy expected deliverables, and implement PIMS applications. Saudi Aramco expects great benefits from implementing PIMS, e.g., enhancing safety, enhancing pipeline network robustness, optimizing inspection and maintenance expenditures, and facilitating pipeline management and the decision-making process. Saudi Aramco's new experience in adopting PIMS includes many challenges and lessons-learned associated with all of the PIMS development phases. These challenges include performing the gap analysis, conducting QA/QC sensitivity analysis for the acquired data, establishing the scope of work, selecting the appropriate applications and implementing PIMS. (author)

177

GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures) applied to optimization of petroleum products distribution in pipeline networks; GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptative Search Procedures) aplicado ao 'scheduling' de redes de distribuicao de petroleo e derivados  

Planning and scheduling of the pipeline network operations aim the most efficient use of the resources resulting in a better performance of the network. A petroleum distribution pipeline network is composed by refineries, sources and/or storage parks, connected by a set of pipelines, which operate the transportation of petroleum and derivatives among adjacent areas. In real scenes, this problem is considered a combinatorial problem, which has difficult solution, which makes necessary methodologies of the resolution that present low computational time. This work aims to get solutions that attempt the demands and minimize the number of batch fragmentations on the sent operations of products for the pipelines in a simplified model of a real network, through by application of the local search metaheuristic GRASP. GRASP does not depend of solutions of previous iterations and works in a random way so it allows the search for the solution in an ampler and diversified search space. GRASP utilization does not demand complex calculation, even the construction stage that requires more computational effort, which provides relative rapidity in the attainment of good solutions. GRASP application on the scheduling of the operations of this network presented feasible solutions in a low computational time. (author)

178

Kepler Science Operations Center pipeline framework  

The Kepler Mission is designed to continuously monitor up to 170,000 stars at a 30-minute cadence for 3.5 years searching for Earth-size planets. The data are processed at the Science Operations Center at NASA Ames Research Center. Because of the large volume of data and the memory needed, as well as the CPU-intensive nature of the analyses, significant computing hardware is required. We have developed generic pipeline framework software that is used to distribute and synchronize processing across a cluster of CPUs and provide data accountability for the resulting products. The framework is written in Java and is, therefore, platform-independent. The framework scales from a single, standalone workstation (for development and research on small data sets) to a full cluster of homogeneous or heterogeneous hardware with minimal configuration changes. A plug-in architecture provides customized, dynamic control of the unit of work without the need to modify the framework. Distributed transaction services provide for atomic storage of pipeline products for a unit of work across a relational database and the custom Kepler DB. Generic parameter management and data accountability services record parameter values, software versions, and other metadata used for each pipeline execution. A graphical user interface allows for configuration, execution, and monitoring of pipelines. The framework was developed for the Kepler Mission based on Kepler requirements, but the framework itself is generic and could be used for a variety of applications where these features are needed.

179

IPLT`s pipeline operations training program: The importance of being earnest  

An February 19, 1985, an 18 inch line operated by Interprovincial Pipe Line (IPL) ruptured in a farm field near Edmonton, Alberta. The line was shut down and isolating valves closed. Maintenance and repair crews were sent to the line. Nine hours later -- in the dark -- the wind shifted and an idling truck ignited a cloud of natural gas liquids that had escaped the line. The ensuring fire killed two workers and severely burned three others. Among the dead was the maintenance foreman for one of IPL`s major maintenance districts. The examinations and retrospective that followed changed the IPL culture. A renewed emphasis was put on education and job related training. Almost ten years have passed since the explosion on that night in February. IPL has learned a lot about training for pipeline operations -- what works and, just as important, what doesn`t. The company also spun off a business -- IPL Technology and Consulting Services Inc. (IPLT) to offer the Pipeline Operations Training Program to others in the pipeline business. This paper outlines IPLT`s approach to pipeline operations training, details of how it was developed, and discusses some of the necessary ingredients in developing training programs that work.

180

Work-life balance  

Gay Renouf has opted for a work/life balance; with a chemistry degree she joined the Saskatchewan Research Council out of graduate school in 1986. She first worked on understanding surfactants in emulsions and then dealt more with petroleum engineering issues like pipeline specifications. She is looking at waterfloods in heavy and medium gravity pools and has discovered factors helping to produce heavy oil waterfloods. But all Renouf's life is not devoted to her work: she has been working part-time, spending her free time being a parent, training for marathons and being a running coach. Renouf believes that her passion for running is consistent with her work as a scientist.

 
 
 
 
181

Effective Two-Body Interactions in the s-d Shell Nuclei Using Sum Rule Equations in Transfer Reactions  

Average effective two-body interaction matrix elements in the s-d shell have been extracted from data on experimentally measured isospin centroids, by combining the recently derived new sum rule equations for pick-up reactions with similar known equations for stripping reactions performed on general multishell target states. Using this combination of stripping and pick-up equations, the average effective matrix elements for the shells, 1d25/2, 2s21/2 and 1d23/2, respectively, have been obtained. A new feature of the present work is that the restriction imposed in earlier works on target states---that it be populated only by active neutrons---has now been abandoned.   

182

Instrumentation for biomedical and environmental applications based on microtechnology lessons learned  

Over the last ten years, LLNL has been developing Microtechnology for instrumentation with applications in the biosciences and environment. In order to build and field high-performance instruments, they have often had to alter their original premises and assumptions, significantly. This meant that they were forced to abandon materials and dimensions that were appealing to them when they began the R and D. Examples include work on silicon-based electrophoresis systems, etched-fluidics for sample/sheath flow nozzles in flow cytometers, and polymerase-chain-reaction thermal-cycling chambers based on silicon-nitride. This presentation discusses these and their work on other devices and instruments.

183

Thallium in the hydrosphere of south west England  

Thallium is a highly toxic metal whose environmental concentrations, distributions and behaviour are not well understood. In the present study we measure the concentrations of Tl in filtered and unfiltered samples of rain, tap, river, estuarine and waste waters collected from south west England. Dissolved Tl was lowest (<20 ng L{sup -1}) in tap water, rain water, treated sewage and landfill effluents, estuarine waters, and rivers draining catchments of sandstones and shales. Concentrations up to about 450 ng L{sup -1} were observed in rivers whose catchments are partly mineralized and where metal mining was historically important, and the highest concentration ({approx}1400 ng L{sup -1}) was measured in water abstracted directly from an abandoned mine. Compared with other trace metals measured (e.g. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), Tl has a low affinity for suspended particles and undergoes little removal by conventional (hydroxide precipitation) treatment of mine water. - Highlights: > Thallium concentrations have been measured in natural and waste waters from south west England. > Dissolved concentrations spanned three orders of magnitude and were highest in water from an abandoned mine. > Inputs associated with historical metal mine workings are the most important to the regional hydrosphere. - Concentrations of dissolved thallium in waters of south west England span two orders of magnitude and are greatest in water from an abandoned mine.

184

Sequestration of carbon in saline aquifers - mathematical and numerical analysis  

The work in this thesis focuses equally on two main topics. The set of these subjects deals with development of criteria for monotonicity of control volume methods. These methods are important and frequently used for solving the pressure equation arising in porous media flow. First we consider homogeneous parallelogram grids, and subsequently general logical Cartesian grids in heterogeneous media. This subject is concluded by the development of a new class of Multi Point Flux Approximation methods, motivated by the monotonicity results obtained. The second topic of this thesis is the development of analytical and semi- analytical solutions to the problem of leakage through abandoned wells. More specially, we look at a set of aquifers, separated by impermeable layers (aquicludes), where injection of water or CO{sub 2} takes place in some or all the aquifers. The aquifers and aquicludes are frequently penetrated by abandoned wells from oil exploration, and our problem consists of finding solutions to flow and leakage through these wells. The goal is to obtain expressions for leakage rates that may be evaluated quickly enough such that Monte Carlo realizations over statistical distributions of properties for abandoned wells can be performed. (author)

185

Versatile repair vessel tested in deep water  

Testing of a new subsea pipeline repair system in up to 1640 ft of water has been completed. The versatile system, integrated into a catamaran-type vessel, was to be operational by the end of 1985. The main characteristic of the Submersible Underwater Pipeline Repair and Work Apparatus (Supra) is its stable floating capability on the sea surface. Supra can be towed by a supply tug or diving support vessel at five knots in 13-ft waves. The system can be operated without the assistance of heavy-lift cranes or large barges. The developers claim Supra is highly independent of bad weather and sea conditions and can work 90% of the year. Since Supra is pressure-proof similar to a submarine, it can be submerged at sea by means of an integrated propulsion and ballast system and then maneuvered to the desired working location and positioned on the seabed by means of an underwater tracking and navigation system.

186

INTERNAL REPAIR OF PIPELINES  

The two broad categories of fiber-reinforced composite liner repair and deposited weld metal repair technologies were reviewed and evaluated for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines. Principal conclusions from a survey of natural gas transmission industry pipeline operators can be summarized in terms of the following performance requirements for internal repair: (1) Use of internal repair is most attractive for river crossings, under other bodies of water, in difficult soil conditions, under highways, under congested intersections, and under railway crossings. (2) Internal pipe repair offers a strong potential advantage to the high cost of horizontal direct drilling when a new bore must be created to solve a leak or other problem. (3) Typical travel distances can be divided into three distinct groups: up to 305 m (1,000 ft.); between 305 m and 610 m (1,000 ft. and 2,000 ft.); and beyond 914 m (3,000 ft.). All three groups require pig-based systems. A despooled umbilical system would suffice for the first two groups which represents 81% of survey respondents. The third group would require an onboard self-contained power unit for propulsion and welding/liner repair energy needs. (4) The most common size range for 80% to 90% of operators surveyed is 508 mm (20 in.) to 762 mm (30 in.), with 95% using 558.8 mm (22 in.) pipe. Evaluation trials were conducted on pipe sections with simulated corrosion damage repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liners, carbon fiber-reinforced composite liners, and weld deposition. Additional un-repaired pipe sections were evaluated in the virgin condition and with simulated damage. Hydrostatic failure pressures for pipe sections repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liner were only marginally greater than that of pipe sections without liners, indicating that this type of liner is only marginally effective at restoring the pressure containing capabilities of pipelines. Failure pressures for larger diameter pipe repaired with a semi-circular patch of carbon fiber-reinforced composite lines were also marginally greater than that of a pipe section with un-repaired simulated damage without a liner. These results indicate that fiber reinforced composite liners have the potential to increase the burst pressure of pipe sections with external damage Carbon fiber based liners are viewed as more promising than glass fiber based liners because of the potential for more closely matching the mechanical properties of steel. Pipe repaired with weld deposition failed at pressures lower than that of un-repaired pipe in both the virgin and damaged conditions, indicating that this repair technology is less effective at restoring the pressure containing capability of pipe than a carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair. Physical testing indicates that carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair is the most promising technology evaluated to-date. In lieu of a field installation on an abandoned pipeline, a preliminary nondestructive testing protocol is being developed to determine the success or failure of the fiber-reinforced liner pipeline repairs. Optimization and validation activities for carbon-fiber repair methods are ongoing.

187

PLUGGING AND UNPLUGGING OF WASTE TRANSFER PIPELINES  

This project, which began in FY97, involves both the flow loop research on plugging and unplugging of waste transfer pipelines, and the large-scale industrial equipment test of plugging locating and unplugging technologies. In FY98, the related work was performed under the project name ''Mixing, Settling, and Pipe Unplugging of Waste Transfer Lines.'' The mixing, settling, and pipeline plugging and unplugging are critical to the design and maintenance of a waste transfer pipeline system, especially for the High-Level Waste (HLW) pipeline transfer. The major objective of this work is to recreate pipeline plugging conditions for equipment testing of plug locating and removal and to provide systematic operating data for modification of equipment design and enhancement of performance of waste transfer lines used at DOE sites. As the waste tank clean-out and decommissioning program becomes active at the DOE sites, there is an increasing potential that the waste slurry transfer lines will become plugged and unable to transport waste slurry from one tank to another or from the mixing tank to processing facilities. Transfer systems may potentially become plugged if the solids concentration of the material being transferred increases beyond the capability of the prime mover or if upstream mixing is inadequately performed. Plugging can occur due to the solids' settling in either the mixing tank, the pumping system, or the transfer lines. In order to enhance and optimize the slurry's removal and transfer, refined and reliable data on the mixing, sampling, and pipe unplugging systems must be obtained based on both laboratory-scale and simulated in-situ operating conditions.

188

MARA - methodology to analyze environmental risks; MARA - elaboracao de metodologia para analise dos riscos ambientais  

In the oil industry, the environmental impact assessment of an accident is both multi and interdisciplinary and goes through several approaches and depths. Due to the enormous complexity of the environmental analyses issues, mainly for being a science in development and not technological consensus, a macro methodology is presented for the purpose of identify areas that can be impacted by pipeline leakages and recommend improvements are applicable working as a table top response plan. The methodology of the Environmental Risk Mapping-MARA for pipelines rows, describes its concept and justifies the adoption of the environmental mapping during Risk Analyses studies, for PETROBRAS/TRANSPETRO new and existing pipelines. The development of this methodology is justified by the fact that it is a practical tool for identification, analysis and categorization of the more vulnerable environmental elements along a pipeline row and vicinities, during simulated occurrence of accidental spills of hydrocarbons in the environment. This methodology is a tool that allows Environmental Agencies and PETROBRAS a better way to manage in advance the Company emergencies. (author)

189

Occupational exposure prevention program to oil and gas industry; Antecipacao, reconhecimento, avaliacao e controle dos riscos ambientais em uma planta de petroleo e gas  

PETROBRAS/TRANSPETRO Pipelines and Terminals have 500 regular employees and 5.064 out sourced workers in its Southeast Division. The out sourced employees work under 125 contracts involving a wide range of activities such as maintenance, pipeline operation, pipeline launching, engineering, administrative and auxiliary services. Among these workers, 1.200 peoples are subjected to occupational exposure, which may be present in the industrial process or in the products transported in our pipelines, e.g. industrial noise, sulfidric gas, toluene, xylene and benzene (recognized as a carcinogen according to ACGIH and Brazilian Ministry of Labour). Our PPRA (acronym in Portuguese for Occupational Exposure Prevention Program) involves the workforce and fosters health by anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of the situations that may result in injuries. Further actions include the procurement of equipment for detection of these agents not only in the air but also diluted in liquids and the introduction of state-of the- art technologies for a better process control. The priority is the acquisition of equipment for collective protection not forgetting the individual protection equipment (IPE) and the required training. Implementation of this program counted on the effective involvement of the managers, contract supervisors and HSE professionals whose main task was to advise all involved parts on the use the Risk Analysis Methods tailored for Occupational Hygiene. Furthermore, these information will be used in a info system called SD-2000 that will gather and compare Health, Hygiene e Human Resources data in order to support the professional in the management and decision making process. (author)

190

Design of LAMOST data processing and production database  

Before LAMOST spectra release, raw data need to go through a series of processes, i.e. a pipeline after observed, including 2D reduction, spectral analysis, eyeball identification. It is a proper strategy that utilizing a database to integrate them. By using database the coupling between relative modules would be reduced to make the adding or removing of them more convenient, and the dataflow seems to be more clearly. The information of a specific object, from target selection to intermediate results and spectrum production, can be efficiently accessed and traced back through the database search, rather than via FITS reading. Furthermore, since the pipeline has not been perfected yet, the eyeball check is needed before the spectra are released, and an appropriate database can make the feedback period of eyeball check result more conveniently, thus the improvement of the pipeline will be more purposely. Finally, database can be a data mining tools for the statistics and analysis of massive astronomical data. This article focuses on the database design and the data processing flow built on it for LAMOST. The database design requirement of the existing routines, such as input/output, the relationship or dependence between them is introduced. Accordingly, the database structure suited for multiple version data process and eyeball verification is presented. The dataflow, how the pipeline is integrated relied on such a dedicated database system and how it worked are also explained. In addition, some user interfaces, eyeball check interfaces, statistical functions are also presented.

191

Investigation about the effects of exterior surface paint color on temperature development in aboveground pipeline  

A practical analytical model for predicting temperature development of incompressible flow inside an aboveground pipeline has been constructed and presented in this research work. The outer surface of the pipeline is exposed to solar radiation and wind stream. The radiation heat exchange with ambient is also taken into account. The effects of exterior surface paint color represented by emissivity and absorptivity, have been studied. The model has been developed to study crude oil flow temperature development through a specific pipeline. The results obtained by the model show that the bulk temperature inclined to a limiting value in some distance which affected mainly by Reynolds numbers. It is found that emissivity and absorptivity of surface are predominant parameters in temperature development in an aboveground pipeline flow which can increase or decrease pipe surface and fluid temperature especially for low Reynolds number flow. Based on the results which indicated significantly of exterior surface paint color, one should choose the paint color by considering its effects on temperature development. (author)

192

Native flora rescue program: GASENE project case study  

Concerning the surrounding flora, the implementation of pipelines may cause fragmentation and isolation of the remaining natural vegetation, possibly changing the forest structure; thus raising the border effect; modifying the ratio of species and life forms, decreasing the vegetal diversity and/or causing a lack of connectivity among the remaining indigenous forest resources. In the case of pipelines, the most important environmental measure intended to mitigate the damage caused to the flora is the adoption of Indigenous Flora Rescue Programs. This paper is aimed at analyzing the programs currently applied during the implementation of the GASENE project, by conducting a case study. The main targets of such program are obtaining seeds and fruits with a view to subsidize the potential production of sapling to be further employed in the recovery of areas impacted by the pipeline works; and then relocate the most significant samples of species rescued from the suppressed areas in order to comprise forest areas adjacent to the pipeline's right-of-way. The programs had little differences in their methodology while being implemented, however, we consider that up to the present moment the results obtained in the preservation of species of native flora have been satisfactory. (author)

193

Modification of the waveform analyzer/pulse generator system for close interval potential surveys. Final report, October 1989-July 1992  

Cathodic protection is used to control corrosion on buried pipelines. The effectiveness of cathodic protection systems is evaluated through the use of pipe-to-soil potential measurements. These measurements can give misleading information unless the IR-drop error is eliminated from the pipe-to-soil potential. Potential measurements are recorded annually along pipelines at designated test points. Periodically, close interval pipe-to-soil potential surveys are performed to evaluate the level of corrosion protection between test points. Close interval data is generally collected at 2.5 foot intervals along the pipeline. Under Phase V of the research effort, a WaveForm Analyzer/Pulse Generator (WFA/PG) System was demonstrated to be an accurate and simple to use system for measuring IR-drop free potentials at test stations. The report documents the continuation of the Phase V work to modify the technology for use in close interval potential surveys. The project established that the modified WFA/PG technology can be used for performing CIS/WFA surveys along gas pipelines. The technique eliminates the need for synchronous current interruption and therefore prevents errors caused by drifting timing cycles and spikes in the potential wave form.

194

Pipeline risk assessment/risk management  

Working Group 7 discussed challenges facing the oil and gas pipeline industry with particular reference to the fundamentals of risk assessment and management. Risk assessment algorithms, methods, techniques and approaches were reviewed along with the likelihood and consequences of algorithms. Underlying programs, processes and procedures were identified, including decision support and performance measures that support a company's risk management program. Emerging focus areas that may require further investigation or industry collaboration were also identified. It was shown that high risk segments of pipelines can be identified through risk-based prioritization which relies on threat identification data, threat assessment data and consequence data. Three basic risk assessment methods were identified, namely subject matter expert (SME); relative assessment and probabilistic assessment. Each was shown to have advantages and limitations. The choice of risk assessment method depends on the needs of individual companies. It was determined that the size of the pipeline also determines the choice of risk assessment method and that the complexity of risk assessment should reflect the outcomes that are needed. Data quality is important, as are validation and feedback for calibration and continuous improvement. The basics for developing a facility risk assessment model were also presented along with a review of regulatory expectations. The National Energy Board strives for goal oriented risk assessment to ensure safe and secure systems that protect the environment and people. Public perception is also an issue that some pipeline companies consider in their risk assessment models. tabs., figs.

195

A historical case in the Bolivia-Brazil Natural Gas Pipeline: five years of stress monitoring at the Curriola river slope  

The Bolivia-Brazil Natural Gas Pipeline is approximately 3,500 kilometers long since the city of Rio Grande, in Bolivia, until the city of Canoas, in the South of Brazil. The south spread of the pipeline - approximately 850 kilometers long - is characterized by a steep topography combined with a variety of geological sites, such as colluviums deposits and debris flow areas. Within such a scenario, a spot nearby Curriola River, as can be seen in Figure 1.a, it shows hillsides with slopes of almost 40 degrees of inclination. Every year, mainly along the rainy season, mass movements tend to overburden the pipeline, jeopardizing its integrity. Because of this, geotechnical works have been done and, since 2004 up to 2008, mechanical stress surveys were applied. This paper aims to summarize all mechanical investigations made, including residual stresses assessment, the variation of the state of mechanical stresses along those years, methodology and full interpretation of the data acquired. From this gross data, internal pressure loading and residual stresses have been discounted from the combined stresses assessed, so as to indicate only the ground interaction and main direction of the corresponding loading. All this together with geotechnical models is intended to support mitigation measures for global stress relieving and preserving the pipeline's integrity. (author)

196

Rehabilitation of Sao Sebastiao-Cubatao oil pipeline: integrated planning and action - key for project success  

The execution of the OSBAT 24{sup o}il pipeline rehabilitation project, comprising the substitution of a 30 km section of the 37 years old pipeline has become a real benchmark in the history of this kind of job. The pipeline is inserted in one of the most sensitive environmental areas of the Sao Paulo State - the last Environmental Protection Area of the Mata Atlantica . The growth of human presence in its surroundings during the last three decades, has caused the right-of-way to be totally confined by luxury housing developments, streets, highways and resorts, as well as by the local communities and their activities, schools, and commerce. The pipeline runs through the Serra do Mar unstable mountain range slopes, with sequences of very steep hills and ravines followed by swamps and rivers. The success of such a challenging project - assembling the new line in a narrow ROW with all its restrictions, where the old line was still in operation, and complying with the tight work schedule required by PETROBRAS, was only possible due to a carefully managed combination of: accurate planning, best engineering methods and equipment and experienced workforce, deeply integrated in a massive effort towards safety, environmental care and social responsibility. (author)

197

Pipeline transportation in and out of mines  

In addition to compressed air and water, pipelines have recently been used to transport coal and stone out of mines, and to carry cements for packing purposes into the workings. Also waste materials from spoil heaps are being sent back down mines through pipes. In the UK, pipeline systems are in operation at 4 mines. At Warsop colliery, for example, coal is raised pneumatically through a vertical height of 473 m at 85 tonnes/h in 350/400 mm diameter pipes. Coal is screened from the main mine conveyor to a bunker where a constant rate weigh-feeder controls its entry into the pipeline. The systems have demonstrated that pneumatic transport provides a practical and economic method of increasing coal clearance capability, in shafts that are winding to maximum capacity. Pipelines can also be used to pump cements for roadway packs and stoppings. A recently developed simple, fireproof, non-toxic, gypsum-based compound called Longstop has been developed specifically for remote packing and can be pumped over 2000 m, from a central pumping station. The Denseveyor system is described. This is able to transfer wet lump coal pneumatically without the need to fluidise the fuel in the system.

198

Thermo-hydraulic modelling of the South East Gas Pipeline System - an integrated model; Modelagem termo-hidraulica do Sistema de Gasodutos do Sudeste : um modelo integrado  

This paper presents the development of an integrated simulation model, for the numerical calculation of thermal-hydraulic behaviors in the Brazilian southeast onshore gas pipeline flow system, remotely operated by TRANSPETRO's Gas Pipeline Control Centre (CCG). In its final application, this model is supposed to provide simulated results at the closer range to reality, in order to improve gas pipeline simulation studies and evaluations for the system in question. Considering the fact that numerical thermo-hydraulic simulation becomes the CCG's most important tool to analyze the boundary conditions to adjust the mentioned gas flow system, this paper seeks and takes aim to the optimization of the following prime attributions of a gas pipeline control centre: verification of system behaviors, face to some unit maintenance stop or procedure, programmed or not, or to some new gas outlet or inlet connection to the system; daily operational compatibility analysis between programmed and realized gas volumes; gas technical expedition and delivery analysis. Finally, all this work was idealized and carried out within the one-phase flow domain (dry gas) (author)

199

Alternative techniques to monitoring the corrosive potential for fluids in submarine pipelines; Tecnicas alternativas para monitorar o potencial corrosivo de fluidos transportados em oleodutos submarinos  

PETROBRAS in search of being a benchmark in safety, environment and health, established in July 2001 a work group to elaborate a standard for Pipeline Integrity Management. This standard set the requirements for Pipeline Integrity Management and establishes, among others criteria, the actions required to detect, monitor and control internal corrosion of pipelines. The first step to evaluate, monitor and control the internal corrosion is to define the corrosive potential of transported fluids. Some oil pipelines located in central and southern areas of the Campos Basin transport high water cut produced fluids (> 30%) and with demulsifiers, which allow oil and water separation and increase internal corrosion risks. Despite of these, it is not possible to check the internal corrosion rates using conventional techniques because the fluids are produced through sub-sea 'manifolds'. In order to investigate the possibility of corrosion inhibition by crude oils, laboratory tests were performed simulating real field conditions in terms of fluid compositions, water cut and temperature. Experiments were conducted to determine the corrosion rate of specimens, the emulsion stability and the initial temperature of wax precipitation. This paper presents the results of the study realized to define the fluids' corrosive potential of four Campos Basin platforms that are transported through sub-sea 'manifolds. (author)

200

Corridors of power : technology influences heavy oil pipeline construction  

Advances in heavy oil transportation technology and their benefits to the petroleum industry were discussed. Interprovincial Pipe Line Inc., (IPL) uses two in-line heaters on its heavy oil pipelines at Edmonton and Hardisty to lower viscosity. The heaters are normally installed in hot, dry climates, but they can also work well in cold weather applications. The heaters warm-up the crude to reduce its viscosity and to increase pipeline capacity. The use of the heaters is restricted for two reasons: (1) environmental damage caused by the effects of heat on surrounding soils and vegetation, and (2) heat loss suffered by pipelines that can not be properly re-insulated. IPL is also developing the use of Drag Reducing Agents (DRA) to increase heavy oil flow rates. DRA is a long-chained polymer that reduces friction of crude against the pipeline wall to increase capacity. It is not yet economical for system-wide application. Ultimately, it would be desirable to have a technology that could eliminate completely the use of diluent to transport heavy oil. It was noted that with time and effort, this ideal should be achievable. 3 figs.

 
 
 
 
201

Mitigating the consequences of extreme events on strategic facilities: evaluation of volcanic and seismic risk affecting the Caspian oil and gas pipelines in the Republic of Georgia.  

In this work we identify and quantify new seismic and volcanic risks threatening the strategic Caspian oil and gas pipelines through the Republic of Georgia, in the vicinity of the recent Abuli Samsari Volcanic Ridge, and evaluate risk reduction measures, mitigation measures, and monitoring. As regards seismic risk, we identified a major, NW-SE trending strike-slip fault; based on the analysis of fault planes along this major transcurrent structure, an about N-S trend of the maximum, horizontal compressive stress (?1) was determined, which is in good agreement with data instrumentally derived after the 1986, M 5.6 Paravani earthquake and its aftershock. Particularly notable is the strong alignment of volcanic vents along an about N-S trend that suggests a magma rising controlled by the about N-S-directed ?1. The original pipeline design included mitigation measures for seismic risk and other geohazards, including burial of the pipeline for its entire length, increased wall thickness, block valve spacing near recognized hazards, and monitoring of known landslide hazards. However, the design did not consider volcanic risk or the specific seismic hazards revealed by this study. The result of our analysis is that the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline, as well as the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzerum South Caucasian natural gas pipeline (SCP) were designed in such a way that they significantly reduce the risk posed by the newly-identified geohazards in the vicinity of the Abuli-Samsari Ridge. No new measures are recommended for the pipeline itself as a result of this study. However, since the consequences of long-term shut-down would be very damaging to the economies of Western Europe, we conclude that the regionally significant BTC and SCP warrant greater protections, described in the final section of or work. The overall objective of our effort is to present the results in a matrix framework that allows the technical information to be used further in the decision-making process, with the goal of reducing the uncertainty in the final decision. This approach is applicable to the study of risks in other pipeline systems. PMID:21385663

202

Three phases of freight pipeline development  

Freight pipelines are reviewed in terms of their application in the materials handling spectrum. Both the technical and economic aspects of these pipelines are discussed. The paper concentrates on the overall development of freight pipelines in terms of current applications, the multipurpose pipeline concept and finally the people pipeline. Examples of existing and proposed systems are cited.

203

Troll oil pipeline: High precision seabed preparation down to 540 m water depth  

Oil and Gas Developments are finding their way to increasingly deep waters and complicated seabed topography, for which until recently the feasibility was doubted. Statoil`s Troll Oil pipeline Development Project is a typical example of such a project which is characterized by strong undulating seabed geometries, poor bearing capacities of the subsoil and water depths up to 540 m. By means of gravel supports and stabilization berms, removing soft soils at water depths up to 350 m and installation of concrete lateral supports, the seabed has been prepared to enable the Troll Oil pipeline to be laid without being overstressed and avoiding geotechnical instabilities of the subsoil. These seabed preparatory works were executed by means of the three Fallpipe Vessels operated by A/S Jebsens ACZ. The paper addresses the most recent developments in the execution of high precision seabed preparatory works, called Pre-lay Intervention Works, which are performed prior to laying of the pipeline. Special attention will be given to the required accuracy during construction/execution and possible improvements for future seabed preparatory works.

204

Corrosion associated with thermal insulation of pipelines; Corrosao associada a isolamento termicos de dutos  

The PETROBRAS is currently repairing about 500 km of thermal insulated pipelines. This fact is directly connected to the failure caused by the deterioration of polyurethane foams. The thermal stability of these foams limited to 80 deg C, the possibility of disruption of the external layer allowing the water penetration, the generation of acid media and the absence of a specific anticorrosive protection for the external pipe surface, are possible causes for severe external pipe corrosion. In the past, gases with halogens derivatives were used for blowing of the polyurethane foam, which is the most used option for thermal insulation of pipelines. Recently, environmentally correct and less corrosive products are developed. In the present work we will examine some of these options. With the results of this work we expect to reduce leakage risks in ground and sea. As well as, create laboratorial methodology to evaluate materials for thermal insulation of pipes, including their compatibility with anticorrosive coatings. (author)

205

Freeze plug proves safe, economical in riser repair  

In October 1992, Exxon Pipeline Co., Houston, performed in the Gulf of Mexico what the company believes to have been the first underwater freeze-plug procedure. To form a plug, water in a small section of the pipe is frozen with liquid nitrogen. In partially replacing a 10-in. riser at South Marsh Island Block 6A, Exxon Pipeline worked closely with a freeze-plug service company to minimize environmental and personnel exposure and to avoid the chance of an oil spill. The freeze plug reduced the time the pipe was open-ended during the repair, and hydrotesting the freeze plug area and repair section ensured integrity. The paper describes onshore testing of the procedures, pre-work surface cleaning, and the freeze-plug procedure.

206

Environmental management programs of the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline; Programa de gestao ambiental do gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil  

One of the largest South America's enterprises of energy integration of the Bolivia/Brazil gas pipeline in Brazilian side own and operated by TBG has interacted with 05 states, 137 districts and 06 environment governmental entities (IBAMA and States' department) of environment multilateral financial institutions and group of ten of other governmental and not governmental organizations. The level of approved investment was of the order of 1,5 billion dollars, of which about 29 million had been destined the ambient activities. Thus, without precedents in Brazil this work presents the plan of ambient management of the enterprise, created to develop and implement the ambient programs during the construction and operation of the gas pipeline stage. The work here presented will give prominence to the programs of ambient compensation and social communication inside Brazil. (author)

207

Residue management in the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline construction; Gerenciamento de residuos na construcao do gasoduto Bolivia-Brazil  

The construction of the gas pipeline is a process sequential of assembly phases, where each one of those phases generates residues of the most varied types and amounts, being necessary the forecast of your generation in agreement with the activity that is being executed. During the accomplishment of the works they are generated a lot of times situations where are observed the inadequate disposition of the residues. Those practices, besides the environmental impact that they cause, it can cart in the future, the need of additional investments be proceeded in the recovery of the areas and removal of the residues. This work presents the Program of administration of Residues instituted during the construction of the pipeline Bolivia - Brazil, seeking, on a side to reduce to the minimum the generation of residues and of the other, moths handling guidelines and disposition, in way to minimize the environmental impacts caused by the same ones. (author)

208

Sizing stress corrosion cracks using laser ultrasonics  

Despite various efforts, no reliable tools and techniques are available to enable an operator to quantify the impact of an SCC (Stress Corrosion Cracking) colony on the safety and integrity of a pipeline. Reliable non-destructive detection and measurement tools are not available either. There is therefore a large gap between current technology and the needs of the pipeline industry. Recent developments promise that with a concentrated effort, a comprehensive solution can be devised. This paper describes technical work performed to develop and validate both the inspection tool and the time of flight diffraction (TOFD) technique for sizing the depth of SCC. It also presents preliminary results of work on a closely related project that provides, on the basis of this technology, an integrated approach and tool for mapping, sizing, and evaluating SCC, through which significant cracks are filtered from more benign cracks within an SCC colony.

209

Instrumented PIG's field performance; Desenvolvimento de PIG MFL de alta resolucao  

About ten years ago PETROBRAS and PUC-Rio started a cooperation agreement aiming the development of intelligent PIG technology for pipeline inspection. The PETROBRAS R and D center (CENPES) and PUC' Center for Telecommunications Studies (CETUC) were the research units involved in this technological partnership. Many different results were generated from this 10-year work, including a spin-off company for the commercialization of the results. Within this work, the development of a high resolution magnetic PIG - MFL PIG - which is the main pipeline inspection tool and central theme of the technological partnership. Technical features of the development are described, such as the evolution of the detected signal quality and resolution, test beds, etc. The cooperation between PETROBRAS and PUC-Rio, the financial support of the government agency FINEP, as well as the technology license, which allowed the commercial use of the technology, are also described. (author)

210

Guidelines for environmental health for offshore installations  

Since the last update of these Guidelines in 1987 there have been several important changes in legislation that should be addressed in relation to their effect on Offshore Installations on the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS). The Food Safety Act 1990 and the Offshore Installations and Pipeline Works (Management and Administration) Regulations 1995 are applicable. In addition to the above Offshore Installations and Pipeline Works (First-Aid) Regulations 1989 place a duty on employers to make sure that adequate first aid and basic health care provision is made for all personnel on the installation. The Regulations and Approved Code of Practice (ACoP) came into force on 13 September 1990. The amendments presented are thought to be a practical approach to the intentions of the respective Acts and, where applicable, adjust requirements for the particular need and constraints of the industry in the light of modern thinking. (author)

211

Architecture Studio Archive: A Case Study in the Comprehensive Digital Capture and Repository of Student Design Work as an Aid to Teaching, Research, and Accreditation  

The "Architecture Studio Archive" pilot sought to form a comprehensive digital archive of the diverse student work conducted in the first year of the Bachelor of Design in Architecture Degree at the University of Sydney. The design studio is the primary vehicle for teaching architectural design. It is a locus for creative activity, with students producing diverse works in analogue and digital media (sketches, final hand and CAD drawings, conceptual and scale models, and written work). Following assessment, they either take their work home or abandon it to potential damage in the studio. This project promised the retention of this material and the production of a powerful, searchable digital archive in the Sydney eScholarship Repository, using the open access digital management system DSpace for long-term storage and dissemination of the material. The intention was to establish procedures and protocols for digital archiving practices suited to creative work. (Contains 5 figures and 16 endnotes.)

212

Imaging mining hazards within coalbeds using prestack wave equation migration of in-seam seismic survey data: A feasibility study with synthetic data  

Gas and water accumulations in old mine workings, voids and fault zones are threats to safety in coal mining. There are a variety of measures that can be taken to extract fluids prior to, or during mining; therefore, the ability to locate geological structures and old abandoned working and voids which may not have been mapped accurately are the key to overall success. However, current techniques are of limited use because of either high cost or low resolution. We simulate and evaluate use of high-frequency seismic data acquired in an in-seam geometry through the use of synthetic two-component elastic data for 2-D models. Elastic common-source seismic data collected at the mining coalface contain body waves reflected at coalbed interfaces such as faults and old workings. Reverse-time prestack elastic migration is used to image the interfaces. Numerical tests on synthetic data indicate that this approach is expected to be effective to detect abandoned mining workings containing different fluids (such as water or gas/air) and faults. However, the use of this approach is restricted to the nearest in-seam interface from the mine face. The three items that are new in this paper are (1) the application of wave equation migration to in-seam data, (2) use of a multiplicative (data derived) mask to enhance the migrated image, and (3) the demonstrated potential to distinguish fluids in mine voids from seismic data.

213

Application of reservoir characterization and advanced technologies to improve recovery and economics in a lower quality shallow shelf Sand Andreas Reservoir: Quarterly technical report, January 1, 1997--March 31, 1997  

The Class 2 Project at West Welch was designed to demonstrate the use of advanced technologies to enhance the economics of improved oil recovery (IOR) projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate (SSC) reservoirs, resulting in recovery of additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir at project abandonment. Accurate reservoir description is critical to the effective evaluation and efficient design of IOR projects in the heterogeneous SSC reservoirs. Therefore, the majority of Budget Period 1 was devoted to reservoir characterization. Technologies being demonstrated include: l.Advanced petrophysics 1547 2.Three-dimensional (3-D) seismic 3.Cross-well bore tomography 4.Advanced reservoir simulation 5.Carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) stimulation treatments 6.Hydraulic fracturing design and monitoring 7. Mobility control agents SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL PROGRESS West Welch Unit is one of four large waterflood units in the Welch Field in the northwestern portion of Dawson County, Texas. The Welch Field was discovered in the early 1940`s and produces oil under a solution gas drive mechanism from the San Andres formation at approximately 4800 ft. The field has been under waterflood for 30 years and a significant portion has been infill-drilled on 20-ac density. A 1982- 86 Pilot C0{sub 2} injection project in the offsetting South Welch Unit yielded positive results. Recent installation of a C0{sub 2} pipeline near the field allowed the phased development of a miscible CO injection project at the South Welch Unit.

214

Use of high-resolution geophysical techniques for the emplacement of abandoned oil and gas platforms as artificial reefs  

The Louisiana Artificial Reef Program established in 1986, utilizes abandoned oil and gas platforms as artificial reefs. Many factors are considered for site evaluation with the main focus on high-resolution (3.5-12 kHz echograms, single channel seismic, and side-scan sonar) geophysical techniques. By employing these techniques in conjunction with geotechnical information, an accurate determination of potentially hazardous and unstable geologic conditions can be made. The geologic hazards important in this study are gas zones, faults, and mass wasting deposits (slumps, slides, and debris flows), all of which are characteristic along Louisiana's outer continental shelf. Procedures for the evaluation of high-resolution geophysical data have both geologic and engineering applications as illustrated by the following procedures: (1) developing a seafloor geologic map using high-frequency (3.5-12 kHz) echograms in combination with side-scan sonar; (2) mapping of shallow structures such as small faults, channels, and unconformities; (3) determination of gas seeps and near surface accumulations; (4) analysis of near bottom sedimentation processes (turbidity currents, slumps and debris flows) by construction of echo character maps; (5) construction of a hazard map showing geologic features as well as man-made features (pipelines etc.) The main seismic characteristics observed within the planning areas are parallel continuous reflectors (related to pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation), broken parallel discontinuous reflections (probably turbidite deposition), acoustically chaotic reflectors (indicative of mass wasting deposition), acoustically semitransparent to transparent reflectors (slumping and small debris flows), and wipe out zones or acoustic voids (indicating gas zones).

215

Waste Area Grouping 4 Site Investigation Data Management Plan, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee  

The purpose of this Data and Records Management Plan (DRMP) is to ensure that the ER environmental measurements data management process, from planning through measurement, recording, evaluation, analysis, use, reporting, and archival of data, is controlled in an efficient, comprehensive, and standardized manner. Proper organization will ensure that data and documentation are adequate to describe the procedures, events,and results of the Waste Area Grouping (WAG) 4 project. The data management process manages the life cycle of environmental measurements data from the planning of data for characterization and remediation decisions through the collection, review, and actual usage of the data for decision-making purposes to the long-term storage of the data. The nature of the decision-making process for an Environmental Restoration (ER) project is inherently repetitive. Existing data are gathered and evaluated to establish what is known about a site. Decisions regarding the nature of the contamination and potential remedial actions are formulated. Based upon the potential risk to human health and the environment, an acceptable level of uncertainty is defined for each remediation decision. WAG 4 is a shallow-waste burial site consisting of three separate areas: (1) Solid Waste Storage Area (SWSA) 4, a shallow-land burial ground containing radioactive and potentially hazardous wastes; (2) an experimental Pilot Pit Area, including a pilot-scale testing pit; and (3) sections of two abandoned underground pipelines formerly used for transporting liquid, low-level radioactive waste.

216

Coal log pipeline research at the University of Missouri. 4th Quarterly report, October 1, 1993--December 31, 1993  

This paper is a progress report on a research project aimed at the development of coal log technology. Efforts have been directed at the development of technology for the fabrication of stable coal logs, as well as the energy efficient transport of these logs, in particular by pipelines. Work has been directed at new types of binders, new fabrication presses, the application of polymers to reduce transport losses, and modeling efforts.

217

Directly acting pipeline SM devices for nuclear power plants  

The paper is focused on specific features in operation of NPP pipeline devices (PD), principles of their control, recommendations on the use of passive devices, possibility to apply shape-memory (SM) devices manufactured using SM alloys. Flat-annular fixing sealing elements for protection of welded joints and easy installation of seats are discussed. Flow stop devices (FSD) with a direct impact of coolant on the working members are considered. FSDs with a break of electrical control circuit are discussed. (orig.)

218

Troops to Teachers as School Administrators: A National Study of Principal Quality  

The United States has a scarcity of capable principals ready to successfully lead schools in an era of outcome-based accountability. This is especially true in high-poverty, high-minority schools. Policy makers welcome opening the principal pipeline to untraditional leaders. Research finds that teachers who have entered education through Troops to Teachers funding make a measurable impact on student learning and tend to work in high-poverty schools. This study suggests that they also may be highly effective principals. (Contains 3 tables.)

219

The production of high load coal-water mixtures on the base of Kansk-Achinsk Coal Basin  

The results of the {open_quotes}KATEKNIIugol{close_quotes} work on the problems of high load coal-water mixtures are given in this article. General principles of the mixture production, short characteristics of Kansk-Achinsk coals, the experimental results of the coal mixture production on a test-industrial scale, the suspension preparation on the base of coal mixtures, technical-economical indexes of tested coal pipeline variants based on Kansk-Achinsk coals are described.

220

Systematic Figure of Merit Computation for the Design of Pipeline ADC  

The emerging concept of SoC-AMS leads to research new top-down methodologies to aid systems designers in sizing analog and mixed devices. This work applies this idea to the high-level optimization of pipeline ADC. Considering a given technology, it consists in comparing different configurations according to their imperfections and their architectures without FFT computation or time-consuming simulations. The final selection is based on a figure of merit.

 
 
 
 
221

Markerless Motion Capture in the Crowd  

This work uses crowdsourcing to obtain motion capture data from video recordings. The data is obtained by information workers who click repeatedly to indicate body configurations in the frames of a video, resulting in a model of 2D structure over time. We discuss techniques to optimize the tracking task and strategies for maximizing accuracy and efficiency. We show visualizations of a variety of motions captured with our pipeline then apply reconstruction techniques to derive 3D structure.

222

Vibration drill  

A vibration drill is suggested which includes a working organ and vibration mechanism arranged in its housing. For design simplification of the vibration drill, the vibration mechanism is made from two pipelines connected by an elastically pinched tie equipped with an attachment for regulating the wall of its constriction. In addition, the constricting device is made in the form of a regulation screw, while the outer surface of the vibration drill has a screw cut falling towards the top of the profile.

223

Storage facility completed off West Africa  

This paper reports that Cabinda Gulf Oil Co. Ltd.'s Takula storage project has been completed off West Africa. Oil began flowing May 1 through a newly constructed offshore and land pipeline, marking the project's completion. The company also installed 3 miles of onshore distribution pipe up to 42 in., modified existing manifolds, installed loading pumps, and performed other civil engineering work ashore. The company says the $93 million contract was the largest in OPI's 7-year history.

224

Locqi flooding of mines following termination of mining operations in the Loire Region  

This article reviews the activities of a pluridisciplinary working group founded in 1981 by the Prefect of the Loire region. It was given the task of planning and controlling the filling of the abandoned mines in the region west of Saint-Etienne (Vallee de l'Ondaine). As a result of a number of studies (hydraulic, hydrodynamic, hydrochemical, thermographic, etc.), it was possible to forecast the location of natural or induced flooding, stabilizing the various underground water levels without use of pumps, thus demonstrating that the entire Saint-Etienne coal-mining basin has naturally and gradually developed a new underground hydrodynamic balance (quantity and quality) following initial pumping of drained water. (authors).

225

A 'Fruitless Obsession with Accuracy': The Uses of Sensemaking in Public Sector Performance Management  

Sensemaking provides a framework for understanding and interpreting managers' working lives, based on a thorough critique of rational choice models. It refutes rational choice, and aims not to predict, prove or control but simply to explain: the making of sense. This article, based on the author's original prizewinning MBA thesis, presents research undertaken in 2005-2006 on the uses of sensemaking in understanding local government organisations' contrasting experiences of performance management systems: an internal system in Canadian city government, and an externally-imposed system in the form of the now abandoned Comprehensive Performance Assessment (CPA) in British local government. Key literature utilised includes social and organisational psychologist Karl Weick, British complexity t...

226

Floating attenuator wave energy device. Wavegen HYDRA project  

The Wavegen Project which set out to develop a floating externally tensioned articulated wave-energy generator based on work carried out at RMCS Shrivenham in the 1980s has been abandoned until further notice. The computer modelling carried out in the early days indicated much promise, but the promise turned to disappointment when difficulties cropped-up in attempting to put the design into practice. A particular problem arose in matching the external tension to an equivalent beam stiffness to tune the natural bending frequency of the raft to that of the driving waves. A further eleven practical problems encountered are discussed.

227

Early modern copper money: multiple currencies and trimetallism in Sweden 1624–1776  

In 1624–1776, Sweden implemented a complicated trimetallic monetary system. Five different copper, silver, and gold currencies circulated. The heaviest copper coins weighed 20 kg. Gresham's law worked differently for various coins. Swedish trimetallism was asymmetric. Copper money could not replace silver and gold coins. When the latter became undervalued they circulated at a premium. Due to high transaction costs in using copper coins at a premium, they were sometimes driven out when becoming dear money. However, complaints about money shortage and Sweden's monopoly position at the European copper markets implied that the copper standard was not abandoned until 1777.

228

Phantom Use: Quantifying In-Library Browsing of Circulating Materials  

Beyond collecting traditional circulation statistics, tracking in-house use of library materials is a significant measure of how patrons use our resources. In our pilot project, Lending Services staff members conducted nightly pick-ups of library materials left on tables, in carrels, in study rooms, as well as books cast aside in the stacks areas as patrons browsed the book stacks. We obtained a two week sample of these "abandoned" materials, quantifying the in-house use by our patrons while also counting the routine work of our Lending Services department. (Contains 5 figures.)

229

Democratic Group Work  

For a century, democratic values have called for abandoning coercive approaches and teaching children and youth to be responsible citizens. The authors explore strategies for creating respectful environments and positive group cultures with challenging youth. They offer suggestions to adult group facilitators to support youth in developing autonomy and understanding themselves as part of a community. The essential building blocks of democratic group work support youth in meeting their developmental needs for belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity as a pathway to responsibility. (Contains 1 footnote.)

230

Between-hole acoustic surveying and monitoring of a granitic rock mass  

The purpose of this technical note is to present preliminary results of an acoustic monitoring study performed as part of a comprehensive rock mechanic and geophysics research program (Ref.20) associated with large-scale heater tests in an abandoned iron-ore mine in central Sweden. The investigation was performed in a fractured granitic rock mass at a sub-surface depth of 340 m, in a drift adjacent to the original iron-ore mine workings. Acoustic monitoring took place between four empty, dry, vertical boreholes of 10 m depth spaced in the vicinity of a vertical heater borehole in the floor of a drift.

231

The Arnao coal mine; La mina de carbon de Arnao  

The first vertical coal mine shaft in Asturias was constructed in Arnao. Today, its pit head tower and out buildings are conserved, which constitute a most valuable part of the industrial heritage. The first period of mineral exploitation developed between 1833 and 1853. Afterwards it underwent a series of transformations, specialising in the production of zinc. One of the peculiarities of this mine is its submarine configuration. In 1906 there was an important inundation by sea water; however they were able to continue working the mine but had to finally abandon it in 1912. 1 fig.

232

Use of nuclear fusion systems for spent nuclear fuel degradation;Utilizacion de sistemas de fusion nuclear para degradacion de combustible nuclear gastado  

One of the severe problems of the nuclear industry that should be resolved to facilitate its acceptance like viable energy alternative is of the wastes. In spite of having alternative of fuel reprocessing, many of them have been abandoned by economic or security reasons. In the present work, the alternative is described for using reactors of nuclear fusion as sources of fast neutrons with two important applications in mind: the plutonium burning and the transmutation of the elements that contribute in way more important to their radioactivity, mainly the smaller actinides and the fission products of long half life. (Author)

233

Sources of water influx to workings of underground coal mines and drainage methods. Zdroje pritokov vody do uholnych banskych diel a sposoby ich odvodnenia  

Evaluates water influx hazards in underground and surface black and brown coal mines and methods for water draining. The following types of water sources are characterized: atmospheric precipitations, surface waters, Quaternary strata water, mine waters in the overburden of coal seams, aquifers in coal bearing strata, aquifers in underlying strata, aquifers situated at large depths, water accumulated in abandoned shafts and workings. Methods for detection of individual water hazards, water influx hazards and methods for mine draining are analyzed. Examples of mine draining methods are discussed. 2 refs.

234

Development of an expert system for the aid in diagnosis of pressurized water loop transients  

Research work has been carried out to in view of developing an expert system for the aid in fault diagnosis. Research activities in expert systems focus more on knowledge representation than on the other aspects as knowledge acquisition or knowledge processing. In the case of diagnosis, the event-oriented approach was first applied. Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) methods were used to represent all the possibilities which lead to a plant failure. Due to the non-exhaustivity of failure events, this approach was abandoned. It is however concluded that the PSA is a reasonable approach if the objective of the expert system is to diagnose precursors to potential accidents and to alert the operators.

235

Lignite mining under market conditions  

The article traces the development of the lignite mining industry in Germany before and after reunification. A case study is presented of the step-wise restructuring of the lignite mining industry in the Lusatia region carried out between 1990 and 1993. The companies LAUBAG, ESPAG and BVL were formed and later LAUBAG and ESPAG amalgamated and Lausitzer Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft BH (LBV) was split off. Manpower was reduced from 70,000 in 1989 to 21,100 in 1994. 9000 employees are working in the rehabilitiation of Lusatian abandoned mines. 6 figs.

236

Geophysical survey at cluster 6, Westwood Area, US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground. Final report  

A geophysical investigation was conducted at Cluster 6 Site 5, located in Westwood Area of the U.S. Army Aberdeen Proving Ground. This site is the former Westwood Area Radioactive Material Disposal Facility (WRMDF) which was used for processing and packaging radioactive waste material prior to disposal. Original structures at the site included Building 3013 and adjacent concrete slabs where the waste handling work was performed, a small equipment shed, and a wastewater holding and drain system which included tanks in a concrete pit. Discharge of wastewater from the tanks was to Reardon Inlet, located a short distance south of the tank pit. Possible release of radioactive waste to the environment would have been due to either spillage, leakage, or discharge from the wastewater system. Two terra cotta pipelines, one on the western end and one of the eastern end, extended from Building 3013 to Reardon Inlet. The east pipeline handled low-level radioactive wastewater. The west pipeline was the original wastewater line and it is presumed that radioactive wastewater was not discharged through this line. After radioactive waste handling activities were discontinued at WRMDF, the west pipeline system was upgraded to include a septic tank, sand filter bed, and a chlorine contact chamber. The structures associated with the WRMDF were removed during the early 1970`s, including the concrete tank pit. Both pipelines are visible near the edge of Reardon inlet, suggesting that the pipes and related structures have not been removed. Geophysical surveys, including magnetics, electromagnetics (EM), and ground penetrating radar, were performed to identify the location of the two terra cotta pipes, septic tank, and sand filter bed.

237

Hydraulic transport of coal  

In order to overcome some of the limitations of the existing coal slurry pipeline technology, work has been carried out by the CSIRO to establish the feasibility of the long-distance transport of coarse coal d < 20 mm, by pipeline. In this paper the authors discuss some of the general problems of coal slurry pipelines, but more particularly the findings of their work. The research work shows that it is in fact possible to transport coarse coal at practically acceptable pressure gradients and velocities provided that a fluid carrier having the rheological properties of a Bingham plastic is used. Some of the factors governing the rheological properties of a carrier made from finely ground coal and water are discussed. Typical experimental data are given to illustrate the flow characteristics of slurries made up of coarse coal in a Bingham plastic carrier. It is shown that the Bingham model predicts the pressure gradient-velocity characteristics of these coarse coal slurries provided that their yield stress and plastic viscosity are known. The latter are shown to be correlated in terms of the corresponding values for the carrier fluid and the coarse coal fraction.

238

The Kepler Science Operations Center pipeline framework extensions  

The Kepler Science Operations Center (SOC) is responsible for several aspects of the Kepler Mission, including managing targets, generating onboard data compression tables, monitoring photometer health and status, processing science data, and exporting Kepler Science Processing Pipeline products to the Multi-mission Archive at Space Telescope [Science Institute] (MAST). We describe how the pipeline framework software developed for the Kepler Mission is used to achieve these goals, including development of pipeline configurations for processing science data and performing other support roles, and development of custom unit-of-work generators for controlling how Kepler data are partitioned and distributed across the computing cluster. We describe the interface between the Java software that manages data retrieval and storage for a given unit of work and the MATLAB algorithms that process the data. The data for each unit of work are packaged into a single file that contains everything needed by the science algorithms, allowing the files to be used to debug and evolve the algorithms offline.

239

Construction and assembly of the Urucu-Coari-Manaus gas pipeline; Construcao e montagem do gasoduto Urucu-Coari-Manaus  

This paper aims to present the strategies adopted for the development of the construction and assembly of the Urucu-Coari-Manaus Gas Pipeline and its branches, emphasizing the logistics. With 662 km of extension and crossing 7 Amazonian counties, the construction of this pipeline will take in consideration particular aspects of the region (wavy relief, local population, Amazonian forest and diverse water bodies) and its interference in the works, mainly transport of workers and equipment, distribution of supplying points of fuels and foods, and localization of support work sites. Considering the importance of the region watercourses, techniques for its passages were studied, on a case by case basis and the conventional process, directional drilling and special launching for the passage of the Black river have been adopted. Moreover, this paper presents the activities summary of both environmental licensing process and pre communication related to the communities directly affected by the works, aiming at the beginning of the services of construction and assembly, as well as a story brief of the experiences gathered during the construction of the Poliduto and the Urucu-Coari Gas Pipeline, both constructed between the years of 1997 and 1999. (author)

240

77 FR 5677 - Implementing Provisions of the Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011 Relating to the...  

...Act of 2011 Relating to the Keystone XL Pipeline Permit Presidential Documents...Act of 2011 Relating to the Keystone XL Pipeline Permit Memorandum for the Secretary...enactment, of whether the Keystone XL pipeline project as set forth in...

 
 
 
 
241

76 FR 22744 - Notice of Availability of the Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed...  

...the Proposed TransCanada Keystone XL Pipeline Project AGENCY: Department...proposed TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, LP (TransCanada) Keystone XL Project (Project...proposed international pipeline project (Keystone XL Project) that is...

242

75 FR 19969 - Environmental Impacts Statements; Notice of Availability  

...Final EIS, BLM, 00, UNEV Pipeline Project, Construction of a 399-mile Long Main Petroleum Products Pipeline, Salt Lake, Tooele, Juab...20100126, Draft EIS, DOS, 00, Keystone XL Oil Pipeline Project, Presidential...

243

77 FR 49824 - Draft Environmental Assessment and Draft Habitat Conservation Plan for TransCanada Keystone...  

...practicable. Background The Keystone XL Pipeline Project was previously proposed...Presidential Permit. The proposed Keystone XL Pipeline Project extended from Canada...Final EIS, DOS] for the Keystone XL Pipeline Project. The...

244

49 CFR 192.917 - How does an operator identify potential threats to pipeline integrity and use the threat...  

...OF NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Gas Transmission Pipeline Integrity Management...pipeline. (c) Risk assessment. An operator must...covered segments for the baseline and continual...

245

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 195 - Guidance for Implementation of an Integrity Management Program  

...For the baseline assessment schedule...of all pipeline segments...For the baseline assessment we would...age of pipeline, and product...Natural Gas Liquid...identifying all pipeline segments...plan for baseline assessment of the...

246

49 CFR 192.937 - What is a continual process of evaluation and assessment to maintain a pipeline's integrity?  

...OF NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Gas Transmission Pipeline Integrity Management...process of evaluation and assessment to maintain a pipeline's...After completing the baseline integrity...

247

Pneumatic or hydraulic freight pipes solve a waste problem  

Three methods of disposal of mine waste are discussed: pneumatic pipelines; pneumo-capsule pipelines; and hydraulic pipelines. Their different effects on the final conditions of the waste are considered.

248

76 FR 2683 - Notice of a Project Waiver of Section 1605: (Buy American Requirement) of the American Recovery...  

...regional pipeline system based on the IEUA's...modifying the pipeline profiles to accommodate...valves that must be buried would require lowering the pipeline depth several...indicating there are no systems of comparable...ARRA recipient or loss on behalf...

249

49 CFR 193.2001 - Scope of part.  

...Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE...ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE...LNG facilities used in the transportation of gas by pipeline that... (3) In the case of a marine cargo transfer system...

250

75 FR 45108 - East Tennessee Natural Gas, LLC; Notice of Availability of the Environmental Assessment for the...  

...pipeline with 24-inch- diameter natural gas transmission pipeline; Installing...miles of new 24-inch- diameter natural gas pipeline; [[Page 45109...Modifying piping at two existing compressor stations. The EA has been...

251

77 FR 59348 - Revisions to Page 700 of FERC Form No. 6  

...Annual Report of Oil Pipeline Companies. Action...the FERC Form 6. OMB Control No: 1902-0022. Respondents: Oil pipelines. Frequency of Responses...Industry Classification System defines a small oil pipeline company as one...

252

49 CFR 195.262 - Pumping equipment.  

...TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS LIQUIDS BY PIPELINE Construction § 195...Except for offshore pipelines, pumping equipment...property that is under the control of the operator and...the fire protection system installed...

253

49 CFR 195.1 - Which pipelines are covered by this part?  

...transportation or between a non-pipeline mode and a pipeline. These facilities do not...piping that are necessary to control pressure in the pipeline under § 195.406(b...dioxide enters the injection system, whichever is farther...

254

49 CFR 192.197 - Control of the pressure of gas delivered from high-pressure distribution systems.  

...2010-10-01 false Control of the pressure...distribution systems. 192.197...Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS...OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL...STANDARDS Design of Pipeline Components § 192.197 Control of the pressure...distribution systems. (a)...

255

49 CFR 195.577 - What must I do to alleviate interference currents?  

...TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION...HAZARDOUS LIQUIDS BY PIPELINE Corrosion Control § 195.577 What...currents? (a) For pipelines exposed to stray...current or galvanic anode system to minimize any...

256

49 CFR 192.203 - Instrument, control, and sampling pipe and components.  

...TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION...NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Design of Pipeline Components § 192.203 Instrument, control, and sampling pipe...to permanently closed systems, such as...

257

49 CFR 195.402 - Procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and emergencies.  

...any part of the pipeline system in a manner designed...altitude along the pipeline, and pressure monitoring and control devices. ...any section of a pipeline system in the event of a failure. (5) Control of released...

258

49 CFR 193.2513 - Transfer procedures.  

...Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS...CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY LIQUEFIED...that the transfer system is ready for use, with connections and controls in proper positions, including if the system could contain a...transfers into a pipeline system will...

259

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 195 - Risk-Based Alternative to Pressure Testing Older Hazardous Liquid and Carbon Dioxide Pipelines  

...two years or operate the pipeline system at a lower pressure. Pipeline failures, changes in the...mill hydrotest; the quality control of the steel-making process...quality. 3 For those pipeline operators with...

260

49 CFR 192.1007 - What are the required elements of an integrity management plan?  

...NATURAL AND OTHER GAS BY PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY...STANDARDS Gas Distribution Pipeline Integrity Management...its gas distribution system developed from reasonably...characteristics of the pipeline's design and operations...history, corrosion control records,...

 
 
 
 
261

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 195 - Guidance for Implementation of an Integrity Management Program  

...to integrity of each pipeline segment. ...show how a program to control risk on pipeline segments that could...the integrity of the system is weakening despite...narrative description of pipeline system integrity,...

262

49 CFR 195.305 - Testing of components.  

...TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS LIQUIDS BY PIPELINE Pressure Testing...replaced or added to the pipeline system need not be hydrostatically...manufactured under a quality control system that...

263

49 CFR 192.917 - How does an operator identify potential threats to pipeline integrity and use the threat...  

...Transportation 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false How does an operator identify potential threats to pipeline integrity...Gas Transmission Pipeline Integrity Management § 192.917 How does an operator identify potential threats to pipeline...

264

77 FR 28331 - Standards for Business Practices for Interstate Natural Gas Pipelines  

...Business Practices for Interstate Natural Gas Pipelines AGENCY: Federal Energy...Standards Board (NAESB) applicable to natural gas pipelines. The Commission, however...Standards Board (NAESB) applicable to natural gas pipelines. The Commission,...

265

49 CFR 195.557 - Which pipelines must have coating for external corrosion control?  

...2010-10-01 false Which pipelines must have coating for external corrosion control? 195...195.557 Which pipelines must have coating for external corrosion control? Except...submerged pipeline must have an external coating for external corrosion control if the...

266

Natural Gas Pipeline Safety: Integrity Management Benefits Public Safety, but Consistency of Performance Measures Should Be Improved.  

The Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 established a risk-based program for gas transmission pipelines-the integrity management program. The program requires operators of natural and other gas transmission pipelines to identify 'high consequence area...

267

49 CFR 192.201 - Required capacity of pressure relieving and limiting stations.  

...AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT...CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION OF...PIPELINE: MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Design of... (a) Each pressure relief station or pressure...into a pipeline, relief valves or other...

268

Investigation and adjustment of the pilot power unit equipped with a K-300-170-1R turbine produced by OAO Silovye Mashiny  

Results obtained from investigations and adjustment works on a K-300-170-1R steam turbine carried out concurrently with a comprehensive set of works (adjustment of the support and suspension system of pipelines, analysis of thermal expansions of the cylinders and operating conditions of the bearings, optimization of the steam admission system, balancing works, and others) aimed at improving the turbine unit vibration performance are presented. The use of such integrated approach makes it possible to efficiently settle matters concerned with removing increased vibration of a turbine unit.

269

Scoping Study on the Safety Impact of Valve Spacing in Natural Gas Pipelines  

The U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is responsible for ensuring the safe, reliable, and environmentally sound operation of the nation's natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines. Regulations adopted by PHMSA for gas pipelines are provided in 49 CFR 192, and spacing requirements for valves in gas transmission pipelines are presented in 49 CFR 192.179. The present report describes the findings of a scoping study conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to assist PHMSA in assessing the safety impact of system valve spacing. Calculations of the pressures, temperatures, and flow velocities during a set of representative pipe depressurization transients were carried out using a one-dimensional numerical model with either ideal gas or real gas properties for the fluid. With both ideal gas and real gas properties, the high-consequence area radius for any resulting fire as defined by Stevens in GRI-00/0189 was evaluated as one measure of the pipeline safety. In the real gas case, a model for convective heat transfer from the pipe wall is included to assess the potential for shut-off valve failures due to excessively low temperatures resulting from depressurization cooling of the pipe. A discussion is also provided of some additional factors by which system valve spacing could affect overall pipeline safety. The following conclusions can be drawn from this work: (1) Using an adaptation of the Stephens hazard radius criteria, valve spacing has a negligible influence on natural gas pipeline safety for the pipeline diameter, pressure range, and valve spacings considered in this study. (2) Over the first 30 s of the transient, pipeline pressure has a far greater effect on the hazard radius calculated with the Stephens criteria than any variations in the transient flow decay profile and the average discharge rate. (3) Other factors besides the Stephens criteria, such as the longer burn time for an accidental fire, greater period of danger to emergency personnel, increased unavoidable loss of gas, and possible depressurization cooling of the shut-off valves may also be important when deciding whether a change in the required valve spacing would be beneficial from a safety standpoint. (4) The average normalized discharge rate of {lambda}{sub avg} = 0.33 assumed by Stephens in developing his safety criteria is an excellent conservative value for natural gas discharge at the pressures, valve spacings, and pipe diameter used in this study. This conclusion remains valid even when real rather than ideal gas properties are considered in the analysis. (5) Significant pipe wall cooling effects (T{sub w} < -50 F or 228 K) can extend for a mile or more upstream from the rupture point within 30 s of a break. These conditions are colder than the temperature range specifications for many valve lubricants. The length of the low-temperature zone due to this cooling effect is also essentially independent of the system shut-off valve spacing or the distance between the break and a compressor station. (6) Having more redundant shut-off valves available would reduce the probability that pipe cooling effects could interfere with isolating the broken area following a pipeline rupture accident.

270

Scoping Study on the Safety Impact of Valve Spacing in Natural Gas Pipelines  

The U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is responsible for ensuring the safe, reliable, and environmentally sound operation of the nation's natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines. Regulations adopted by PHMSA for gas pipelines are provided in 49 CFR 192, and spacing requirements for valves in gas transmission pipelines are presented in 49 CFR 192.179. The present report describes the findings of a scoping study conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to assist PHMSA in assessing the safety impact of system valve spacing. Calculations of the pressures, temperatures, and flow velocities during a set of representative pipe depressurization transients were carried out using a one-dimensional numerical model with either ideal gas or real gas properties for the fluid. With both ideal gas and real gas properties, the high-consequence area radius for any resulting fire as defined by Stevens in GRI-00/0189 was evaluated as one measure of the pipeline safety. In the real gas case, a model for convective heat transfer from the pipe wall is included to assess the potential for shut-off valve failures due to excessively low temperatures resulting from depressurization cooling of the pipe. A discussion is also provided of some additional factors by which system valve spacing could affect overall pipeline safety. The following conclusions can be drawn from this work: (1) Using an adaptation of the Stephens hazard radius criteria, valve spacing has a negligible influence on natural gas pipeline safety for the pipeline diameter, pressure range, and valve spacings considered in this study. (2) Over the first 30 s of the transient, pipeline pressure has a far greater effect on the hazard radius calculated with the Stephens criteria than any variations in the transient flow decay profile and the average discharge rate. (3) Other factors besides the Stephens criteria, such as the longer burn time for an accidental fire, greater period of danger to emergency personnel, increased unavoidable loss of gas, and possible depressurization cooling of the shut-off valves may also be important when deciding whether a change in the required valve spacing would be beneficial from a safety standpoint. (4) The average normalized discharge rate of {lambda}{sub avg} = 0.33 assumed by Stephens in developing his safety criteria is an excellent conservative value for natural gas discharge at the pressures, valve spacings, and pipe diameter used in this study. This conclusion remains valid even when real rather than ideal gas properties are considered in the analysis. (5) Significant pipe wall cooling effects (T{sub w} < -50 F or 228 K) can extend for a mile or more upstream from the rupture point within 30 s of a break. These conditions are colder than the temperature range specifications for many valve lubricants. The length of the low-temperature zone due to this cooling effect is also essentially independent of the system shut-off valve spacing or the distance between the break and a compressor station. (6) Having more redundant shut-off valves available would reduce the probability that pipe cooling effects could interfere with isolating the broken area following a pipeline rupture accident.

271

Mine groundwater use for energy conservation  

The City of Timmins in northern Ontario conducted a study in the fall of 2001 to determine the potential for a cavern thermal energy storage (CTES) system and the associated savings in energy costs. This low temperature geothermal energy system makes use of ground water at abandoned underground mine workings. CTES involves the extraction and injection of thermal energy that is stored in groundwater contained within a flooded underground cavern, thereby providing both heating and cooling for buildings. The temperature profiles and the chemistry of groundwater was obtained from deep and shallow abandoned shafts in Timmins. Temperatures ranged from 6 to 13 degrees C and indicated upward flow of groundwater within the shafts and lateral flow along some drifts. The water is rich in Ca-Mg-SO4 with elevated iron and manganese and could potentially cause scaling. The Hollinger and McIntyre mine workings are interconnected at depth. Therefore, pumping in one area would affect water levels in another. Energy consumption data from the Timmins and District Hospital and McIntyre Centre recreation complex suggest that it would be advantageous to use seasonal thermal energy storage to reduce unit energy consumption rates for the 2 facilities. Energy savings of 50 per cent appear to be feasible. The city has a reliable cold season and several underground abandoned mines and is therefore well suited for seasonal storage of readily available cold energy that can be used in summer to provide very low cost air conditioning which is currently supplied by high cost electrically driven units. The study also showed that it would be possible to recover and store seasonal waste heat. 1 ref., 3 figs.

272

The challenges of working values of SEH (Safety, Environment and Health) in the construction of Urucu / Manaus Gas Pipeline in the Amazon rain forest; Os desafios de trabalhar os valores de SMS (Seguranca, Meio ambiente e Saude) na construcao do Gasoduto Urucu/Manaus na Floresta Amazonica  

This work, aims to sharpen the main difficulties of acting in SMS and the corrective and preventive measures in the work of the pipeline Urucu / Manaus, located in the influence of the Solimoes River, covering several municipalities in the state of Amazonas (Coari, Codajas, Caapiranga, Anama, Iranduba, Manaus). Such pipeline has three spread, namely Spread A, from Urucu to Coari, Spread B1, from Coari to Anama, and Spread B2, from Anama to Manaus. For the purpose of the present case, we have focused on the Spread B2, from the city of Anama to Manaus, from km 475 to Km 662, being 174,400 m long. Its main line ends right within the premises of the Refinaria Isaac Sabba (a local refinery), which is located at Rua Rio Quixito - Distrito Industrial. The purpose of the pipeline is to convey natural gas to the Pressure Regulating Station, which is located close by the aforementioned refinery. The gas is transported to Maua Thermoelectrical, to generate energy for certain areas of the Amazon capital city. The information has been obtained through observations made on the difficulties faced by the workers to comply with safety behaviour while carrying out their activities. Also, by using several tools, such us Auditoria Comportamental (Behaviour Auditing) - Audicomp, Aplicacao de Listas de Verificacao - LV's (Verification Lists), as well as Indice de Praticas Seguras - IPS (Safety Practices Index). The collected data is analysed, and displayed in graphics, tables and processed in PETROBRAS internal systems, such Audicomp (Behaviour Auditing), SALV (Verification Lists Application System), and Auditoria de IPS (Safety Practices Index Auditing). The main difficulties to implement SMS (Safety, Environment and Health) in a pipeline works in the Amazon require from the transportation logistics, communication problems, lack of enough local skilled labor, the adverse region's season conditions, both flood and dry seasons, as well as to commit the local population with Safety, Environment and Health principles, since they are not used to deal with such subject. (author)

273

Telescopic drilling rod  

The telescopic drilling rod includes an inner section of the rod, in whose center cable has been passed and is attached a bearing assembly connecting it to the winch, outer section of rod along which there is pipeline connecting the working cavity formed by the inner section of rod and the housing, installed on the lower end of the outer section of rod, with cavity formed by framework of the guide swivel and end piece and connected to the hydraulic system of the machine by pipeline, as well as clamping elements. In order to drill wells to a depth greater than the length of the outer sectrion of the rod, the latter jointly with the inner section of rod is lowered into the extreme lower position until swivel rests on the feed mechanism. With further slipping of cable and the absence of pressure in the hydraulic system, clamping elements do not have an effect on the inner section of rod. It has the opportunity to freely move along the outer section of rod downwards to the face. When pressure is supplied on pipeline into cavity and further through pipeline into working cavity, the inner section of rod is clamped with feed of the outer section in the process of drilling, both sections move jointly. Because of the link between working cavity of sleeve installed on the lower end of the outer section of rod, and the hydraulic system of the machine through the swivel cavity, it is possible to fix the drilling rod in any mutual axial position of the section.

274

75 FR 33803 - Sabine Pipe Line LLC; Notice of Request Under Blanket Authorization  

...Commission's regulations under the Natural Gas Act for authorization to abandon, in...abandon, in place, the Lake Charles Compressor Facilities, which include two natural gas-driven compressor units totaling 2,464 horsepower....

275

77 FR 51794 - East Tennessee Natural Gas, LLC; Notice of Request Under Blanket Authorization  

...Regulations under the Natural Gas Act (NGA) as...place two standby compressor units and abandon...reciprocating natural gas compressor units and abandon...update the two compressor units would require...East Tennessee Natural Gas, LLC,...

276

77 FR 5740 - Tennessee Abandoned Mine Land Program  

...TN-001-FOR; OSM 2011-0010] Tennessee Abandoned Mine Land Program AGENCY...receipt of a proposed amendment to the Tennessee Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Reclamation...Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA or the Act). Tennessee has submitted the amendment to...

277

76 FR 48833 - El Paso Natural Gas Company; Notice of Application  

...section 7(b) of the Natural Gas Act, to abandon, in place, El Paso's El Paso-Douglas Line (Line No. 1004) in Dona Ana and Luna Counties, New Mexico. Specifically, El Paso proposes to abandon approximately 34.2 miles of...

278

49 CFR 195.3 - Incorporation by reference.  

...CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION...Office of Pipelline Safety, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration...Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry...American Society for Testing and Materials...

279

49 CFR 193.2007 - Definitions.  

... Section 193.2007 Transportation Other Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE...ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE...car, tank truck, or marine vessel and a storage...

280

49 CFR 195.6 - Unusually Sensitive Areas (USAs).  

...Regulations Relating to Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE...ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS LIQUIDS...endangered species, depleted marine mammal species,...

 
 
 
 
281

49 CFR 192.112 - Additional design requirements for steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operating...  

...PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION...MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS Pipe...as mechanical or composite crack arrestors...Certification must address material properties such...PHMSA pipeline safety regional...

282

49 CFR 193.2633 - Interference currents.  

...Transportation (Continued) PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS...TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) PIPELINE SAFETY LIQUEFIED NATURAL...Each cathodic protection system must be designed and...with communications and control...

283

49 CFR Appendix C to Part 195 - Guidance for Implementation of an Integrity Management Program  

...atmospheric corrosion, vandalism...Operating conditions of the pipeline...Potential natural forces inherent...spills due to corrosion, gouges...pipeline's coating & corrosion condition, and steel...butane, Natural Gas...

284

Long-term transport network 2008-2017 investment forecast plan; Plan previsionnel d'investissements a long terme 2008-2017 sur le reseau de transport  

Total Infrastructure Gaz France (TIGF) provides and develops natural gas transport and storage services on a European scale to meet its customers' needs. It achieves a turnover of almost 300 million Euros and employs some 370 people. Backed by 50 years of expertise, TIGF is a major player in the natural gas market in 15 departements in South-West France. TIGF has drawn up an indicative development plan for the network for 2008-2017. This document gives an overview of proposed investments and of the development of transport services provided by TIGF, responding to changes in the gas market, the shippers' growing need for transport capacity and the forecast growth in gas consumption in the TIGF area (proposed CCGT gas fired power stations). Investment in gas infrastructure is a major step forward towards assuring the development of a competitive market that is fair, transparent and non-discriminatory for the years to come. That is why TIGF is focussing its development in the coming years on increasing the fluidity of transits entering/leaving its area. As the gas market is currently in a state of continuous change, and major uncertainties hang over the needs of the various players particularly over exchanges with the area to the north of TIGF, with Spain and the installation of a methane terminal at Verdon. In this uncertain climate, TIGF will focus on developing the WEST corridor for the next 5 years (2008- 2013), to provide reversibility of flows between France and Spain. This will cover the following works: the LACAL pipeline (Lacq-Calahorra), the Bearn Pipeline Artery (Lussagnet - Lacq), increased capacity on the Guyenne Pipeline Artery and on the EUSKADOUR pipeline (Coudure - Arcangues). This pipeline corridor, on which TIGF's development work started in 2007, is currently the one at the most advanced stage. For the next few years it will become the sole exchange hub between northern Spain and southern France. Beyond 2013, depending on market developments, TIGF has quantified the following projects: - The development of the existing EUSKADOUR link (Lussagnet - Bilbao connection) to increase exchange capacity on the Western Pipeline Corridor. - The development of a new connection with Spain to the east of the TIGF area (MIDCAT project (Midi - Catalonia)). If the market, which will be consulted in the near future, shows itself to be attracted to capacities in excess of those developed on the Western Corridor, then TIGF may decide to develop a new interconnection to the East of its area between Le Perthus and Barbaira (Carcassonne)

285

High Profile Intra Prediction Architecture for UHD H.264 Decoder  

This paper presents a new architecture for high profile intra prediction in H.264/AVC video coding standard. Our goal is to design an Intra prediction engine for 4Kx2K@60fps Ultra High Definition (UHD) Decoder. The proposed architecture can provide very stable throughput, which can predict any H.264 intra prediction mode within 66 cycles. Compared with previous design, this feature can guarantee the whole decoding pipeline to work efficiently. The intra prediction engine is divided into two parallel pipelines, one is used for 4x4 block prediction loops and the other is used to prepare data for MB loops. It can overlap data preparing time with prediction time, which can finish data loading and storing within 2 cycles. Comparing with MB pipeline only architecture, it can achieve more than 3.2 times higher throughput with 29.8K gates cost. The proposed architecture is verified to work at 175MHz for our UHD Decoder by using TSMC 90G.   

286

Basic principles of safe gas transmission pipeline design; Grundlagen der sicheren Auslegung von Gasfernleitungen  

This work attempts to summarize the results of extensive research work and fullscale tests with regard to some important criteria about pipeline safety that can be used in practice by the pipe manufacturer and the pipeline operator and to supplement them with new results and comments. Especially, it is demonstrated that the DWTT specimen to API is well suited to define the ductile-brittle transition temperature. To avoid long-running fractures, recommendations about the necessary toughness are made. The evaluation of the flaws in girth welds can be made by means of a guideline that can be used easily. Finally, the results concerning the fatigue strength of linepipe in service are presented and suggestions are made regarding the design of sea bed pipelines in deep waters, which are subjected to external pressure from ambient water. (orig.) [German] Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird versucht, die Ergebnisse umfangreicher Forschungsarbeiten an Grossrohren bezueglich einiger wichtiger Kriterien fuer die Leitungssicherheit fuer den praktischen Gebrauch durch Rohrhersteller und Betreiber zusammenzufassen und sie mit einigen neuen Ergebnissen und Bemerkungen zu ergaenzen. Insbesondere wird gezeigt, dass die DWTT-Probe nach API die Uebergangstemperatur vom sproeden zum zaehen Bruch gut beschreibt. Zur Vermeidung langlaufender Risse werden Empfehlungen fuer die notwendige Zaehigkeit gegeben. Die Bewertung von Fehlern in Rundschweissnaehten kann anhand einer leicht anwendbaren Richtlinie erfolgen. Schliesslich werden neue Versuchsergebnisse zur Betriebsfestigkeit von Grossrohren mitgeteilt und Hinweise fuer die Auslegung von aussendruckbeanspruchten Rohrleitungen bei Tiefseeverlegung gegeben. (orig.)

287

Fire prevention technical rule for gaseous hydrogen transport in pipelines  

This paper presents the current results of the theoretical and experimental activity carried out by the Italian Working Group on the hydrogen fire prevention safety issues in the field of the hydrogen transport in pipelines [Grasso N, Ciannelli N, Pilo F, Carcassi M, Ceccherini F. Fire prevention technical rule for gaseous hydrogen refuelling stations. Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, 8-10 September 2005, Pisa, Paper 420064]. From the theoretical point of view a draft document has been produced beginning from the Italian regulations in force on the natural gas pipelines; these have been reviewed, corrected and integrated with instructions suitable to use with hydrogen gas. From the experimental point of view a suitable apparatus has been designed and installe...

288

Combined loading effects on the fracture mechanics behavior of line pipes  

For certain applications, pipelines may be submitted to biaxial loading situations. In these cases, it is not clear the influence of the biaxial loading on the fracture mechanics behavior of cracked pipelines. For further understanding of biaxial loading effects, this work presents a numerical simulation of ductile tearing in a circumferentially surface cracked pipe under biaxial loading using the computational cell methodology. The model was adjusted with experimental results obtained in laboratory using single edge cracked under tension (SENT) specimens. These specimens appear as the better alternative to conventional fracture specimens to characterize fracture toughness of cracked pipes. The negligible effect of biaxial loadings on resistance curves was demonstrated. To guarantee the similarities of stress and strains fields between SENT specimens and cracked pipes subjected to biaxial loading, a constraint study using the J-Q methodology and the h parameter was used. The constraint study gives information about the characteristics of the crack-tip conditions. (author)

289

Understand the occurrence of pitting corrosion of pipeline carbon steel under cathodic polarization  

Pitting corrosion has been observed to occur on pipeline steels that are under cathodic protection (CP). In this work, the square wave polarization (SWP) technique and localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were combined to investigate the occurrence of pitting corrosion on a cathodically polarized X70 line pipe steel in a near-neutral pH solution. It was found that corrosion pits could generate on the steel under CP when it encounters a polarization fluctuation. A potential field is generated locally at defects on the steel to result in an electrochemical state conversion, i.e., the cathodic polarized state changing instantly to an anodic polarization. It was proposed that, for pipelines under CP, the generation of pits is highly possible due to the frequent fluctua...

290

Development of an automatic pipeline scanning system  

Pressure pipe inspection in nuclear power plants is one of the mandatory regulation items. Comparing to manual ultrasonic inspection, automatic inspection has the benefits of more accurate and reliable inspection results and reduction of radiation disposal. final object of this project is to develop an automatic pipeline inspection system of pressure pipe welds in nuclear power plants. We developed a pipeline scanning robot with four magnetic wheels and 2-axis manipulator for controlling ultrasonic transducers, and developed the robot control computer which controls the robot to navigate along inspection path exactly. We expect our system can contribute to reduction of inspection time, performance enhancement, and effective management of inspection results. The system developed by this project can be practically used for inspection works after field tests. (author)

291

Tunneling 1991. Compendium of tunneling technology, planning aids for tunneling. Taschenbuch fuer den Tunnelbau 1991. Kompendium der Tunnelbautechnologie, Planungshilfe fuer den Tunnelbau  

Section E contains seven papers presenting important information on tunneling in problematic soil and below high-sensitivity structures. Particular interest is taken in boundary conditions, e.g. working through partly mined coal seams, exploration and removal of bombs, pipeline heading below the groundwater level, underwater pipelines for ground water compacting of soil, and high-pressure injection. Three articles review the state of the art of single-shell and multiple-shell sprayed concrete, sprayed concrete with silica and steel fiber additions, and permissible loads on sprayed concretes. A new high-precision gyroscope is described which increases the directional accuracy of very long tunnels. Stock taking of damage cases and documentation of available resources can be facilitated by electronic data processing. Section F describes wheel loaders and scoop trams specially developed for underground mining; these transport systems are more efficient, less polluting and less energy-consuming than conventional multipurpose vehicles. (orig.).

292

An investigation of segregation and mixing in dense phase pneumatic conveying  

Pneumatic conveying of bulk materials has become an important technology in many industries: from pharmaceuticals to petro-chemicals and power generation. Particulate segregation has been investigated in many solids handling processes. However, little work has been published on the segregation and mixing in pneumatic conveying pipelines, particularly in dense phase pneumatic conveying. Due to the character of dense phase flow, it is difficult to investigate the segregation in a flowing plug. A sampling device was designed and built to take samples from the pneumatic conveying pipeline after ?catching a plug??. Several experiments were conducted over a range of gas?solids flow conditions with 3?mm nylon pellets and 3?mm ballotini as a segregating mixture. Experimental data combined with vid...

293

Simulation of horizontal pipe two-phase slug flows using the two-fluid model  

Slug flow occurs in many engineering applications, mainly in the transport of hydrocarbon fluids in pipelines. The intermittency of slug flow causes severe unsteady loading on the pipelines carrying the fluids, which gives rise to design problems. Therefore, it is important to be able to predict the onset and development of slug flow as well as slug characteristics. The present work consists in the simulation of two-phase flow in slug pattern through horizontal pipes using the two-fluid model in its transient and one-dimensional form. The advantage of this model is that the flow field is allowed to develop naturally from a given initial conditions as part of the transient calculation; the slug evolves automatically as a product of the computed flow development. Simulations are then carried out for a large number of flow conditions that lead a slug flow. (author)

294

Pipelined Frequency Transform (PFT). New architecture faster than Fast Fourier Transform (FFT); PFT. Ny arkitektur raskere enn FFT  

Pipelined Frequency Transform (PFT) is a new real-time conversion and filtering architecture that is said to be faster than Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). When signals with large bandwidth (80 MHz and above) must be channelled in true-time, the power of the hardware and the effort laid down in the development of new software, and the work done on systems integration, all often increase exponentially with operational frequency and the number of channels to be processed. The challenge is no longer on the analogue side, but to handle the mass of digital data in true time. Pipelined Frequency Transform (PFT), which was developed and patented by RF Engines Ltd. in Great Britain, is a new type of hardware by means of which it is possible to achieve a much higher quality of real-time data at simpler hardware than with traditional use of FFT.

295

Proposal of methodology for to implement system of environmental management at works of pipeline; Proposta de metodologia para implementacao de SGA - Sistema de Gestao Ambiental em obras de dutos  

Proposal presentation of the methodology to implements the environmental management system in works of pipelines with the objective to guarantee the efficacy in the management of the environmental impact and aspects of the activities of the construction and assembly of pipelines, identifiable through the environmental impact study. It initially makes brief explanation over the environmental national politics through of some topics of the mains generals norms of the legislation. After them, the presentation of the methodology through the model of management PDCA: Plan - Do - Check - Act, recommended for the ABNT NBR ISO 14001:2004. For each stage of the model are listed the activities and, of exceptional manner, it makes explanation of the environmental performance evaluation, accordant the ABNT NBR ISO 10031:2004. (author)

296

Network for the detection of words in continuous speech  

The authors describe a word-spotting algorithm that allows to compare the words of a given vocabulary against the outputs of the phonemic analysis of a pronounced sentence. The word-spotting algorithm (a simplified version) has been implemented in the Keal speech understanding system for the recognition of large vocabularies. This version constitutes the basis of the authors work. The parallel execution scheme of this algorithm combines classical multiprocessing and pipelining. The computation is decomposed into a great number of elementary activities that may be run in parallel. An important characteristic of these activities is that they are all built from the same unique model. In the following, the authors show that this computation may be supported by a simple and regular processor array which is capable of pipelining searches of successive words. 7 references.

297

TBG's equipment for gas pipeline repair and bypass in service; Equipamentos da TBG para execucao de reparos e bypass em operacao no Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil  

The Bolivia-Brazil Natural Gas Pipeline - GASBOL - begins in the city of Santa Cruz of La Sierra, in Bolivia, arriving in Canoas (RS), in Brazil, traveling an extension of 3.150 km. TBG is the owner and operator from 2.593 km in Brazilian soil, with maximum nominal diameter 32 inches, capacity of transportations until 30 million cubic meter a day, and MAOP 100 bar. This work presents the main available resources in TBG for repair of the gas pipeline, as clamps for small repairs, bolt-on clamps, equipment for hot tapping and execution of by pass in-service, cold cutter machine, air movers for removal the gas of the line, and movable systems of emergency illumination. The location of the equipment is detailed, the main technical and operational characteristics, as well as aspects observed in simulated accomplished in the operational units of TBG and presents the planning for acquisition of new equipment. (author)

298

Reliability of non-destructive test techniques in the inspection of pipelines used in the oil industry  

The aim of this work is to evaluate the reliability of non-destructive test (NDT) techniques for the inspection of pipeline welds employed in the petroleum industry. Radiography, manual and automatic ultrasonic techniques using pulse-echo and time of flight diffraction (TOFD) were employed. Three classes of defects were analyzed: lack of penetration (LP), lack of fusion (LF) and undercut (UC). The tests were carried out on specimen made from pipelines containing defects, which had been artificially inserted on laying the weld bead. The results showed the superiority of the automatic ultrasonic tests for defect detection compared with the manual ultrasonic and radiographic tests. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANN) were used in the detection and automatic classification of the defects.

299

Reliability of non-destructive test techniques in the inspection of pipelines used in the oil industry  

The aim of this work is to evaluate the reliability of non-destructive test (NDT) techniques for the inspection of pipeline welds employed in the petroleum industry. Radiography, manual and automatic ultrasonic techniques using pulse-echo and time of flight diffraction (TOFD) were employed. Three classes of defects were analyzed: lack of penetration (LP), lack of fusion (LF) and undercut (UC). The tests were carried out on specimen made from pipelines containing defects, which had been artificially inserted on laying the weld bead. The results showed the superiority of the automatic ultrasonic tests for defect detection compared with the manual ultrasonic and radiographic tests. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANN) were used in the detection and automatic classification of the de...

300

Experimental study of water wetting in oil-water two phase flow-Horizontal flow of model oil  

When crude oil and water are simultaneously transported in mild steel pipelines, corrosion problems are generally associated with the water phase being in contact with the metal surface at the bottom of the pipe. Consequently, knowing whether oil or water wets the pipe wall is an important factor, which can affect the corrosion mitigation strategy and increase confidence in the integrity of the pipeline. There are large knowledge gaps in this area of research and consequently only very crude empirical criteria are used in the industry. In the present work an experimental study of oil-water flow was conducted in a large diameter (0.1m ID) horizontal multiphase flow loop using four measurement techniques: flow pattern visualization, conductivity pins, fluid sampling and monitoring of corrosi...

 
 
 
 
301

A mathematical framework for modelling and evaluating natural gas pipeline networks under hydrogen injection  

This article presents the framework of a mathematical formulation for modelling and evaluating natural gas pipeline networks under hydrogen injection. The model development is based on gas transport through pipelines and compressors which compensate for the pressure drops by implying mainly the mass and energy balances on the basic elements of the network. The model was initially implemented for natural gas transport and the principle of extension for hydrogen-natural gas mixtures is presented. The objective is the treatment of the classical fuel minimizing problem in compressor stations. The optimization procedure has been formulated by means of a nonlinear technique within the General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) environment. This work deals with the adaptation of the current transm...

302

Review of strength of first year ice features and driving forces relating to ice scour  

Research relating to the strength of first year ice ridge keels and the current methods to calculate ice forces were described, and the application of this work to subsea facilities such as pipelines was discussed. Consideration of three possible limits to ice loads which affect ice scouring processes was suggested. First, ice was sometimes found to fail close to a structure as it was pushed into it by large driving forces. Second, to calculate limit stress load it is necessary to understand the strength of the ice feature in the appropriate failure mode. Third, the strength of ridge keels will limit ice scour depth and the loads imposed on subsea pipelines and other seabed facilities. Ice forces can also be limited by the driving forces on the ice feature, or by its momentum. These limit may also have relevance to ice scour processes. 2 refs.

303

System for management and control for enterprises (SACE); Sistema de acompanhamento e controle de empreendimentos (SACE)  

This article describes the main characteristics of the system SACE. SACE was developed as a result of the discussion in the Pipeline community of PETROBRAS' Engineering. Its main purpose is to enhance the administration process and inspection in lineal projects (Pipeline), as well as in sites away from the administration office. SACE unites integration, standardization of formats, reliability in data registration and communication, enhancing the administration and inspection of Contracts, as well as new projects' cost and schedule estimates. The system is also transparent and user friendly. SACE principle is the division and reduction of registration and data processing work. Documents and processes are totally chained, guaranteeing traceability and safety for managerial documents. The reliability of information generated by the system structure improves decision-making process, making it faster and more reliable. (author)

304

Environmental control programme for the pipeline construction activities - a practical viewing; Programa de controle ambiental das atividades de construcao de dutos. Uma visao pratica  

The environmental Control Plan of the Construction Activities of the Pipeline is a planning tool which sets forth the guidelines and procedures to be adopted by the companies in charge of the construction, so as to manage and minimize the environmental impacts arising from its implementation throughout the several steps of the work. Most of the impacts on the soil, vegetation, wildlife and population are local, on a space and timely basis, and occur mainly during the pipeline implementation. Such impacts may, to a great extend, be mitigated to acceptable levels through the application of the measures provided here under during and after the construction. So, the main purposes of the present Plan are to avoid, minimized, control and litigate potential impacts arising from the construction and operation, and to assure continuous compliance with the applicable environmental legislation. (author)

305

Monte Carlo radiative heat transfer simulation on a reconfigurable computer  

Recently, the appearance of very large (3-10M gate) FPGAs with embedded arithmetic units has opened the door to the possibility of floating point computation on these devices. While previous researchers have described peak performance or kernel matrix operations, there is as yet little experience with mapping an application-specific floating point pipeline onto FPGAs. In this work, we port a supercomputer application benchmark onto Xilinx Virtex II and II Pro FPGAs and compare performance with comparable microprocessor implementation. Our results show that this application-specific pipeline, with 12 multiply, 10 add/subtract, one divide, and two compare modules of single precision floating point data type, shows speedup of 1.6x-1.7x. We analyze the trade-offs between hardware and software 'sweet spots' to characterize the algorithms that will perform well on current and future FPGA architectures.

306

Analytical analysis of pipeline-soil interaction during J-lay on a plastic seabed with bearing resistance proportional to depth  

The pipe-soil interaction at the touchdown zone (TDZ) during pipeline installation is of great importance as the pipe embedment has significant influence on various aspects of the performance of the pipeline. Most of the published works focus on the pipe-soil interaction at a pipe segment of unit length ignoring the lay effects, or simplify the seabed as a series of springs. Deepwater deposits are usually very soft, exhibiting low strength and plasticity. This paper aims to reveal the pipe-soil interaction mechanism on plastic seabed during J-lay through an analytical model. The seabed deforms plastically during loading with certain stiffness, but the stiffness during unloading is infinitely large so that the deformation of the seabed is irrecoverable. This model is established based on a ...

307

Detection Confidence Tests for Burst and Inspiral Candidate Events  

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) is developing and running analysis pipelines to search for gravitational-wave transients emitted by astrophysical events such as compact binary mergers or core-collapsed supernovae. However, because of the non-Gaussian, non-stationary nature of the noise exhibited by the LIGO detectors, residual false alarms might be found at the end of the pipelines. A critical aspect of the search is then to assess our confidence for gravitational waves and to distinguish them from those false alarms. Both the ''Compact Binary Coalescence'' and the ''Burst'' working groups have been developing a detection checklist for the validation of candidate-events, consisting of a series of tests including data quality checks, analysis of the candidate appearance, parameter consistency studies, coherent analysis, which aim to corroborate a detection or to eliminate a false alarm. In this paper, the general methodology used for candidate validation is presented. The method is illustrated with an ...

308

A systematic design approach for low-power 10-bit 100MS/s pipelined ADC  

A systematic design approach for low-power 10-bit, 100MS/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented. At architectural level various per-stage-resolution are analyzed and most suitable architecture is selected for designing 10-bit, 100MS/s pipeline ADC. At Circuit level a modified wide-bandwidth and high-gain two-stage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) proposed in this work is used in track-and-hold amplifier (THA) and multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) sections, to reduce power consumption and thermal noise contribution by the ADC. The signal swing of the analog functional blocks (THA and MDAC sections) is allowed to exceed the supply voltage (1.8V), which further increases the dynamic range of the circuit. Charge-sharing comparator is proposed in thi...

309

Abandonment of offshore petroleum production installations  

This chapter examines the international guidelines on the abandonment of offshore petroleum product installations. It then outlines the legal and fiscal background, policy, practice and some reported cases of abandonment. Finally, it considers the response to these issues made by companies engaged in petroleum production to share the burden and risks of paying for abandonment. (UK)

310

InConference : oil and gas sector  

This Insight conference was held to review many of the legal aspects, legislation and regulations dealing with abandoned wells within the petroleum and natural gas industry. Remedial actions to rehabilitate the abandoned sites, legal issues in abandonment, obligations of the owner, the industry-sponsored Orphans Wells Program, were some of the topics discussed.

311

Multivariate optimization of networked production systems  

Today, many oil and gas production systems have flowline networks with many wells and surface pipelines. In the design of such production systems, the determination of parameters like separator pressure, the diameters of tubing, pipeline, or surface choke, and the length of pipeline is important to the achievement of an optimum production rate. The optimization of such problems, however, has been difficult because of the nonlinearity of the solution caused by the interaction between these parameters. In this work, multiple production parameters were optimized simultaneously in well networks in terms of a profit-based objective function, such as total production rate, net income from the oil product, or present value discounted by interest rates. The techniques applied in this work were Newton-type methods (derivative based), the polytope method (function-value based), and a new technique that uses a genetic algorithm (GA). On the basis of several test calculations on various types of optimization problems, the polytope method turned out to be the most efficient and consistent for low dimension problems with small numbers of wells, while the GA performed well in large systems with many variables to be optimized. The optimization of a pipeline network system was achieved successfully without any limitation on the selection of objective functions and decision variables to be optimized. The optimization technique can be used in the design stage of newly developed fields or in the planning of workovers in existing fields. The combination of this technique with reservoir simulation would be a powerful tool in a project implementation design process.

312

Infrared evaluation of insulated pipelines to detect water that could cause Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)  

IR (infrared) inspection is being used to inspect oil pipelines on the North Slope of Alaska. The object of this inspection is to detect water trapped in the foam insulation around the steel pipes before it can cause corrosion that could result in a pipeline leak. This is referred to as Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI). The same method can be used to inspect insulated pipelines containing LNG (liquid natural gas), steam, heated chemicals, cryogenic fluids, etc. As long as the temperature in the pipe is substantially different (+ or -) than the ambient temperature, the IR evaluation method can work. Analysis can predict whether it will work for a specific application and operating conditions. IR can scan multiple pipes quickly and is a good qualitative screening method for detecting water trapped in insulation. Anomalies found by IR are evaluated further using RT ("C-Arm" or other RT technique) or other NDT methods. RT is a relatively slow technique compared to IR, but it is capable of detecting both water and pipe wall thinning. When the water level is high enough to reach the steel pipeline, corrosion of the pipe can occur. In this case, the corrosion is from the outside of the pipe inward. Other corrosion and erosion may take place from the inside out. Corrosion and erosion can eventually result in a hole in the pipe, which results in a leak. Thermal modeling has been performed to predict the environmental conditions under which IR testing will be successful. IR test procedures have been written and a personnel certification program has been implemented.

313

Coalfield abandonment: geochemical processes and hydrochemical products  

Coalfield abandonment leads to profound changes in the subsurface geochemical environment, as ventilated, drained voids are flooded by rising minewaters. This change in geochemical conditions often has dramatic consequences for minewater chemistry, as highly soluble iron sulphate salts (the products of pyrite weathering) are flushed into solution by the rising water. Numerous geochemical reactions act to buffer pH in such systems; others lower it further. The abandoned Durham Coalfield in North East England displays the full range of possible resultant water types, from mature, neutral, brackish pumped minewaters, to acidic and/or ferruginous uncontrolled minewater discharges from workings which have flooded up to surface level. Pumped waters show evidence of ion exchange, and of mixing between fresh recharge waters and deep basinal brines in some areas. The most ferruginous pumped waters are associated with sump drainage in the Hutton Seam (a widely-worked, moderate- to high-sulphur seam). The chemistry of uncontrolled discharges is strongly influenced by pyrite oxidation (present and former), and in some cases by siderite dissolution. The longevity of minewater pollution is controlled by the rate of flushing of `vestigial acidity` (the products of past pyrite oxidation) from the system, and by the degree to which `juvenile acidity` (products of seasonal pyrite oxidation above a fluctuating water table, or of ongoing siderite dissolution) is generated in the long term.

314

THE REMEDIATION OF ABANDONED IRON ORE MINE SUBSIDENCE IN ROCKAWAY TOWNSHIP, NEW JERSEY  

This report represents the thirteenth Technical Progress Report issued in connection with the subsidence remediation projects undertaken by Rockaway Township in Morris County, New Jersey. This report provides a summary of the major project work accomplished during this semi annual reporting period and contemplated for the subsequent reporting period. This report is issued as part of the project reporting provisions set forth in the Cooperators Agreement between the United States Government--Department of Energy, and Rockaway Township. The purpose of the Cooperators Agreement is for the Department of Energy to provide technical and financial assistance in a coordinated effort with Rockaway Township to develop and implement a multi-phased plan to remediate ground stability problems associated with abandoned mining activity. Primarily during the 1800's, extensive iron ore mining and prospecting was undertaken in Rockaway Township, part of the Dover District Mining region in Morris County. The abandoned mining activity has resulted in public safety hazards associated with ground collapse and surface subsidence features evolving in both developed and undeveloped areas within Rockaway Township. At the Green Pond Mine site at the Township's Jacobs Road Compost Storage Facility, construction was completed during this reporting period and surface monitoring began. Surface monitoring was conducted periodically at the Mt. Hope Road subsidence work area and adjacent areas after the January 2000 construction effort.

315

Involving service users in intervention design: a participatory approach to developing a text-messaging intervention to reduce repetition of self-harm.  

OBJECTIVE To engage a group of people with relevant lived experience in the development of a text-messaging intervention to reduce repetition of self-harm. BACKGROUND Contact-based interventions, such as follow-up letters, postcards and telephone calls, have shown potential to reduce repetition of self-harm in those who present at Accident and Emergency departments. Text messaging offers a low-cost alternative that has not been tested. We set out to develop a text-based intervention. The process of intervention development is rarely reported and little is known about the impact of service user involvement on intervention design. METHOD We held a series of six participatory workshops and invited service users and clinicians to help us work out how to get the right message to the right person at the right time, and to simulate and test prototypes of an intervention. RESULTS Service users rejected both the idea of a generic, 'one size fits all' approach and that of 'audience segmentation', maintaining that text messages could be safe and effective only if individualized. This led us to abandon our original thinking and develop a way of supporting individuals to author their own self-efficacy messages and store them in a personal message bank for withdrawal at times of crisis. CONCLUSIONS This paper highlights both the challenge and the impact of involving consumers at the development stage. Working with those with lived experience requires openness, flexibility and a readiness to abandon or radically revise initial plans, and may have unexpected consequences for intervention design. PMID:20860777

316

Underground nuclear power station using self-regulating heat-pipe controlled reactors  

A nuclear reactor for generating electricity is disposed underground at the bottom of a vertical hole that can be drilled using conventional drilling technology. The primary coolant of the reactor core is the working fluid in a plurality of thermodynamically coupled heat pipes emplaced in the hole between the heat source at the bottom of the hole and heat exchange means near the surface of the earth. Additionally, the primary coolant (consisting of the working flud in the heat pipes in the reactor core) moderates neutrons and regulates their reactivity, thus keeping the power of the reactor substantially constant. At the end of its useful life, the reactor core may be abandoned in place. Isolation from the atmosphere in case of accident or for abandonment is provided by the operation of explosive closures and mechanical valves emplaced along the hole. This invention combines technology developed and tested for small, highly efficient, space-based nuclear electric power plants with the technology of fast-acting closure mechanisms developed and used for underground testing of nuclear weapons. This invention provides a nuclear power installation which is safe from the worst conceivable reactor accident, namely, the explosion of a nuclear weapon near the ground surface of a nuclear power reactor.

317

Analysis of high-throughput plant image data with the information system IAP.  

This work presents a sophisticated information system, the Integrated Analysis Platform (IAP), an approach supporting large-scale image analysis for different species and imaging systems. In its current form, IAP supports the investigation of Maize, Barley and Arabidopsis plants based on images obtained in different spectra. Several components of the IAP system, which are described in this work, cover the complete end-to-end pipeline, starting with the image transfer from the imaging infrastructure, (grid distributed) image analysis, data management for raw data and analysis results, to the automated generation of experiment reports. PMID:22745177

318

Guided circumferential shear horizontal waves in an isotropic hollow cylinder  

Guided time-harmonic shear horizontal (SH) waves propagating in the circumferential direction of an isotropic hollow cylinder are studied. The dispersion equation as well as the displacement and stress field across the wall thickness is derived analytically. Compared with the SH waves in a plate, a quantitative guideline of how well a plate model can approximate a pipe in the circumferential direction is given for defect characterization purpose. The work is also crucial for initiating work efforts on three-dimensional wave scattering for pipeline inspection.

319

TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE OPERATION OF THE EXISTING NATURAL GAS COMPRESSION INFRASTRUCTURE  

This report documents work performed in the second quarter of the project entitled: ''Technologies to Enhance Operation of the Existing Natural Gas Compression Infrastructure''. The project objective is to develop and substantiate methods for operating integral engine/compressors in gas pipeline service, which reduce fuel consumption, increase capacity, and enhance mechanical integrity. The report describes the following work: preparation and submission of the Technology Status Assessment; formation of the Industry Advisory Committee (IAC) for the project; attendance at the first IAC meeting; preparation of the Test Plan; completion of the data acquisition system (DAS); plans for the first field test.

320

Cooperation of concession holders and contribution to works without trenches  

The works involved in laying and operating networks in built-up areas generally induce large earthworks. The resulting disturbances are less and less tolerated by the public and local government units which bear their social cost. Lack of coordination between players in the public sector is especially badly perceived. Accordingly, Electricite de France and Gaz de France, notably in the region of Paris, are, first, making every effort to coordinate works in order to minimize the number and size of earthworks, and, secondly, promoting the use of techniques which reduce environmental nuisances, such as reusing existing ducts as sleeves (sheathing and tubing), carrying out diggings with small surface dimensions or laying new ducts by guided horizontal drilling. All these methods are part of a shared EDG/GDF project named {open_quotes}TRD{close_quotes} (Travaux Rapides et Discrets - Rapid and Discrete Works). Moreover, as the subsoil in the Paris area and the lle-de-France is already close to congestion, it seemed of interest to optimize management of underground space. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method which combines the two concepts {open_quotes}coordination and rapid and discrete works{close_quotes}. More precisely, this paper will take up an easy, confidential information system enabling the different players to notify each other of the works planning toward coordinated solutions and to jointly develop works techniques without trench. We shall take a close look at the management of an {open_quotes}abandoned duct{close_quotes} database, as any player should be able to reuse such abandoned ducts.

 
 
 
 
321

Limitations on tree seedling establishment across ecotones between abandoned fields and adjacent broad-leaved forests in eastern Japan  

Field abandonment has increased over several decades under a long-term recession in Japanese agriculture. To support effective farmland management or reforestation, the patterns of tree recruitment in abandoned fields, which influence management costs, need to be clarified. We investigated tree seedling establishment and microsite variables along forest?field transects in 11 abandoned fields adjacent to secondary broad-leaved forests in the eastern Kanto region of Japan. Generalized linear mixed model analysis indicated that tree seedling establishment in abandoned fields was not correlated with the period of abandonment. Instead, it was positively correlated with vegetation openness. The dominance of a woody vine (Pueraria lobata), an annual liana (Humulus japonicus), and a dwarf bamboo (...

322

49 CFR 195.1 - Which pipelines are covered by this part?  

...carbon dioxide through a low-stress pipeline or segment of pipeline...in subpart B, a rural low-stress pipeline of any diameter...Coast Guard; (4) A low-stress pipeline that serves refining...facilities or storage or in-plant piping systems associated with...

323

75 FR 5177 - Pipeline Posting Requirements under Section 23 of the Natural Gas Act  

...would be captured at the receipt point on whatever pipeline that sub line flows into; thus...appropriate for a pipeline to report whatever information is available to the pipeline...an interstate pipeline should post whatever data it has available within three...

324

Coal log pipeline research at the University of Missouri. 3rd Quarterly report, July 1, 1993--September 30, 1993  

This report summarizes a research program on the transport of coal by formation of coal logs, and subsequent transport in pipelines. Separate projects within this program address questions on the formation of the coal logs, flow in pipelines, including slurry pipelines, interaction with water, wear in pipelines, and questions on economics and legal aspects.

325

Pipeline integrity management  

This paper focuses on some of the issues necessary for pipeline operators to consider when addressing the challenge of managing the integrity of their systems. Topics are: Definition; business justification; creation and safeguarding of technical integrity; control and deviation from technical integrity; pipelines; pipeline failure assessment; pipeline integrity assessment; leak detection; emergency response. 6 figs., 3 tabs.

326

Quantifying geomorphic controls on riparian forest dynamics using a linked physical-biological model: implications for river corridor conservation  

In high-order alluvial river systems, physical factors of flooding and channel migration are particularly important drivers of riparian forest dynamics because they regulate habitat creation, resource fluxes of water, nutrients and light that are critical for growth, and mortality from fluvial disturbance. Predicting vegetation composition and dynamics at individual sites in this setting is challenging, both because of the stochastic nature of the flood regime and the spatial variability of flood events. Ecological models that correlate environmental factors with species’ occurrence and abundance (e.g., ’niche models’) often work well in infrequently-disturbed upland habitats, but are less useful in river corridors and other dynamic zones where environmental conditions fluctuate greatly and selection pressures on disturbance-adapted organisms are complex. In an effort to help conserve critical riparian forest habitat along the middle Sacramento River, CA, we are taking a mechanistic approach to quantify linkages between fluvial and biotic processes for Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), a keystone pioneer tree in dryland rivers ecosystems of the U.S. Southwest. To predict the corridor-wide population effects of projected changes to the disturbance regime from flow regulation, climate change, and landscape modifications, we have coupled a physical model of channel meandering with a patch-based population model that incorporates the climatic, hydrologic, and topographic factors critical for tree recruitment and survival. We employed these linked simulations to study the relative influence of the two most critical habitat types--point bars and abandoned channels--in sustaining the corridor-wide cottonwood population over a 175-year period. The physical model uses discharge data and channel planform to predict the spatial distribution of new habitat patches; the population model runs on top of this physical template to track tree colonization and survival on each patch. Model parameters of tree life-history traits (e.g., dispersal timing) and hydrogeomorphic processes (e.g., sedimentation rate) were determined by field and experimental studies, and aerial LIDAR, with separate range of values for point bar versus floodplain habitats. In most runs, abandoned channels were colonized one third as frequently as point bars, but supported much larger forest patches when colonization was successful (from 15-99% of forest area, depending on point bar success). Independent evaluation of aerial photos confirm that cottonwood forest stands associated with abandoned channels were less frequent (38% of all stands) but more extensive (53% of all forest area) relative to those caused by migrating point bars. Results indicate that changes to the rate and scale of river migration, and particularly channel abandonment, from human and climatic alterations to the flow regime will likely influence riparian corridor-wide tree population structure and forest dynamics, with consequences for the community of organisms that depend on this habitat.

327

Attractive landscape and biofuel production - a possible combination?  

The aim of this study was to determine if it is possible to use abandoned farmland to produce biofuel and simultaneously promote an open landscape with possibilities of attractive views. Furthermore, the study aimed to present some land use alternatives for fulfilling these desires. The study was performed on abandoned farmland of 100 ha close to Lake Siljan in Dalarna County, Sweden (Lat. 60 deg 51 N; Long. 15 deg 4 E; WGS84). View analyses were used and the costs and benefits for the implied actions were calculated. Management scenarios were developed to illustrate different options. Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to model the influence on the view. It was found that Lake Siljan would be more visible from the road/railroad if zones were opened up. The best view would be achieved if oat or other low land uses were used. A rotation system with broad leaves grown as short rotation coppice, would also improve the view compared to nothing is done. The studied forested area of 100 ha held 9986 m3 of stemwood, which corresponded to 5900 tonnes dry weight biomass in 2005. The present value of the timber, pulpwood and biofuel was calculated to 4.6 million SEK. The revenues would be 2.8 million SEK, if cut immediately (2005). The most profitable land use alternatives were ley, fallow and broad leaves grown as short rotation coppice. The conclusion of the study is that it is possible to combine biofuel production and the creation of an open landscape along Lake Siljan. The management scenarios presented would allow scenic views at the same time as biofuel is produced on abandoned farmland. The profitability is more questionable and the dependence on subsidies is a vulnerable system involving a risk for changing conditions. However, if non-economic values such as culture, nature, rural development and tourism are considered, the proposed actions may be profitable. This study provides a basis for outlining guiding principles for extended biofuel production. Further work is necessary to fully cover all the aspects involved in biofuel production on abandoned farmland.

328

Pipeline design essential in making pigging plans  

Pigs have gotten an unfortunate reputation for getting stuck in pipelines. As a result, for many years few pigged their pipelines and consequently, many companies are paying the price to repair or replace their corroded pipelines. It is currently considered a necessary evil to run pigs to improve pipeline efficiency and prevent corrosion. Some pipelines were not designed to run pigs and occasionally the wrong type of pig is selected to run in a particular pipeline, increasing the chances of sticking a pig. A pipeline properly designed for pigging along with proper pig selection greatly reduces chances of sticking a pig.

329

Assessing and preparing a pipeline for in line inspection  

In today's pipeline environment, operators around the world face new and emerging state and federal regulations requiring validation of their pipelines' integrity. In line inspection, or smart pigging, is generally the preferred methodology used to investigate metal loss and corrosion in pipelines. Although many pipelines can accommodate smart pigging, there are many pipelines that cannot, for various reasons. Those reasons can vary from not having pig launchers and receivers installed on the line to impassable bends or restrictions and general cleanliness of the pipeline itself. Pipeline cleanliness, more times than not, is one of the main reasons for inaccurate in line inspection data gathering or failed smart pig runs. (author)

330

Pipeline vehicle; Kjoeretoey for roerledninger  

The invention relates to a pipeline vehicle designed for inspection and maintenance. Self-driven vehicle for pipelines characterized by comprising: a cylindrically designed vehicle body through which and/or around which the pipeline`s medium flows, a drive unit on the vehicle body which resiliently bears against the pipeline`s internal surface, a hydraulic system which powers the drive module, a power supply system for operation of the hydraulic system, and a controller which at least controls the vehicle`s movement in the pipeline. 20 figs.

331

A seismic design method for subsea pipelines against earthquake fault movement  

As there are no specific guidelines on design of subsea pipelines crossing active seismic faults, methods for land buried pipelines have been applied to. Taking the large seismic fault movement into account, this paper proposes improved methods for seismic designs of subsea pipelines by comprehensively investigating the real constraining of soil on the pipelines, the interaction processes of soil with the pipeline, the plastic slippage of the soil, and the elastic-plastic properties of the pipeline materials. New formulas are given to calculate the length of transition section and its total elongation. These formulas are more reasonable in mechanism, and more practical for seismic design of subsea pipelines crossing active faults.

332

Analysis of the generation and monitoring of impact on fauna in the gas pipeline works in the current environmental legislation; Analise da geracao e monitoramento do impacto sobre a fauna silvestre em obras de gasodutos face a legislacao ambiental vigente  

The impacts to wildlife in areas where gas pipelines will be implemented are considerable, changing the existing balance. The main environmental measure adopted in the cases is the deployment of the Fauna Management Programme. This programme is sub - divided into two: Monitoring and Rescue of the fauna. The tracking step starts before the installation of the venture, with the completion of a first in order to identify the impacts before the venture, and finishes two years after the end of the works. These studies are based on guidelines set in the Normative Instruction of the environmental licensor agency, in which the criteria for implementation are restrictive, often without making a license agency distinction of methodology for enterprises with different characteristics. This article intended to review the criteria and the procedures established by the legislation and its real applicability in gas pipeline projects face to the environmental impacts identified to this activity. For this analysis, the methodology used was the case study of two gas pipelines: Cabiunas - Vitoria (GASCAV) and Cacimbas - Catu (GASCAC). The results allowed to conclude that the actions developed to the Sub-Programme of Rescue of the fauna are satisfactory to control environmental impacts and that the Sub-Programme of Monitoring of the fauna just confirm behaviors and information's previous detected. (author)

333

Concrete coating removal; New technique developed for emergency repairs  

As part of a rapid-deployment emergency pipeline repair system. British Gas required a quick and efficient method of removing concrete weight coating from its 36-in. subsea trunk lines linking the Morecambe Bay and Rough fields with their respective onshore terminals. The latest generation of weight coating design was used on the pipelines to give maximum protection from trawl equipment and anchor damage. However, the high-integrity coating creates problems when the concrete must be removed for repair work. Various existing subsea removal techniques were examined at the Engineering Research Station's Subsea Test Centre at Blyth. These ranged from diver-held saws to high-explosive water jetting with grit entrainment. The removal times for a panel 1-m long varied from 12 to 24 hr and certain techniques damaged the pipeline. After analyzing the data from these trials, British gas decided to design and build its own concrete weight coating removal system based on diamond-tipped saws and hydraulic jackets. The system is detailed in this paper.

334

Environmental assessment on PETROBRAS pipeline projects: case study of Cacimbas-Catu gas pipeline; Engenharia de avaliacao ambiental no processo de concepcao de projetos de dutos da PETROBRAS - estudo de caso do Gasoduto Cacimbas (ES) - Catu (BA)  

The environmental assessment process is one of the most important phases in the implementation of pipeline projects. For that reason, new technologies and work procedures are used to perform the environmental assessment of areas where pipeways will be implemented. Since the quality of environmental assessment studies influences the social acceptance of projects and, consequently, the time required to obtain the environmental permits, PETROBRAS (Engenharia/IETEG/ETEG/EAMB) applies advanced technological tools to acquire remote sensing data (conventional / digital aero-surveys and satellite images), as well as software for digital image processing and integration and spatial analysis of information. Information about the physical, biological and socioeconomic environments are further verified and complemented through field trips using helicopters. This process makes it possible to identify environmentally favorable corridors to develop guidelines for the implementation of the pipeline, assuring its environmental feasibility, and produces relevant data to support the Environmental Impact Assessment Study, the Environmental Impact Assessment Report and the Risk Analysis Study. As an example of the application of this methodology, this paper presents results of the assessment of the Cacimbas / Catu gas pipeline, which is currently being permitted and is planned to be implemented in areas of high environmental complexity. (author)

335

Capsule Pipeline Research Center. 3-year Progress report, September 1, 1993--August 31, 1994  

The Capsule Pipeline Research Center is devoted to performing research in capsule pipelines so that this emerging technology can be developed for early use to transport solids including coal, grain, other agricultural products, solid wastes, etc. Important research findings and accomplishments during the first-three years include: success in making durable binderless coal logs by compaction, success in underwater extrusion of binderless coal logs, success in compacting and extruding coal logs with less than 3% hydrophobic binder at room temperature, improvement in the injection system and the pump-bypass scheme, advancement in the state-of-the-art of predicting the energy loss (pressure drop) along both stationary and moving capsules, demonstrated the effectiveness of using polymer for drag reduction in CLP, demonstrated the influence of zeta potential on coal log fabrication, improved understanding of the water absorption properties of coal logs, better understanding of the mechanism of coal log abrasion (wear), completed a detailed economic evaluation of the CLP technology and compared coal transportation cost by CLP to that by rail, truck and slurry pipelines, and completion of several areas of legal research. The Center also conducted important technology transfer activities including workshops, work sessions, company seminars, involvement of companies in CLP research, issuance of newsletters, completion of a video tape on CLP, and presentation of research findings at numerous national and international meetings.

336

Integrated natural gas pipeline control and customer service system of Gasum; Le systeme integre de controle des canalisations de gaz et de service au consommateur chez Gasum  

Due to the rapid development of the information technology, ageing is not the only driving force for replacing old computer systems with more sophisticated ones. The Finnish natural Gas company, Gasum Oy, has recently taken into use a new control and monitoring system for natural gas pipeline. A special customer service system, developed by Gasum Oy, is closely connected to monitoring system. It provides up-to-date information to all customers of Gasum Oy. The information is layered in three confidential levels: general information, operational data and invoicing information. The system is operating interactively in confidential Extranet. Inside Gasum Oy to meet the needs of departments outside the control room, a new GID system is developed. GID is a way to present pipeline process data and its further modifications with a very user-friendly interface based on geographical map. The system is based on data warehouse architecture and it is working on company's Intranet. This makes it possible to present various secrecy level information based on user ID. Gasum's new SCADA is not only the base for operating the pipeline, but it also provides lot of vital information to other systems serving different user groups within natural gas business in Finland. (authors)

337

An in situ method for observing wax crystallization under pipe flow  

As the phenomenon of wax deposition in crude oil pipelines is of great relevance to the petroleum industry, there has been considerable work on both real and model oil pipeline systems in an effort to gain insight into the deposition process itself. In an effort to develop a truly in situ means of characterizing the formation and evolution of the wax gel layers deposited in model pipeline systems, we have performed x-ray diffraction measurements of wax crystallization in wax-oil mixtures under flow. We conducted a time dependent investigation of the nucleation and growth of wax crystals and the evolution of the resulting wax gel deposit in mixtures of paraffin wax and dodecane under pipe flow through a standard x-ray quartz capillary of diameter 1mm. Our results were compared with those of larger scale, pressure drop experiments[1]. 1. Singh, P., et al., Formation and Aging of Incipient Thin Film Wax-Oil Gels. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 2000. 46(5): p. 1059-1074.

338

Residual strength evaluation of corroded pipelines with long defects based upon limit load analysis  

Accurate evaluation of the residual strength for corroded pipes remains essential in fitness for service analyses, including repair decisions and life-extension programs, of onshore and offshore oil and gas transportation. As the pipeline infrastructure ages, material loss due to corrosion represents one of the main degradation factors of steel pipes which leads to strength reduction and potential catastrophic failures. Current high resolution methods can precisely measure the geometry of corrosion defects. Despite the improvement of those techniques, they are insufficient to ensure high levels of reliability in the burst pressure assessment because the recognized semi-empirical nature of conventional procedures. This work studies the applicability of a stress based criterion based upon plastic instability to predict the burst pressure of pipelines with axial corrosion defects. Verification studies based on experimental burst tests of large diameter pipes made of API X65 and X100 steels with different defect length showed the effectiveness of the proposed criterion based on {sigma}{sup ref} ={eta}{sigma}{sub u} in failure predictions, even though the {eta} factor exhibits a potential strong dependence of the defect geometry and material properties. In general, the results presented here provide an effective support to the ability of the proposed stress based criterion in the integrity assessment of corroded pipelines. (author)

339

Qatar NGL-2 pipeline problems  

Qatar NGL/2 plant, commissioned in December, 1979, was designed to process the associated gas from the offshore crude oil fields of Qatar. The dehydrated sour lean gas and wet sour liquids are transported via two separate lines to Umm Said NGL Complex about 120 kms. from the central offshore station. The liquids line 300 mm diameter (12 inch) has suffered general and severe pitting corrosion. The lean gas line 600 mm diameter (24 inch) has suffered corrosion and extensively hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), also known as HIPC. Both lines never performed to their design parameters and many problems in the downstream facilities have been experienced. All efforts to clean the liquids lines from the solids (debris) have failed. This inturn interfered with the planned corrosion control programe, thus allowing corrosion to continue. Investigation work has been done by various specialists in an attempt to find the origin of the solids and to recommend necessary remedial actions. Should lines fall from pitting corrosion, the effect of liquids leak at a pressure of about 11000 kpa will be very dangerous especially if it occurs onshore. In order to protect the NGL-2 operations against possible risks, both interms of safety as well as losses in revenue, critically sections of the pipelines have been replaced, whilst the whole gas liquids pipelines would be replaced shortly. Supplementary documents to the API standards were prepared by QPC for the replaced pipelines.

340

Sulfate reducing bacteria detection in gas pipelines; Deteccao de bacterias redutoras de sulfato em gasodutos  

Microbiology induced corrosion (MIC) process associated with sulfate reducing bacteria (BRS) are one of the most important matter of concern for the oil and gas industry as 77% of failures have been attributed this sort of degradation. Corrosion products found present in gas transportation pipelines, the so-called 'black-powder' problem, are also a nuisance and source of economic losses for the gas industry. According to the literature, the incidence of black-powder can be ascribed to the metabolism of BRS that can be found in the gas environment. Integrity monitoring programs of gas pipelines adopt pigging as an important tool for internal corrosion monitoring. Solid residue such as the black-powder, collected by pigging, as well as the condensed, can be seen as a very valuable samples for microbiological analyses that can be used to detect and quantify bacteria related to the incidence of MIC processes. In the present work results concerning samples collected by pigging and condensed are presented. Small populations of viable BRS have been found in the pipeline. It can be seen that the inclusion of microbiological analyses of solid and liquid residues as a complementary action in the integrity monitoring programs adopted by gas transportation industry can be very helpful on the decision making concerning preventive and corrective actions to be taken in order to maintain the CIM processes under control. (author)

 
 
 
 
341

Development of a system based on transmission of gamma radiation for detection of incrustations in pipelines used for oil extraction  

Incrustation in pipelines found in oil exploration facilities - a problem that has been related since the '30s - reduce the flow and, as a consequence, the efficiency of the plant, thus impairing the activities of exploration and production of oil. These incrustations occur when there is mixing between water from the formation of the wells and the sea water injected in them - an injection which aims to increase the capacity of lifting and removal of the oil trapped in reservoirs. The purpose of this work is the development and application of the technique of gamma transmission to detect incrustations in pipelines for prospecting of oil. The measurements were performed using a system composed of Cs-137 source and NaI(Tl) scintillator detector. The results were processed in a spreadsheet for calculating the measurement of the thickness of the incrustation located in pipelines. The spreadsheet performs simulations of the interaction of radiation based on the known data of the pipe, such as diameter, thickness and composition, providing values of intensity that are compared with those obtained experimentally, and thus it is able to determine the existence and thickness of an infiltration layer. For the validation of both the simulation and the system, some laboratory tests were performed with a sample of pipe containing parts with and without incrustation. The results showed that, despite the limitations, the system was efficient enough to detect incrustations, showing the advantage of the reduced dose which is of great importance in offshore environments. (author)

342

Arakis Energy Corporation - oil pipeline to create a financial oasis in Sudan  

Arakis Energy Corporation is a Calgary-based independent oil exploration company targeting international exploration and development opportunities. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, the State Petroleum Corporation, Arakis is currently engaged to help discover, produce and transport oil in the Sudan. With an accelerated drilling program and pipeline preconstruction activities the Sudan project is on target for production start-up of 150,000 barrels a day in the fourth quarter of 1999, with pipeline throughput rising to 250,000 barrels a day by 2002. Total proved and probable crude oil reserves on that part of the Concession upon which exploration work has been conducted (about 30 per cent of the field) was estimated at 417.9 million barrels in 1997 by Sproule and Associates, an independent engineering consultant firm. Contracts for the supply of pre-coated steel pipe and related gathering lines were awarded late last year, and pipeline engineering, procurement and construction contracts earlier this year. The project already had significant effect on the Sudanese economy by providing employment opportunities in rig operation, labour, office administration and the various trades and professions. Arakis expects to market the oil at a price discounted to WTI at $2.33 per barrel.

343

Development, optimisation and characterisation of a radiation hard mixed-signal readout chip for LHCb  

The Beetle chip is a radiation hard, 128 channel pipelined readout chip for silicon strip detectors. The front-end consists of a charge-sensitive preamplifier followed by a CR-RC pulse shaper. The analogue pipeline memory is implemented as a switched capacitor array with a maximum latency of 4us. The 128 analogue channels are multiplexed and transmitted off chip in 900ns via four current output drivers. Beside the pipelined readout path, the Beetle provides a fast discrimination of the front-end pulse. Within this doctoral thesis parts of the radiation hard Beetle readout chip for the LHCb experiment have been developed. The overall chip performances like noise, power consumption, input charge rates have been optimised as well as the elimination of failures so that the Beetle fulfils the requirements of the experiment. Furthermore the characterisation of the chip was a major part of this thesis. Beside the detailed measurement of the chip performance, several irradiation tests and an Single Event Upset (SEU) test were performed. A long-time measurement with a silicon strip detector was also part of this work as well as the development and test of a first mass production test setup. The Beetle chip showed no functional failure and only slight degradation in the analogue performance under irradiation of up to 130Mrad total dose. The Beetle chip fulfils all requirements of the vertex detector (VELO), the trigger tracker (TT) and the inner tracker (IT) and is ready for the start of LHCb end of 2007. (orig.)

344

Experimental evaluation of residual stresses produced by plain dents in pipelines  

A dent means a permanent plastic deformation of the circular cross-section of the pipe. Dents are potentially danger for structural integrity of onshore and offshore pipelines, because it causes a local stress and strain concentration. It is also expected that residual stresses are introduced by the non-uniform plastic deformation. A plain dent is a dent which causes a smooth change in the curvature of the pipe wall that contains no wall thickness reductions (such as a gouge or a crack) or other defects or imperfections (such as a weld). This work presents an experimental evaluation of residual stresses intensification due to plain dents introduced through the same indentation process, in samples made of the same steel line pipe, commonly used in the pipeline industry. The residual stresses were measured in the longitudinal and circumferential directions in preselected points by X-ray diffraction technique, before indentation. After the samples have been dented, the residual stresses were measured once more at the same points, for comparison. All samples presented a similar behavior of the residual stresses due to induced plain dents, and the X-ray diffraction technique shows itself as an efficient methodology of stress measurement in pipelines. (author)

345

Thai gas expansion plans  

Demand for natural gas in Thailand is increasing significantly as the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand and the independent private power producers (IPPs) switch from oil to gas to fire their power stations in line with Government policy to reduce oil imports and use more gas from the Gulf of Thailand. The Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) has the sole right to buy and sell natural gas and other petroleum products in Thailand. According to PTT, the surge in demand for natural gas in the first half of 2001 was matched by a fall in demand for refined oil products. The PTT has received Government approval to convert to a limited company ready for listing on the Thai Stock Exchange. This is expected to further increase gas consumption. Details of gas sales to power generation and other industrial sectors by PTT and Unocal, Thailand's largest producer, are given. PTT operations include work to extend its gas pipeline transmission system. A number of new pipeline schemes are planned, including one across southern Thailand to transfer offshore gas from the Joint Development Area gas field owned by Thailand and Malaysia. This has encountered protests over the proposed plant and pipeline route.

346

Development of an elevated temperature in-service welding procedure  

Burn through is a concern when welding onto in-service pipelines. Burn through prediction using the Battelle model has been successfully applied to determine safe in-service welding parameters for a range of conditions, but is rarely used for elevated temperature applications. Recently completed work at EWI developed an in-service welding procedure for carbon steel pipelines up to 800 deg F (427 deg C). The Battelle model showed that increasing the temperature and heat input, but decreasing the wall thickness, increased burn through risk. Laboratory trial welds were metallographically analyzed and compared to Battelle model predictions and correlated well. Test plates were also placed in an 800 deg F (427 deg C) oven after welding for different times to determine if exposure at temperature affected the weld metal mechanical properties. Both plates passed destructive testing and a WPS was developed. For safety, the WPS specifies a maximum allowable heat input of 25 kJ/in. (1.0 kJ/mm) using 3/32-in. (2.4-mm) -diameter electrodes only. The two field trials on an operating pipeline verified the WPS by producing sound welds that were pressure tested and non-destructively examined upon cooling. NDE was performed during one field trial, at temperature, prior to making the hot tap but was unable to be done on the second due to technique limitations. (author)

347

Notes on the protection of AC-corrosion endangered pipelines; Hinweise zum Korrosionsschutz Wechselstromkorrosionsgefaehrdeter Rohrleitungen  

Various provisions for the protection of pipelines endangered by AC corrosion are described in the technical literature and may include measures to reduce AC current density and/or to increase DC current density in the defects in the pipe sheathing. Corresponding criteria are proposed in the recently published CEOCOR guidelines, for example [4]. This work summarizes laboratory measurements performed on specimens coupon which were exposed to on-potential, for the purpose of simulation of actual conditions encountered in pipeline operation. Aids to orientation for the calibration of cathodic anti-corrosion protection for pipelines actually or potentially endangered by AC corrosion are derived from the results obtained. (orig.) [German] Massnahmen zum Korrosionsschutz Wechselstrom-korrosionsgefaehrdeter Rohrleitungen werden in der Literatur verschiedentlich beschrieben und koennen die Verminderung der Wechselstromdichte und/oder die Erhoehung der Gleichstromdichte in den Fehlstellen der Rohrumhuellung umfassen. Entsprechende Kriterien werden z. B. im kuerzlich erschienenen CEOCOR-Leitfaden [4] vorgeschlagen. In dieser Arbeit werden Labormessungen an Probeblechen zusammengefasst, die - in Anlehnung an die Verhaeltnisse beim Rohrleitungsbetrieb - mit verschiedenen Wechselspannungen und Einschaltpotentialen belastet wurden. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Hinweise fuer die Einstellung des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes von Rohrleitungen abgeleitet, fuer die eine Wechselstrom-Korrosionsgefaehrdung besteht oder vermutet wird. (orig.)

348

Software development to estimate the leaked volume from ruptured submarine pipelines; Desenvolvimento de um software para estimativa do volume vazado a partir de dutos submarions rompidos  

The considerable increasing in the world petroleum consumption as the exhaustion of onshore reserves in the last decades leads the companies to exploit petroleum in offshore reserves (both shallow and deep water). As in onshore operations, accidents may also occur in submarine exploration. Leaking from submarine pipelines arises from corrosion pit and from axial or radial breakage. In all these three situations, the leaking is divided in three steps: pipeline depressurization until the internal pressure becomes equal to the external one; advective migration in which the driven force is the difference in the physical properties of the fluids; oil spill movement in the sea surface. A great number of mathematical models are Also available for the first and third steps. For the second one and theoretically, the most important situation, there is a restricted number of works respected to the oil volume leaked. The present study presents a software that is capable to accurate simulate a leakage through the advective migration phenomena. The software was validated for situations for different holes radii located in the upper side of a horizontal pipeline. Model results presented very good agreement with experimental data. (author)

349

In Situ Formation and Evolution of Gas Hydrates in Water-in-Oil Emulsions Using Pressure Rheometry  

In oil and gas production and transportation a major concern is the formation of gas hydrates (crystalline gas-water inclusion compounds that are stable at high pressures and low temperatures). Gas hydrates have a tenacious ability to plug pipelines, and may lead to unscheduled shut downs. The successful operation of pipeline transport with gas hydrates particles will depend on the ability to control gas hydrate agglomerations and depositions. Gas hydrates can be thermodynamically inhibited but this is proving cost ineffective and environmentally unfriendly. For this reason the oil/gas industry is moving to hydrate management rather than traditional methods of thermodynamic inhibition. One intriguing possibility would be to convert the water in the pipelines to non-agglomerating gas hydrates and then flow the slurry. However, this cannot be reliably achieved until basic understanding of hydrate slurry rheology is gained. To develop this fundamental understanding, in situ pressurized gas hydrate formation and rheological measurements from a water-in-oil emulsion have been conducted. In this work, small amplitude oscillatory and steady shear techniques have been used to characterize the rheological properties of these systems. The results demonstrate that hydrate formation can be detected in steady shear and oscillatory measurements, where a large viscosity (and elastic modulus) increase coincides with hydrate formation. Since temperature and pressure affect the thermodynamic stability of hydrates these are particular key variables that need to be tuned for this system.

350

Hydrogen infrastructure development in The Netherlands  

Increasingly people think of how a hydrogen energy supply system would look like, and how to build and end up at such a system. This paper presents the work on modelling and simulation of current ideas among Dutch hydrogen stakeholders for a transition towards the widespread use of a hydrogen energy. Based mainly on economic considerations, the ideas about a transition seem viable. It appears that following the introduction of hydrogen in niche applications, the use of locally produced hydrogen from natural gas in stationary and mobile applications can yield an economic advantage when compared to the conventional system, and can thus generate a demand for hydrogen. The demand for hydrogen can develop to such an extent that the construction of a large-scale hydrogen pipeline infrastructure for the transport and distribution of hydrogen produced in large-scale production facilities becomes economically viable. In 2050, the economic viability of a large-scale hydrogen pipeline infrastructure spreads over 20-25 of the 40 regions in which The Netherlands is divided for modelling purposes. Investments in hydrogen pipelines for a fully developed hydrogen infrastructure are estimated to be in the range of 12,000-20,000 million euros.

351

Issue Mechanism for Embedded Simultaneous Multithreading Processor  

Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) technology enhances instruction throughput by issuing multiple instructions from multiple threads within one clock cycle. For in-order pipeline to each thread, SMT processors can provide large number of issued instructions close to or surpass than using out-of-order pipeline. In this work, we show an efficient issue logic for predicated instruction sequence with the parallel flag in each instruction, where the predicate register based issue control is adopted and the continuous instructions with the parallel flag of ‘0’ are executed in parallel. The flag is pre-defined by a compiler. Instructions from different threads are issued based on the round-robin order. We also introduce an Instruction Queue skip mechanism for thread if the queue is empty. Using this kind of issue logic, we designed a 6 threads, 7-stage, in-order pipeline processor. Based on this processor, we compare round-robin issue policy (RR(T1-Tn)) with other policies: thread one always has the highest priority (PR(T1)) and thread one or thread n has the highest priority in turn (PR(T1-Tn)). The results show that RR(T1-Tn) policy outperforms others and PR(T1-Tn) is almost the same to RR(T1-Tn) from the point of view of the issued instructions per cycle.   

352

Measuring The cmb Polarization At 94 GHz With The QUIET Pseudo-cL Pipeline  

The Q/U Imaging ExperimenT (QUIET) aims to limit or detect cosmic microwave background (CMB) B-mode polarization from inflation. This talk is part of a 3-talk series on QUIET. The previous talk describes the QUIET science and instrument. QUIET has two parallel analysis pipelines which are part of an effort to validate the analysis and confirm the result. In this talk, I will describe the analysis methods of one of these: the pseudo-Cl pipeline. Calibration, noise modeling, filtering, and data-selection choices are made following a blind-analysis strategy. Central to this strategy is a suite of 30 null tests, each motivated by a possible instrumental problem or systematic effect. The systematic errors are also evaluated through full-season simulations in the blind stage of the analysis before the result is known. The CMB power spectra are calculated using a pseudo-Cl cross-correlation technique which suppresses contamination and makes the result insensitive to noise bias. QUIET will detect the first three peaks of the even-parity (E-mode) spectrum at high significance. I will show forecasts of the systematic errors for these results and for the upper limit on B-mode polarization. The very low systematic errors in these forecasts show that the technology is ready to be applied in a more sensitive next-generation experiment. The next and final talk in this series covers the other parallel analysis pipeline, based on maximum likelihood methods. This work was supported by NSF and the Department of Education.

353

Flow lines and export lines of Sabalo Gas Field - the engineering of a complex job; Flow lines e export lines de Sabalo - a engenharia da complexidade  

The construction of the natural gas flow lines and export lines system of the Sabalo field, in the far South of Bolivia is an unique job in the pipeline construction area. Its execution is a turning point in terms of engineering and construction technology in this industry. Among the Aguarague Cordillera (mountains), it runs across rocky canyons for more than 5 km, a 2.100 mt long narrow tunnel to overcome the mountains and steep hills along all the ROW length, with a total extension of 70 km, in line pipes ranging from 10'' and 12'' for the flow lines, 28'' for the gas export line and 8' for the condensate line. An integrated construction work plan was settled in order to face and overcome the complex construction situations found in every feet of the pipeline. Four simultaneous work sites were mobilized, 8 independent work fronts, 700 professionals and more than 150 pieces of heavy construction equipment, brought from 3 different countries. Special techniques were adopted also to handle the challenging detail engineering . All in all, the correct conjunction of a sound engineering work, planning, human resources and equipment and the managing flexibility to create alternatives and solutions at the fast pace required by a dynamic work schedule were essential to succeed, in a job with no room for mistakes. The successfully job completion open new possibilities to other challenging projects alike.(author)

354

LARGE-SCALE CO2 TRANSPORTATION AND DEEP OCEAN SEQUESTRATION  

Technical and economical feasibility of large-scale CO{sub 2} transportation and ocean sequestration at depths of 3000 meters or grater was investigated. Two options were examined for transporting and disposing the captured CO{sub 2}. In one case, CO{sub 2} was pumped from a land-based collection center through long pipelines laid on the ocean floor. Another case considered oceanic tanker transport of liquid carbon dioxide to an offshore floating structure for vertical injection to the ocean floor. In the latter case, a novel concept based on subsurface towing of a 3000-meter pipe, and attaching it to the offshore structure was considered. Budgetary cost estimates indicate that for distances greater than 400 km, tanker transportation and offshore injection through a 3000-meter vertical pipe provides the best method for delivering liquid CO{sub 2} to deep ocean floor depressions. For shorter distances, CO{sub 2} delivery by parallel-laid, subsea pipelines is more cost-effective. Estimated costs for 500-km transport and storage at a depth of 3000 meters by subsea pipelines and tankers were 1.5 and 1.4 dollars per ton of stored CO{sub 2}, respectively. At these prices, economics of ocean disposal are highly favorable. Future work should focus on addressing technical issues that are critical to the deployment of a large-scale CO{sub 2} transportation and disposal system. Pipe corrosion, structural design of the transport pipe, and dispersion characteristics of sinking CO{sub 2} effluent plumes have been identified as areas that require further attention. Our planned activities in the next Phase include laboratory-scale corrosion testing, structural analysis of the pipeline, analytical and experimental simulations of CO{sub 2} discharge and dispersion, and the conceptual economic and engineering evaluation of large-scale implementation.

355

Wax Point Determinations Using Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy  

The thermodynamic characterization of the wax point of a given crude is essential in order to maintain flow conditions that prevent plugging of undersea pipelines. This report summarizes the efforts made towards applying an Acoustic Cavity Resonance Spectrometer (ACRS) to the determination of pressures and temperatures at which wax precipitates from crude. Phillips Petroleum Company, Inc., the CRADA participant, supplied the ACRS. The instrumentation was shipped to Dr. Thomas Schmidt of ORNL, the CRADA contractor, in May 2000 after preliminary software development performed under the guidance of Dr. Samuel Colgate and Dr. Evan House of the University of Florida, Gainesville, Fl. Upon receipt it became apparent that a number of modifications still needed to be made before the ACRS could be precisely and safely used for wax point measurements. This report reviews the sequence of alterations made to the ACRS, as well as defines the possible applications of the instrumentation once the modifications have been completed. The purpose of this Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between Phillips Petroleum Company, Inc. (Participant) and Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corporation (Contractor) was the measurement of the formation of solids in crude oils and petroleum products that are commonly transported through pipelines. This information is essential in the proper design, operation and maintenance of the petroleum pipeline system in the United States. Recently, new petroleum discoveries in the Gulf of Mexico have shown that there is a potential for plugging of undersea pipeline because of the precipitation of wax. It is important that the wax points of the expected crude oils be well characterized so that the production facilities for these new wells are capable of properly transporting the expected production. The goal of this work is to perform measurements of solids formation in crude oils and petroleum products supplied by the Participant. It is anticipated that these data will be used in the design of new production facilities and in the development of thermodynamic models that describe the behavior of wax-saturated petroleum.

356

Grid Computing Application for Brain Magnetic Resonance Image Processing  

This work emphasizes the use of grid computing and web technology for automatic post-processing of brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) in the context of neuropsychiatric (Alzheimer's disease) research. Post-acquisition image processing is achieved through the interconnection of several individual processes into pipelines. Each process has input and output data ports, options and execution parameters, and performs single tasks such as: a) extracting individual image attributes (e.g. dimensions, orientation, center of mass), b) performing image transformations (e.g. scaling, rotation, skewing, intensity standardization, linear and non-linear registration), c) performing image statistical analyses, and d) producing the necessary quality control images and/or files for user review. The pipelines are built to perform specific sequences of tasks on the alphanumeric data and MRIs contained in our database. The web application is coded in PHP and allows the creation of scripts to create, store and execute pipelines and their instances either on our local cluster or on high-performance computing platforms. To run an instance on an external cluster, the web application opens a communication tunnel through which it copies the necessary files, submits the execution commands and collects the results. We present result on system tests for the processing of a set of 821 brain MRIs from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study via a nonlinear registration pipeline composed of 10 processes. Our results show successful execution on both local and external clusters, and a 4-fold increase in performance if using the external cluster. However, the latter's performance does not scale linearly as queue waiting times and execution overhead increase with the number of tasks to be executed.

357

District heating. [Pipeline heat loss computer programs  

Three computer programs which may be used for calculating the heat loss engendered by very long pipelines when installing district heating networks are described. PIPELINE calculates heat losses from insulated and uninsulated pipelines which are suspended in air. BURIED deals with pipelines which are interred in the soil. CONDUIT deals with pipelines which run inside either or circular section conduits, or are run in loose fill trenches.

358

Tefken builds Turkish pipeline project  

A turnkey contract was let in early 1983 for the construction of the Yumurtalik-Kirikkale crude oil pipeline system in Turkey. The design and construction of the 277 mile, 24 in dia pipeline will be completed toward the end of 1985. The pipeline will transport crude oil to the Central Anatolian Refinery. In the original design, the pipeline was planned for an ultimate capacity of 10 million tons/year with three pumping stations. Problems encountered in constructing the pipeline are discussed.

359

Pre- and Post-Columbian Land Cover Changes and Associated Climate Impacts  

Central America experienced extensive expansion of agricultural land during development of the major Central American societies, followed by widespread abandonment and regrowth of natural vegetation after the European conquest. Here we use a high resolution climate model, in combination with a new land cover reconstruction, to investigate the impact of pre- (1490 C.E.) and post- (1650 C.E.) Columbian land cover change on climate in this region. Pre-Columbian land cover causes significant precipitation reductions over coastal Mexico, the Yucatan, and southern Mexico during the wet season, as replacement of forests with agricultural land reduces evapotranspiration fluxes to the atmosphere. Conversely, precipitation over the Yucatan increases during the dry season, as increased surface warming moves additional moisture into this region from the surrounding oceans. With the post-Columbian period, during which major population declines led to large scale agricultural abandonment, the forest recovery results in a partial, though not complete, return to wetter conditions. Our study finds support for previous work speculating that land cover change associated with the Mayan civilizations may have amplified major droughts in the region, and points to the possibility of a direct biogeophysical response to the forest recovery following the arrival of Europeans.

360

Assessment of metal availability to vegetation (Betula pendula) in Pb-Zn ore concentrate residues with different features  

In this work, characterisation of several ore concentrate remains from an abandoned Pb-Zn mining factory was performed determining chemical and physical properties such as pH, organic carbon content, particle size distribution, total heavy metal content (Pb, Zn, Cu, As and Cd) as well as mineralogical composition which showed, in most cases, the oxidization of the parent ore material (mostly galena: PbS and sphalerite: ZnS) to more mobile fractions as anglesite (PbSO{sub 4}) and goslarite (ZnSO{sub 4}). Moreover, two operational defined extraction procedures commonly used in soil and sediment studies (first and second steps of BCR procedure and DTPA extraction protocol) were applied in the different mining wastes in order to study Pb and Zn mobility and likely bioavailability to Betula pendula growing on the same mining spoils, which presents lead and zinc contents in leaves over ten times background values. - Physicochemical characteristics and mineralogy of mining tailings determine metal availability to vegetation in abandoned mining sites.

 
 
 
 
361

Reproductive ecology of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) with high levels of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination  

Tree swallows(Tachycineta bicolor) breeding along the Hudson River forage extensively on PCB-contaminated insects that emerge from the river. The authors studied the reproductive ecology and behavior of tree swallows breeding at several sites along the Hudson River. Related work has shown that PCB levels in both eggs and chicks were among the highest ever reported in this species, with concentrations comparable to those found in aquatic organisms in the Hudson River. In 1994, reproductive success at PCB-contaminated sites was significantly impaired relative to other sites in New York. Reduced reproductive success was largely due to high levels of nest abandonment during incubation and reduced hatchability of eggs. In 1995, reproductive output was normal, but higher than expected rates of abandonment and supernormal clutches persisted. Growth and development of nestlings was not significantly impaired. Given the levels of contamination in this population, the success of most Hudson River tree swallows reinforces the importance of understanding interspecific differences in the effects of contaminants.

362

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of runoff water and vegetation from abandoned mining of Pb-Zn ores  

The present work reports on the heavy metal content: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in running waters and vegetation around abandoned mining areas. Two species of mosses (Dicranum sp. and Pleurocarpus sp.) and three different species of wild grass (Bromus sp., Rumex sp. and Pseudoavena sp.) growing on the surrounding areas of old lead-zinc mines (Aran Valley, Pyrenees, NE Spain) have been analyzed. Both water and vegetation were collected in two different sampling places: (a) near the mine gallery water outlets and (b) on the landfill close to the abandoned mineral concentration factories. For the heavy metal content determination, two different techniques were used: total reflection X-ray fluorescence for water analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence for vegetation study. Surface waters around mine outlets exhibit anomalous content of Co, Ni, Zn, Cd. Stream waters running on mining landfills exhibit higher Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb than those of the waters at the mine gallery outlets. The results allow us to assess the extent of the environmental impact of the mining activities on the water quality. The intake of these elements by vegetation was related with the sampling place, reflecting the metal water content and the substrate chemistry. Accumulation of metals in mosses is higher than those exhibited in wild grasses. Furthermore, different levels of accumulation were found in different wild grass. Rumex sp. presented the lowest metal concentrations, while Pseudoavena sp. reported the highest metal content.

363

Time-scale issues in the remediation of pervasively-contaminated groundwaters at abandoned mine sites  

Groundwater bodies in abandoned deep mine workings or perched within waste rock heaps or backfill are often pervasively contaminated with ecotoxic metals. Effective remediation of such groundwaters requires the interception and treatment (by passive or active means) of virtually the entire flow of groundwater. Design of remedial interventions has to be based on an adequate conceptualization of time-scale issues concerning the generation and dissipation of metal loadings and acidity. Combined laboratory, field and modelling studies of a number of mined systems are revealing the relative importance of geochemical attenuation and hydraulic flushing processes in determining the temporal evolution of groundwater quality at abandoned mine sites. Of particular importance in the short term is the flushing from the system of the products of the dissolution of hydroxy-sulphate salts, which are taken into solution during flooding of mines or waste rock repositories. In the longer term, the interplay between sources of acidity and alkalinity is seen to be the dominant factor. General lessons that can be drawn from these studies are well illustrated by the early evidence of substantial natural attenuation occurring at Lindsay Colliery, South Wales, which was flooded in 1998-99.

364

Development of biomass production technology in the Haut-Saint-Laurent region (south-west of Quebec) - phase 2 : interim report 2000-2001; Mise au point d'une technologie operationnelle de production de biomasse dans la region du Haut-Saint-Laurent (sud-ouest du Quebec) - phase 2 : rapport d'etape 2000-2001  

Short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) on abandoned farmlands has successfully been used in Sweden to produce woody biomass as a renewable energy source. Because of changing economic conditions, thousands of hectares of farmland are abandoned every year in Quebec. Although it is impractical to use this land to farm conventional crops, it is nevertheless well-suited for tree plantations. In Quebec, experiments with this method have been conducted since 1995 in the rural municipality of Haut Saint-Laurent to farm Salix discolor and Salix viminalis as sources of biomass fuels. Results of work done from 2000 to 2001 in the context of Phase 2 of this project were presented. During this time, the regrowth of branches was evaluated following the harvesting of the first crop of branches at the end of 1997. A total of six hectares were planted; three on well-drained sandy soils and three on poorly-drained clay soils. In addition, the results of a new project initiated in collaboration with researchers at the State University of New York (SUNY) were also presented. This last project involved the planting of two clones of poplar and ten clones of willow on a single hectare of land, always with the objective of producing biomass fuels. 59 refs., 12 tabs., 4 figs.

365

Shrinking Cities: Urban Challenges of Globalization  

Abstract Urban shrinkage is not a new phenomenon. It has been documented in a large literature analyzing the social and economic issues that have led to population flight, resulting, in the worse cases, in the eventual abandonment of blocks of housing and neighbourhoods. Analysis of urban shrinkage should take into account the new realization that this phenomenon is now global and multidimensional - but also little understood in all its manifestations. Thus, as the world's population increasingly becomes urban, orthodox views of urban decline need redefinition. The symposium includes articles from 10 urban analysts working on 30 cities around the globe. These analysts belong to the Shrinking Cities International Research Network (SCIRN), whose collaborative work aims to understand differen...

366

Hearing in court of the Federal Constitutional Court on October 27, 1992, in Stendal. The standpoint of the energy and power industry. Muendliche Verhandlung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts am 27. Oktober 1992 in Stendal - die Sicht der industriellen Energie- und Kraftwirtschaft  

On October 27, 1992 the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany has proposed a settlement in case of the complaint of unconstitutionality of the municipalities of the German states. According to this, to each municipility which want to operate municipal works the regional networks and plants for energy and gas supply are to be transferred free of cost. In return, these municipalities are to abandon their capital interest in regional suppliers. The author of this report pointed to the fact that the municipalities do not have to pay for the commodity value of the plants and networks as in West Germany; the separation costs are the last obstacle against the establishment of unnecessary municipal works which are not viable and involve great expenses. Due to the separation costs also the former GDR did not want to change the structures. (orig./UA)

367

Renovation of the hot press in the Plutonium Experimental Facility  

The Plutonium Experimental Facility (PEF) will be used to develop a new fuel pellet fabrication process and to evaluate equipment upgrades. The facility was used from 1978 until 1982 to optimize the parameters for fuel pellet production using a process which was developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The PEF was shutdown and essentially abandoned until mid-1987 when the facility renovations were initiated by the Actinide Technology Section (ATS) of SRL. A major portion of the renovation work was related to the restart of the hot press system. This report describes the renovations and modifications which were required to restart the PEF hot press. The primary purpose of documenting this work is to help provide a basis for Separations to determine the best method of renovating the hot press in the Plutonium Fuel Fabrication (PuFF) facility. This report also includes several SRL recommendations concerning the renovation and modification of the PuFF hot press. 4 refs.

368

Cutting to the chase[Decommissioning  

This article reports on the development of the cost effective abrasive cutting Sabre system which came as a result of UWG's work on the decommissioning of the Phillips' Maureen wells and adds to UWG's 'total severance solution' tools. The advantages of the system are highlighted and include the ability to operate from a platform or diving support vessel, to cut internal cases, and to eliminate the use of environmentally damaging explosives and the need to operate from a rig. The new Mark II version of the Sabre designed to work at greater depths of water, the range of the severance tools, UWG's well abandonment hole assembly system, and its aim to enter the Gulf of Mexico market are discussed. Details are given of the decommissioning of the Schwedeneck-See platforms in Kiel Bay off Germany and the Phillips' UK decommissioning plans for the Maureen platform.

369

Barnacle An Assembly Algorithm for Clone-based Sequences of Whole Genomes  

We propose an assembly algorithm {\\sc Barnacle} for sequences generated by the clone-based approach. We illustrate our approach by assembling the human genome. Our novel method abandons the original physical-mapping-first framework. As we show, {\\sc Barnacle} more effectively resolves conflicts due to repeated sequences. The latter is the main difficulty of the sequence assembly problem. Inaddition, we are able to detect inconsistencies in the underlying data. We present and compare our results on the December 2001 freeze of the public working draft of the human genome with NCBI's assembly (Build 28). The assembly of December 2001 freeze of the public working draft generated by {\\sc Barnacle} and the source code of {\\sc Barnacle} are available at (http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~vchoi).

370

Environmental impact and remediation of acid mine drainage: a management problem  

Work carried out at the abandoned copper (Cu) and sulphur (S) mine at Avoca (south east Ireland) has shown acid mine drainage (AMD) to be a multi-factor pollutant. It affects aquatic ecosystems by a number of direct and indirect pathways. Major impact areas are rivers, lakes, estuaries and coastal waters, although AMD affects different aquatic ecosystems in different ways. Due to its complexity, the impact of AMD is difficult to quantify and predict, especially in riverine systems. Pollutional effects of AMD are complex but can be categorized as (a) metal toxicity, (b) sedimentation processes, (c) acidity, and (d) salinization. Remediation of such impacts requires a systems management approach which is outlined. A number of working procedures which have been developed to characterise AMD sites, to produce surface water quality management plans, and to remediate mine sites and AMD are all discussed. (orig.)

371

Experimental investigation of wellbore integrity and CO2-brine flow along the casing-cement microannulus  

Wellbore integrity is one of the key performance criteria in the geological storage of CO2. It is significant in any proposed storage site but may be critical to the suitability of depleted oil and gas reservoirs that may have 10's to 1000's of abandoned wells. Much previous work has focused on Portland cement which is the primary material used to seal wellbore systems. This work has emphasized the potential dissolution of Portland cement. However, an increasing number of field studies (e.g., Carey et al., 2007), experimental studies (e.g., Kutchko et al., 2006) and theoretical considerations indicate that the most significant leakage mechanism is likely to be flow of CO2 along the casing-cement microannulus, cement-cement fractures, or the cement-caprock interface. In this study, we inves...

372

Reasons for Decision: Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline Management Ltd  

This document contains the decision and the reasons therefore of the National Energy Board in the matter of the application of the Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline Management Ltd (M and NP) to permit it to construct, own and operate four compressor stations and one custody transfer meter station on its mainline. These facilities are required to allow M and NP to provide firm natural gas transmission service up to 400,000 MMBtu/day for EnCana Corporation on the M and NP system from EnCana's Deep Panuke Project near Sable Island, commencing in late 2005. The Board heard evidence in Saint John, New Brunswick, on 30 Sept to 4 Oct 2002, and conducted an environmental screening in respect of the construction, operation, decommissioning and abandonment of the proposed facilities. The Board also reviewed the appropriateness and safety of the design of the applied-for facilities, the gas supply, transportation, and economic feasibility of the proposed facilities, land, consultation, socio-economic, environmental, financial and toll matters. The Board heard and rejected arguments from the Province of New Brunswick requesting the Board to reserve its decision pending the filing of further information regarding EnCana's production profile. A request was also heard and rejected from Maritime Electric, NB Power and the Communication, Energy and Paperworkers Union to impose certain conditions to the Section 58 Order. Finally, the Board also reviewed other pertinent matters of public interest concerning this project and satisfied itself that the proposed compressor and meter facilities are essential to present and future public convenience and necessity. Accordingly the application was approved subject to the terms and conditions detailed in the Appendix.

373

Hydrochemical and Isotopic Evidence of Natural Attenuation at the Gas Station Contaminated with Fuel Hydrocarbon  

Groundwater flow, hydrochemistry and the carbon isotope composition (d13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were measured to know the effect of natural attenuation which is induced by biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon at the abandoned gas station contaminated fuel hydrocarbons. The aquifer sediment consists of 4 to 5 m of unconsolidated and weathered soils overlying granite. The monitoring results of water level showed the immediate response of that to rainfall. This implies that the site is an unconfined aquifer or is located at the near of groundwater recharge area. The contaminant transport modeling using GMS showed that the contaminants, BTEX, transported to two main directions, south and southwest from UST and pipeline. These results were proved by the filed observation of the BTEX from the groundwater seepage at the streams of south and southwest area. The geochemical indicator of natural attenuation, red iron precipitate, was also observed at the groundwater seepage. The hydrochemical indicators, Fe(II), Mn(II), sufides, and methane, of terminal electron accepting processes represented the sulfate reducing and methanogenesis environment of the site. d13C values of DIC ranged from -20.2 to -9.3 permil and increased in the source zone by the microbial degradation of hydrocarbon under methanogenic condition. The enrichment of isotopically heavy C is caused by the production of light 12CH4 from microbial respiration. The molar ratio of Ca to HCO3 is about 2.5 and this indicates the contribution of microbial oxidation of fuel hydrocarbon to DIC in groundwater. The geochemical modeling using PHREEQC showed the oversaturation of siderite, rhodocrosite and goethite and the saturation index of calcite increased as the increase of bicarbonate, indicating the enhanced microbial degradation. From the research results, the mineralogical, hydrological and microbiological factors can exert influence on groundwater chemistry and d13C of DIC.

374

Optimum operation of gas export systems  

The world's primary energy needs and consumption are increasing. Fossil fuels are expected to account for around 84% of the overall rise, and natural gas demand will have the fastest growth rate. Natural gas is a fossil fuel which is typically transported through pipelines from production installations to customers. Growing attention is being paid to energy efficiency and environmental emissions in natural gas transport. Operating efficiency is the major way to reduce emissions from system operation, in addition to its impact on system power consumption and operating costs. The system which is the subject of the analyses in this work is the Norwegian dry gas export system. Exports through this system account for 15% of total European gas consumption, and amounted to 86.2 billion scm in the 2006 gas year. This makes Norway the second largest natural gas exporter to Europe. Ranked as the world's largest offshore gas transport network, the Norwegian system comprises 7 800 km of pipelines, gas treatment plants, compressor stations, platforms, exit terminals and crossover legs, and has several gas routing alternatives. The complexity of the system, combined with requirements for energy and environmental efficiency, operational flexibility, capability and availability, and fulfilment of customer demands, make optimum operation of the system challenging. Shippers may vary the nominated gas quantity at exit terminals throughout a day. This makes it hard to forecast exactly how much gas should be delivered and the amount of gas inventory which must be available in the pipeline. Increasing the inventory implies rising the pressure and thereby increased power consumption and environmental emissions from compressor stations. Overall system operating cost is heavily dependent on the operating cost of gas compression. All these aspects demonstrate the need to analyse the integration between system components, and the importance and necessity of clear procedures and models showing how to operate the system in the most efficient way. The main objective of the work is to establish a model and guidelines for gas export system operation which increase system energy efficiency and reduce environmental emissions while fulfilling customer nominations. The model will also enhance understanding between system and terminal operators, and will be implemented in actual system strategic planning and operation. Analyses of system operation and integration and development of models are based on actual system operational data and interactions between system elements. Actual performance characteristics of system elements are applied and adjusted to represent actual performance in the models. Theory of systems engineering, operations research and thermodynamics, and software for simulation and statistical analyses are applied as tools in this work. Analyses have shown that pipeline inventory historically has been too high. A method for finding optimum gas pipeline inventories is established, resulting in recommended inventory curves for the export pipelines. According to the recommended curves, a potential exists for reducing system pipeline inventory by approximately 5% at 70-80% capacity utilisation (average utilisation) in export pipelines. Operational models of the gas export compressor stations in the system are also developed, together with an optimisation model of the whole system. The latter is based on the recommended pipeline inventory curves, the compressor station models and the results from analyses of system integration, constraints and requirements. Operating the system in accordance with the system optimisation model minimises specific power consumption and/or operating costs, and lowers these compared with actual operation. The savings in power consumption and/or operating costs derive from lower intermediate pipeline and compressor discharge pressures, a more equal distribution of gas flow between compressors and pipelines, often having more compressors in operation, and permitting flexibility between the system compressor stations. A validation process, cost-benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis of the model are performed. In addition, operational guidelines based on the model are established. These are currently under implementation in actual system strategic planning and operation. Applying the established models and guidelines has proved to provide savings in costs, power consumption and emissions, while fulfilling customer demand. The savings adds up to an annual value of almost 2 millions. The annual emission reduction by minimising power consumption for this system utilisation will typically be 0.2 Mscm CO{sub 2} and 2.5 tonnes of NO{sub X}- The major contributions of this work are presented in six papers contained in the appendices (author)

375

Accessing SDO data in a pipeline environment using the VSO WSDL/SOAP interface  

As part of the Virtual Solar Observatory (VSO) effort to support the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) data, the VSO has worked on bringing up to date its WSDL document and SOAP interface to make it compatible with most widely used web services core engines. (E.g. axis2, jws, etc.) In this presentation we will explore the possibilities available for searching and/or fetching data within pipeline code. We will explain some of the WSDL/VSO-SDO interface intricacies and show how the vast amount of data that is available via the VSO can be tapped via IDL, Java, Perl or C in an uncomplicated way.

376

Radiation dermatitis : report of 3 cases  

It has just passed 90 years since the discovery of X-ray by W.C. Roentgen in 1895. Not only in the medicine but also in the industry, have great utilization of ionizing radiation increased since the beginning of this century. There were also many known its hazards in spite of astonishable profits and contributions for mankind's welfare. Authors experienced 3 cases of radiation dermatitis which developed during gamma radiograms for nondestructive testing of pipelines with Ir-192. We tried to calculate the supposed exposure doses in each case, discuss the working situation and review of literatures to see the systemic and local effects of radiation.

377

The velocity of missiles generated by the disintegration of gas-pressurized vessels and pipes  

A theoretical model is developed to describe the velocity of fragments generated when a gas-pressurized vessel disintegrates. The predictions are compared with new and existing experimental data for spherical and cylindrical vessels and are shown to be an improvement over the widely used empirical correlation developed by Moore. It is also shown that, by an appropriate definition of the energy available for doing work on the fragments, the velocity of the fragments from the disintegration of a section of gas pipeline may be predicted by the same model.

378

Algorithms for seismic topology optimization of water distribution network  

As an essential lifeline engineering system, water distribution network should provide enough water to maintain people???s life after earthquake in addition to working under daily operation. However, the design of water distribution network usually ignores the influence of earthquake, resulting in water stoppage in large area during many recent strong earthquakes. This study introduced a seismic design approach of water distribution network, i.e., topology optimization design. With network topology as the optimization goal and seismic reliability as the constraint, a topology optimization model for designing water distribution network under earthquake is established. Meanwhile, two element investment importance indexes, a pipeline investment importance index and a diameter investment impor...

379

Artificial Neural Network's Prediction of Wax Deposition Potential of Nigerian Crude Oil for Pipeline Safety  

Paraffin wax deposition from crude oil along pipeline is a global problem, making preventive methods preferred to removal methods. In this work, a neural network model based on mathematical modeling technique using regression analysis as the statistical tool was developed to predict the wax deposition potential of 11 reservoirs in Nigeria. Using the viscosity-pressure-temperature data obtained from these fields to supervise the model, the model accurately predicted the present real-life situation in each field. Conclusively, the model could be used to predict wax deposition potential of any reservoir that is yet to be explored provided the temperature used during prediction is close to the actual reservoir temperature.

380

Reliability of the Ultrasonic Technique Applied to Detection of Pipe Weld Defects  

The objective of this work is to evaluate the reliability of the ultrasonic nondestructive test technique (NDT), for specific test conditions, using POD (probability of detection) curves developed by experimental procedures. Two classes of defects, lack of penetration (LP) and lack of fusion (LF) were intentionally inserted in 24 weld beads belonging to 4 API X70 steel pipeline specimens with an outer diameter of 254mm and wall thickness of 19.05mm. These specimens were inspected using manual and automatic ultrasonic techniques. The results, besides producing real POD curves, showed the superiority of the automatic techniques over the manual test in the probability of detection of these two classes of defects.

 
 
 
 
381

Hydrogen Permeation and Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of the X80 Pipeline Steel Weld  

In this work, the microstructure of an X80 pipeline steel weld was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The hydrogen permeation and electrochemical corrosion behavior were investigated by various electrochemical measurements and analysis. It was found that there is the smallest hydrogen permeation rate, but the largest hydrogen trapping density at heat-affected zone, while the base steel has the lowest hydrogen trapping. These results are associated with the typical microstructure of the individual zone. Moreover, the accumulation of hydrogen atoms would result in an enhanced corrosion locally.

382

Northern border eastern leg construction now underway  

As part of the 4800-mile Alaska Natural Gas Transportation System (ANGTS), the 823-mile eastern US leg will stretch from Morgan, Montana, to Ventura, La., and eventually will extend another 308 miles to Dwight, Illinois. Northern Border Pipeline Co. has employed five contractors to lay the 42-in-diam, 1435-psig line, which is scheduled for fall 1982 completion. Nine construction spreads comprise the length of the leg; work on six of the spreads began in May 1981. Extensive federal regulations have slowed the project at every stage.

383

System concept for the application of logistics in coal mining  

Although the author discusses the whole field of mining work, from buying and selling to mining and roadway drivage, the logistics of above-ground operations is not considered too extensively as buying and production processes are not closely linked. Also services like building materials transport through pipelines, energy supply, ventilation, drainage, and telecommunication are not considered as their logistics problems are different from those of mechanical haulage and supply systems. The emphasis of the article is an 'underground logistics', defined as the totality of processes serving layout, control, and implementation in bulk goods transport, materials transport, and personnel transport, including information transfer and the services required to maintain the necessary capacities.

384

Geothermal Energy R&D Program Annual Progress Report Fiscal Year 1993  

In this report, the DOE Geothermal Program activities were split between Core Research and Industrial Development. The technical areas covered are: Exploration Technology, Drilling Technology, Reservoir Technology (including Hot Dry Rock Research and The Geyser Cooperation), and Conversion Technology (power plants, materials, and direct use/direct heat). Work to design the Lake County effluent pipeline to help recharge The Geysers shows up here for the first time. This Progress Report is another of the documents that are reasonable starting points in understanding many of the details of the DOE Geothermal Program. (DJE 2005)

385

Long Term Analysis for the BAM device  

Algorithms aimed at the evaluation of critical quantities are based on models with many parameters, which values are estimated from data. The knowledge, with high accuracy, of these values and the control of their temporal evolution are important features. In this work, we focus on the latter subject, and we show a proposed pipeline for the BAM (Basic Angle Monitoring) Long Term Analysis, aimed at the study of the calibration parameters of the BAM device and of the Basic Angle variation, searching for unwanted trends, cyclic features, or other potential unexpected behaviours.

386

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) for shore approach applications  

Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) has become a commonly used construction method for pipeline shore approaches. HDD can mitigate environmental impact, provide greater burial depths and minimize construction schedules. The risks that are associated with HDD river crossings, which are generally well recognized, also apply to HDD shore approaches where they are combined with specific risks occurring from working in the marine environment. The shore approach projects of The Bronx and Hunts Point provide good practical examples of the benefits of this technology in spite of the various challenges encountered. (author)

387

Experiments in low power FPGA design  

Abstract in english This paper summarizes the utility of some low-power design (LPD) methods based on architectural and implementation modifications, for FPGA based systems. Power consumption is becoming one of the mayor design trade-off in today electronic. In this work, the contribution of spurious transitions to the overall consumption is evidenced and main strategies for its reduction are analyzed. Empirical results are present in order to show the effectiveness of pipelining and sequent (more) ialization as low-power design methodologies. The possibilities of power management techniques are explained and quantified. Algorithm level and Finite State Machines alternatives are also discussed and measured.

388

Bolivia-Brazil gas-pipeline implantation. The employment generation according to Leontief's matrix; Implantacao do gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil. A geracao de empregos segundo a matriz de Leontief  

During the past 15 years, a strong evolution in the concept of the use of energy for industrial purpose was brought in step by step by the Governments and users themselves. The progress within the fields of energy savings, thermal control and reduction of air pollution must be pointed out. Within this scheme the natural gas technology has overcome many technical difficulties and the solutions using natural gas rank among the most efficient to tackle current problems. The aim of this work is to analyse Bolivia-Brazil gas-pipeline implantation and it influences in the Brazilian economy.

389

Computer software to assess weld thickness loss in offshore pipelines: PEDS  

The purpose of this work is to present an initial vision about a computer software named PEDS to assess weld thickness loss in offshore pipelines through digital radiography. This software calculates the thickness loss through a data bank obtained using computational modeling based on Monte Carlo MCNPX code. In order to give users more flexibility, the computer software was written in Java, which allows it to run on Linux, Mac OSX and Windows. Furthermore, tools are provided to image display, select and analyze specific areas of the image (measure average, area of selection) and generate profile plots. Applications of this software in the offshore area are presented. (author)

390

Shipbottom sampling aids water measurement  

This article describes a new marine cargo inspection procedure involving discrete-level sampling of water found lying under crude cargoes in large tankers, thereby determining actual oil volumes. Delivery of undetected oil well production waters into crude oil cargoes cost billions of dollars annually. Presents diagrams of shipbottom sampling at water interface, pipeline flow patterns and a 10-50+% water-in-oil emulsion layer. Combining discretelevel shipboard cargo-sampling and static water-depth determination with chemical water analysis leads to significant new data. Suggests that traditional working water-level indications where no custody transfer is involved is still useful.

391

Ice/water slurry blocking phenomenon at a tube orifice.  

The phenomenon of ice-particle/water mixture blocking flow through a pipeline is a problem that needs to be solved before mixture flow can be applied for practical use in cold energy transportation in a district cooling system. In this work, the blocking mechanism of ice-particle slurry at a tube orifice is investigated and a criterion for blocking is presented. The cohesive nature of ice particles is shown to cause compressed plug type blocking and the compressive yield stress of a particle cluster is presented as a measure for the cohesion strength of ice particles. PMID:12496014

392

Integrated magnetic, geometric and discriminating sensor for instrumented Pigs; Sensor geometrico magnetico e discriminador integrado para pigs instrumentados  

In this work it is presented a result of a research partnership between PUC-Rio, PETROBRAS, Pipeway. The development of an innovative sensor head for high resolution MFL Pigs, the GMD sensor, Geometric Magnetic and Discriminator. This head make the magnetic pipeline reading, in high resolution using the MFL - Magnetic Flux Leakage technique, adding to it the geometric reading as well as the discrimination of the defects, as being external or internal. This technique makes possible the inspection of geometry, magnetism and discrimination with only one crown of GMD sensors. In this paper technical aspects of the development, eg: the constructive details of the sensor, evaluation tests and laboratory results are presented. (author)

393

Ductile fracture arrest methodology for current and future grades of linepipe steels  

A methodology (the Drop-weight-tear test, or DWTT) for the arrest of unstable axial ductile crack propagation is summarized. The method described was established under prior work by the American Gas Association and recently used by TransCanada for assessment of new and future gas pipeline projects. It replaces methodologies used in the past which have proven to be unreliable for high toughness materials and materials with rising-shelf behaviour. The paper describes the methodology, demonstrates differences with materials from different manufacturers, and explores trends for higher strength materials. 22 refs., 20 figs.

394

The nature of gas hydrates  

Gas hydrates have impacted the oil and gas industry since 1934, when they were first found to plug pipelines. Today we know that in deep oceans and in permafrost, very substantial gas reserves are present in hydrated form. Concerns are being raised about in situ dissociation for both energy and greenhouse implications upon methane release. In Japan work is underway to consider the storage of carbon dioxide, concentrated in clathrates. This talk will deal with some basic questions. Why should we be interested in gas hydrates? What are gas hydrates? How do gas hydrates form? How might hydrates impact on the energy/environmental picture?

395

Evidence-Based Professional Development Considerations along the School-to-Prison Pipeline  

This article addresses professional development (PD) issues for those who provide services to students in the school-to-prison pipeline (STPP). Emphasis is on implementing evidence-based practices. The authors use a modified version of Desimone's PD framework for the structure of this article involving (a) collective participation and common content foci, (b) coherence and continuums, and (c) duration and data-driven durability. Their hope is that this information will advance STPP PD practice and research. They offer considerations for future PD needs to those working to dismantle the STPP. (Contains 1 figure.)

396

Mechanization of concrete work at ground surface and in underground workings. Mekhanizatsiya betonnykh rabot pri sooruzhenii poverkhnostnykh i podzemnykh obektov  

Advantages are discussed of monolithic concrete in construction of buildings, structures on the surface and in underground workings in coal mines. Use of large prefabricated concrete elements, popular in the USSR, is evaluated. Difficulties of using prefabricated elements at sites located far from plants manufacturing the elements are discussed. Replacing prefabricated reinforced concrete elements with monolithic reinforced concrete is analyzed. Equipment for handling monolithic concrete, developed and used in some industrialized countries, is evaluated. About 40 types of equipment for concrete mixing and transport using trucks and pipelines (level, inclined or vertical) are evaluated. Equipment design is shown in 10 schemes. 27 references.

397

XJava: Exploiting Parallelism with Object-Oriented Stream Programming  

This paper presents the XJava compiler for parallel programs. It exploits parallelism based on an object-oriented stream programming paradigm. XJava extends Java with new parallel constructs that do not expose programmers to low-level details of parallel programming on shared memory machines. Tasks define composable parallel activities, and new operators allow an easier expression of parallel patterns, such as pipelines, divide and conquer, or master/worker. We also present an automatic run-time mechanism that extends our previous work to automatically map tasks and parallel statements to threads.

398

Design a 10-Bit 100MHz pipelined ADC using RB-OTA in 90nm CMOS technology  

In this paper a low consumption 10bits pipelined analogue to digital converter (ADC) by using a new operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is introduced. The ADC is designed to work at 100MHz with 1 volt bias voltage in a CMOS 90nm technology. The simulation results at frequency of 5MHz show the spurious free dynamic range and signal to noise ratio of 66dB and 58.4dB (9.4 ENOB) respectively. The power consumption for the designed ADC including digital and analogue parts is 14.4mW.   

399

Strain based design of pipelines  

It is becoming widely recognized that the design of pipelines based on a limiting stress basis may, in certain circumstances, be less economic than if they were designed using limiting strain criteria. This paper examines briefly the current state of information relating to formulations which would permit the use of a strain based design methods. The results reported here were generated on part of an initial study funded by the UK Health and Safety Executive. A joint industry funded project has been initiated to extend the range of information and formulations. The program of work for that project is described in the paper.

400

Automatic parallelization of while-Loops using speculative execution  

Automatic parallelization of imperative sequential programs has focused on nests of for-loops. The most recent of them consist in finding an affine mapping with respect to the loop indices to simultaneously capture the temporal and spatial properties of the parallelized program. Such a mapping is usually called a {open_quotes}space-time transformation.{close_quotes} This work describes an extension of these techniques to while-loops using speculative execution. We show that space-time transformations are a good framework for summing up previous restructuration techniques of while-loop, such as pipelining. Moreover, we show that these transformations can be derived and applied automatically.

 
 
 
 
401

Border thinking: Rossport, Shell and the political geographies of a gas pipeline  

Rossport is a small, sparsely populated rural area in the west of Ireland. Over the past seven years, some of its residents have been engaged in a struggle against the building of a gas pipeline through their locality by multinational corporations, including Shell and Statoil. Their struggle has garnered opposition and support within Ireland and internationally. This paper takes the story of Rossport as the starting point for a broader discussion of epistemology within political geography. Drawing on the work of Walter Mignolo, in particular his ideas about `border thinking' and the `decoloniality of knowledge', it argues that Rossport offers the possibility for a redeployment of postcolonial thought within political geography.

402

Distributed Computing for Localized and Multilayer Visualizations  

The aim of this paper is to develop an approach to visualizations that benefits from distributed computing. Three schemes of process distribution are considered: parallel, pipeline, and expanding pipeline computations. Expanding pipeline structure synthesizes the advantages and traits of both parallel and pipeline computations. In expanding pipeline computing, a novel approach presented in this paper, a multiplicity of processes are concurrently developed in parallel and knotted processor pipelines. The theoretical foundations for expanding pipeline computing as a computational process are in the domains of alternating Turing machines, molecular computing, and E-machines. Expanding pipeline computing constitutes the development of the conventional pipeline architecture aimed at utilization of implicit parallel structures existing in algorithms. Such structures appear in various kinds of visualization. Image deriving and processing is a field that provides diverse opportunities for utilization of the advantage...

403

Method and system for determining curvature in fluid transmission pipelines  

Monitoring of fluid transmission pipelines to determine movement of certain sections of the line as a result of ground subsidence, frost heaving or other motion is an important environmental and economic consideration with respect to pipeline operation and maintenance. An improved method is provided for determining the course of a subterranean or submarine pipeline in order to facilitate such monitoring. According to the invention, the pipeline curvature is measured by propelling an instrumented pipeline pig through the relevant section of the line and recording signals generated by one or more accelerometers mounted in the pig. At the time of pipeline installation, the course of the pipeline may be measured by recording the signals generated upon traversing the pipeline with the instrumented pig. Subsequent trips with the pig over the same section of the pipeline will provide signals indicating any change in course by comparing the recorded signals. Also according to the invention, a pipeline monitoring system is provided comprising a pipeline pig which includes instrumentation for measuring lateral curvature of the pipeline utilizing two orthogonally arranged accelerometers for recording lateral displacements of the pig as it moves through the pipeline. The pig also preferably includes means for measuring displacement of the pig from its launching point, such as a magnetometer which can sense magnetic anomalies caused by pipeline welds. 4 figs.

404

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSPECTION PLATFORM AND A SUITE OF SENSORS FOR ASSESSING CORROSION AND MECHANICAL DAMAGE ON UNPIGGABLE TRANSMISSION MAINS  

This development program is a joint effort among the Northeast Gas Association (formerly New York Gas Group), Foster-Miller, Inc., and the US Department of Energy (DOE) through the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The DOE's contribution to this project is $572,525 out of a total of $772,525. The present report summarizes the accomplishments of the project during its third three-month period (from April 2003 through June 2003). The project was initiated with delay in February 2003 due to contractual issues that emerged between NGA and Foster-Miller, Inc. The two organizations are working diligently to maintain the program's pace and expect to complete it in time. The efforts of the project focused during this period in finalizing the assessment of the tether technology, which is intended to be used as the means of communication between robot and operator. Results indicate that the tether is a viable option under certain pipeline operating conditions, but not all. Concerns also exist regarding the abrasion resistance of the tether, this issue being the last studied. Substantial work was also conducted on the design of the robotic platform, which has progressed very well. Finally, work on the MFL sensor, able to negotiate all pipeline obstacles (including plug valves), was initiated by PII following the successful completion of the subcontract negotiations between Foster-Miller and PII. The sensor design is at this point the critical path in the project's timetable.

405

Getting into hot water Problematizing hot water service demand: The case of Old Cairo  

This dissertation analyzes hot water demand and service infrastructure in two neighboring but culturally distinct communities of the urban poor in the inner-city area of central Cairo. The communities are the Historic Islamic Cairo neighborhood of Darb Al Ahmar at the foot of Al-Azhar park, and the Zurayib neighborhood of Manshiyat Nasser where the Coptic Zabaleen Recyclers live. The study focuses on the demand side of the hot water issue and involves consideration of built-environment infrastructures providing piped water, electricity, bottled gas, sewage, and the support structures (wiring and plumbing) for consumer durables (appliances such as hot water heaters, stoves, refrigerators, air conditioners) as well as water pumps and water storage tanks. The study asks the questions "How do poor communities in Cairo value hot water" and "How do cost, infrastructure and cultural preferences affect which attributes of hot water service are most highly preferred?". To answer these questions household surveys based primarily on the World Bank LSMS modules were administered by professional survey teams from Darb Al Ahmar's Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Zabaleen's local NGO "Spirit of Youth" in their adjacent conununities in and surrounding historic Cairo. In total 463 valid surveys were collected, (231 from Darb Al Ahmar, 232 from the Zabaleen). The surveys included a contingent valuation question to explore Willingness to Pay for improved hot water service; the surveys queried household assets as proxies for income. The dissertation's findings reveal that one quarter of the residents of Darb Al Ahmar and two-thirds of the residents of Manshiyet Nasser's Zabaleen lack conventional water heating service. Instead they employ various types of stoves and self-built contraptions to heat water, usually incurring considerable risk and opportunity costs. However the thesis explores the notion that this is rational "satisficing" behavior; despite the shortcomings of such self-help strategies, the greater flexibility they provide may lead to superior long-term outcomes in a time of uncertain and rising energy and commodities prices and an increasing availability of new, less expensive, increasingly modular, and more efficient technologies that are easier for individual households to install and use, especially if the State or non-governmental institutions can provide implementation support. The descriptive statistics and the multivariate models obtained through the analysis of the data gathered in the surveys show that while purchase price and running costs for dedicated water heating systems are considerations for families desiring hot water, the infrastructural demands of modern appliances vis a vis a consumer's given built environment and the historical/cultural legacy of the consumer's past hot water choices and practices are often more important determinants of the kind of water heating used and desired today. Our study shows, for example, that while higher income is associated with owning a water heater in a simple model with few explanatory variables (Model 3) it's significance disappears when controlling for Ethnicity and infrastructural elements (Model 1). This might suggest that while within communities there is a point at which making more money implies a shift to consumer "modernity", overall the availability of more money in these neighborhoods as a whole doesn't guarantee that the utility promised by modern appliances will be realized. A similar point can be made about formal education levels, which appear insignificant in our models. Policy that aimed merely at sending more kids to school would not address the great deficiencies that many Egyptian schools are noted for. There is no guarantee that merely expanding Egypt's "universal education" policy to include children who have fallen through the cracks would help increase consumer awareness or consumer choice. On the other hand both water availability and presence of hot water pipes, as proxies for assets in the built environment, are significant in model 2. With this information about how infrastructure affects consumer choice, and predictors from our models of the average family's willingness to spend discretional income on a new heater, we might suggest that policy aiming at improving the water delivery infrastructure might make a difference. With the right policies enforced, what are now "cold-water flats" could safely, inexpensively and reliably accommodate technologies that provide differentiated water temperatures in separate pipelines. This analysis of consumer choice regarding hot water as a combined water and energy and technological utility contributes to our understanding of redevelopment policy in three ways. First, it provides insights into what is really being valued in terms of amenities at the household level and the self-help strategies people employ to achieve desired end utility. Second, it identifies non-traditional issues, often overlooked in neighborhood improvement scenarios that may help make slum renovation programs more successful. Third, the study reveals the complexities involved in obtaining standard amenities, such as hot water, for low-income groups. Paradoxically, government subsidies for water and energy intended to help the poor may have hurt them by locking them into patterns of behavior which, coupled with architectural decisions sanctioned by the government, severely limit the ability of the poor to take advantage of new opportunities or avoid being constrained by changing conditions at a time of rising energy and resource costs. The findings from this dissertation show that we can not make the assumption that consumers in these areas will move increasingly toward conventional water heating appliances under current conditions; in fact many families have had such units and abandoned them for economic, utility and safety reasons. A rethink is necessary of how government, the private sector, NGOs and individual households can work together to guarantee that safe, reliable and economical hot water is provided to every family.

406

Mapping abandoned agriculture with multi-temporal MODIS satellite data  

Agriculture is expanding and intensifying in many areas of the world, but abandoned agriculture is also becoming more widespread. Unfortunately, data and methods to monitor abandoned agriculture accurately over large areas are lacking. Remote sensing methods may be able to fill this gap though, especially with the frequent observations provided by coarser-resolution sensors and new classification techniques. Past efforts to map abandoned agriculture relied mainly on Landsat data, making it hard to map large regions, and precluding the use of phenology information to identify abandoned agriculture. Our objective here was to test methods to map abandoned agriculture at broad scales with coarse-resolution satellite imagery and phenology data. We classified abandoned agriculture for one Modera...

407

Reliable pig location is vital to pipeline maintenance  

Coatings, cathodic protection, and proper bedding are essential to pipeline maintenance and protection, but they relate only to the external part of a pipeline system and ignore the inside. The interior of a pipeline is just as important from a maintenance standpoint and, for some types of lines, even more so. Pipeline systems are in need of regular pigging. Pigs and spheres can be run through almost any line of whatever size. Modern pipeline systems demand cleaning with pigs from the design stage through to project completion--and beyond. Building a pipeline today without careful consideration for on-stream pigging can be disastrous.

408

A review of the adequacy of certain geotechnical aspects of offshore pipeline design  

This study reviews the adequacy of various geotechnical aspects of offshore pipeline design in order to highlight areas which could affect the overall operational safety of such pipelines. The main text includes discussion of offshore pipeline design with conclusions and recommendations. The appendices give detailed discussions of each of the design aspects reviewed in the main text, including installation and loading considerations, the resistance of soil around pipelines, seabed susceptibility to scour and liquefaction, heat loss along pipelines, and pipeline protection and remedial measures. (UK)

409

A field study on phytoremediation of a lead-contaminated soil by Eucalyptus globulus in an abandoned mine site - Alagoa, Portugal  

Current engineering-based technologies used to clean up soils are very costly and need lots of work. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remove pollutants (i.e. heavy metals) from the environment or render them harmless. In the phytoremediation process several plant species can be used to reduce the concentrations of heavy metals in contaminated soils to environmentally acceptable levels. The idea of using rare plants which hyperaccumulate metals to selectively remove and recycle excessive soil metals has increasingly been examined as a potential practical and more cost effective technology than soil replacement, solidification, or washing strategies presently used. However, most hyperaccumulator species are not suitable for phytoremediation application in the field due to their small biomass and slow growth. Cultivation of woody plants in contaminated soils has showed potential for use in phytoremediation but also it provides aesthetic improvement in the field. In this study we studied the possibility of using the approach of phytoremediation of lead by Eucalyptus globulus in a lead-contaminated soil from an abandoned mine. Although Eucalytpus globulus prefer good ecological conditions in humid temperate climates, there are few studies that have showed their great potential in contaminated areas and important biomonitors of environmental quality. A test field was set up in an abandoned mine site (Alagoa, Portugal) in order to investigate the feasibility of phytoremediation of lead by Eucalyptus globulus. The field soil was characterized as follows: humus - 2.56-7.08%, pH in the soil water - 4.50-5.10, silte - 18-15% and total Pb - 67-239 mg/kg. The soils in some areas exceed the critical value (150 mg/kg) according with Portuguese law. Eucalytus globulus growing on the abandoned mine, contaminated with lead was studied. The results of shoots sample analysis (n = 15) show the total Pb levels of 0.170-0.093 mg/kg in the stem and 2.94-5.14 mg/kg in the leaves. The results obtain from this work suggest potential indicators for use of Eucalytus globulus in mining areas. Also the presence in the field of several generations of Eucalytus globulus and the existence of young plants near the main gallery suggest good adaptation in lead-contaminated soil.

410

Construction of new tie-in in the Bolivia-Brasil gas pipeline using hot tapping techniques : high pressure 92 bar  

The hot tapping technique is the most efficient method for performing branch and maintenance repairs on gas pipelines because there is no need for shutdown or clearance of the line. This paper described a project in which a 12 inch branch was installed in the 32 inch main line of the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline in order to supply natural gas to the Tres Lagos Thermal Electric Power Plant. The specifications, planning and job execution were described in detail, with particular reference to the fully reinforced T split sleeve which was welded into the pipeline. The work was performed under regular high pressure operational conditions (9022 kPa) and the flow rate was maintained at 10 million cubic metres per day. The welding process was well controlled as determined by the procedure using low hydrogen content electrodes that cause low penetration in the base metal, which in this case was the pressurized pipe. The magnetic particle and ultrasonic test techniques and inspections of the complex and innovative welding procedure in the API 5L X70 steel pipe were also described. The hot tapping process was then performed. It comprised the pipe drilling using the hot tapping machine with 12 inch bit. The pressure during the hot tapping operation was also 9022 kPa and the flow rate was 11.3 million cubic metres per day. The service was finalized with a pipe coating of coaltar and the new pipe branch was backfilled with sand. A preliminary hazard analysis was performed to evaluate major accident scenarios in each phase of the work. The field operation was successful due to the accurate planning and use of highly qualified labor for execution of the unprecedented welding procedure. 5 refs., 6 figs.

411

Predicting, detecting, and controlling slugs in pipeline-riser systems  

Floating Production Systems (floaters) are being built in the knowledge that during their lifetime they will probably have to operate under conditions of slugging. It is crucial therefore that the hydraulic behaviour of fluids under multiphase flow conditions is predicted accurately, to determine any adverse impact that slugging may have on production and topsides operations if not adequately controlled or mitigated. Equally the effect of any operation to control or mitigate slugging must be understood before it becomes part of an operator's field development strategy. In deep waters flexible risers are potentially the weak link connecting as they do subsea pipelines with topsides processing equipment. The shape of these flexibles, coupled with the topography of the pipeline, can help create conditions for liquid slugs (and in the worst case severe slugging) to develop in the pipeline - riser system, which will eventually be transported to the processing equipment. Yet limited topsides space, coupled with the need to minimise capital costs, means that large primary separation equipment is often no longer a viable option. Again, the consequences of these constraints in terms of processing large volumes of liquid and gas, safety and reliability of equipment etc, must be understood. This paper discusses some of the hydraulic behaviour issues which need to be considered when designing and operating multiphase systems in deep waters using flexible risers. It describes several projects being performed by CALTEC, covering topics such as the occurrence and characteristics of severe slugging in flexible risers, dynamic loading effects of slugging and how to detect and control slugs. Finally, some of the results from this work are presented together with future work being planned on these subjects. (author)

412

Narcissism and sadomasochistic relationships.  

People with narcissistic vulnerabilities often relate to others sadomasochistically-either exerting power, or submitting to others, or both-in order to manage their vulnerabilities and protect themselves from feelings of abandonment. Sadomasochistic experience often involves concrete thinking and limited playfulness or ability to use metaphor. In therapy, these difficulties are often actualized in the patient-therapist relationship so that usual verbal interpretations may be of limited value, and the therapist needs to work to maintain a mutually respectful relationship even as the patient tries to draw him/her into sadomasochistic interactions. Because these difficulties have roots in early childhood and are repeatedly reinforced by later experience, long-term treatment that provides ongoing opportunities for new experience and understanding will be most helpful. These ideas are illustrated with two case examples. PMID:22729454

413

Transient behaviour of deep underground salt caverns; Comportement transitoire des cavites salines profondes  

This work deals with the transient behaviour of deep underground salt caverns. It has been shown that a cavern is a complex system, in which there are mechanical, thermal, chemical and hydraulic evolutions. The importance of the transient evolutions, particularly the role of the 'reverse' creep in the interpretation of the tightness test in a salt cavern is revealed. Creep is characterized by a formulation of the behaviour law which presents the advantage, in a practical point of view, to only have a reduced number of parameters while accounting of the essential of what it is observed. The initiation of the rupture in the effective traction in a salt cavern rapidly pressurized is discussed. A model fitted to a very long term behaviour (after abandonment) is developed too. In this case too, a lot of phenomena, more or less coupled, occur, when the existing literature took only into account some phenomena. (O.M.)

414

Microbe-mineral interactions in naturally radioactive beach sands from Espirito Santo, Brazil: experiments on mutagenicity.  

Previous studies on naturally radioactive materials suggested that they can have a mutagenic effect on plants (growing in sands in Kerala, South West India), and on bats (dwelling in an abandoned underground mine of primary monazite ore in Namaqualand, Western Cape, South Africa). We hypothesised, based on previous theoretical work, that radioactive sands would not induce mutants in microorganisms over time scales typical of doubling times in the natural environment. The potential of exceptionally monazite (Th)-rich mineral sands collected from the coast of Espirito Santo, Brazil to induce single-point reversion in Escherichia coli cultures (both repair-competent and repair-deficient strains) was tested using the tryptophan reverse mutation assay. The results show that at least on a short-term scale (1-7 days), the monazite-rich sands did not cause an increase in reversion above background. PMID:17361436

415

High resolution microgravity investigations for the detection and characterisation of subsidence associated with abandoned, coal, chalk and salt mines  

The closure and decay of industrial activity involving mining has scarred the landscape of urban areas and geo-hazards posed by subsurface cavities are ubiquitous throughout Europe. Features of concern consist of natural solution cavities (e.g. swallow holes and sinkholes in limestone gypsum and chalk) and man-made cavities (mine workings, shafts) in a great variety of post mining environments, including coal, salt, gypsum, anhydrite, tin and chalk. These problems restrict land utilisation, hinder regeneration, pose a threat to life, seriously damage property and services and blight property values. This paper outlines the application of microgravity techniques to characterise abandoned mining hazard in case studies from Coal, Chalk and Salt Mining environments in the UK. (authors)

416

Successes and failures in prediction of groundwater rebound in abandoned mines - some theories and case studies  

Due to environmental and political factors many mines are closing, the pumps switched off and groundwater rising through the abandoned workings. It is important therefore to be able to predict the impact of the groundwater rebound on the surrounding environment and to assess the economic and sometimes the social effects of this phenomenon. Case studies are discussed to show the problems associated with predicting the rate of groundwater rebound and the potential for river pollution, flooding, subsidence, gas migration, surface instability and other geotechnical problems. It is considered that the best prognosis of the effect on mine closure will come from projects where in situ short term groundwater rebound tests can be accomplished. Where this is not possible then careful and continuous groundwater monitoring is recommended. 15 refs., 4 figs.

417

Trace element accumulation in plants from an aridic area affected by mining activities  

Trace element contamination has been a serious problem in the vicinity of abandoned mine sites. In the studied area, mining activities have produced great amounts of wastes, characterized by high trace elements content, acidic pH and minerals from supergene alteration. Trace elements have been dispersed, both downstream and downslope from the mine mainly due, mainly, to surface run-off. Trace elements hydric mobilization usually takes place during the rainy season, an important pollution route in the studied area. A wide range of techniques have been proposed to remediate soils polluted by trace elements. Among them, phytoremediation-based technologies could provide a long-lasting solution. The aim of this work was to determine trace element concentration in roots and leaves of five plant ...

418

On investigation of high T{sub c} superconductors with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectrometers  

Following the discovery of high T{sub c} superconductors, many researchers have applied EPR spectrometers to investigate their properties using the regular instructions to operate the spectrometer. As no substantial information was obtained it was soon practically abandoned. Investigations performed recently with the EPR technique, using a different operating method than the conventional one and the introduction of a detailed theoretical study related to the interaction of the JV with the microwave magnetic field lead to new and important results related to properties of high anisotropy superconductors indicating that the EPR spectrometer can be used to investigate properties of high anisotropy superconductors. The failures when using conventional operating method to obtain meaningful results and the method used in the present work to carry out the measurements in a proper manner are presented. Some important results obtained in investigating high anisotropy superconductors by the EPR technique are presented.

419

The Oued Mell?gue: Mining activity, stream sediments and dispersion of base metals in natural environments, North-western Tunisia  

In the Northwest of Tunisia, mining works have occurred in an area of vital water reserves and resources (Oued Mell?gue and Oued Mejerda), which represent nearly 81% of total potential of water in the region. Demographic growth, insufficient drinkable water, agriculture and industrial plants are factors responsible for the strong demand of this resource. Water supply is done by an interconnected battery of dams built on the major watercourses, the first of which, the Mell?gue dam, was erected in the 1960s. Nowadays, most of the mines are closed for almost two decades although one is still active: (Jerissa for Fe). It is important to emphasise the fact that there are millions of cubic metres of abandoned tailings, mainly from Pb?Zn?Ba mines, which are not surveyed, representing a serious th...

420

Bio-availability of tungsten in the vicinity of an abandoned mine in the English Lake District and some potential health implications  

This research addresses the occurrence, detection and possible fate of tungsten in the vicinity of an abandoned mine in the English Lake District. Aqua regia extraction and subsequent analysis of spoil and vegetation confirmed the presence of tungsten and other heavy metals. Spoil samples examined were last worked almost 100 years ago and the concentrations of copper, zinc, tungsten and arsenic detected demonstrate the environmental persistence of these metals in an area of relatively high rainfall. The bioaccumulation of tungsten by two species of plants is indicated and partitioning within different tissues of Calluna vulgaris is demonstrated. Mechanisms relating to mobility and speciation of the metals present were explored using sequential and single stage extraction systems. Tungsten appears to be relatively immobile when subjected to sequential extraction but increased bioavailability is indicated when single stage extraction using EDTA is employed.

 
 
 
 
421

Flooding of mines following the termination of mining operations in the Loire Region; La remontee des eaux a l`arret des exploitations souterraines du bassin houiller de la Loire  

This article reviews the activities of a multidisciplinary working group founded in 1981 by the Prefect of the Loire region. It was given the task of planning and controlling the filling of the abandoned mines in the region west of Saint-Etienne (Vallee de l`Ondaine). As a result of a number of studies (hydraulic, hydrodynamic, hydrochemical, thermographic, etc.) it was possible to forecast the location of natural or induced flooding, stabilizing the various underground water levels without use of pumps, thus demonstrating that the entire Saint-Etienne coal-mining basin has naturally and gradually developed a new underground hydrodynamic balance (quantity and quality) following initial pumping of drained water. 4 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

422

Molecular control of cell differentiation and programmed cell death during digit development  

Abstract During the hand plate development, the processes of cell differentiation and control of cell death are relevant to ensure a correct shape of the limb. The progenitor cell pool that later will differentiate into cartilage to form the digits arises from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells beneath the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Once these cells abandon the area of influence of signals from AER and ectoderm, some cells are committed to chondrocyte lineage forming the digital rays. However, if the cells are not committed to chondrocyte lineage, they will form the prospective interdigits that in species with free digits will subsequently die. In this work, we provide the overview of the molecular interactions between different signaling pathways responsible for the formation of digit...

423

Assessment of metal availability to vegetation (Betula pendula) in Pb-Zn ore concentrate residues with different features.  

In this work, characterisation of several ore concentrate remains from an abandoned Pb-Zn mining factory was performed determining chemical and physical properties such as pH, organic carbon content, particle size distribution, total heavy metal content (Pb, Zn, Cu, As and Cd) as well as mineralogical composition which showed, in most cases, the oxidization of the parent ore material (mostly galena: PbS and sphalerite: ZnS) to more mobile fractions as anglesite (PbSO(4)) and goslarite (ZnSO(4)). Moreover, two operational defined extraction procedures commonly used in soil and sediment studies (first and second steps of BCR procedure and DTPA extraction protocol) were applied in the different mining wastes in order to study Pb and Zn mobility and likely bioavailability to Betula pendula growing on the same mining spoils, which presents lead and zinc contents in leaves over ten times background values. PMID:16777289

424

Results of calendar year 1994 monitor well inspection and maintenance program, Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee  

This document is a compendium of results of the calendar year 1994 Monitor Well Inspection and Maintenance Program at the Department of Energy Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. This report documents the work relating to well inspections and maintenance requests. Inspections are implemented in order to better assess the condition and maintenance needs of wells that are actively being monitored. Currently this approach calls for inspecting all wells on a routine (annual or triennial) basis which are: (1) in an active sampling program; (2) included in a hydrologic study; or (3) not in service, but not scheduled for plugging and abandonment. Routine inspections help to ensure that representative groundwater samples and hydrologic data are being collected, and contribute to the life expectancy of each well. This report formally presents well inspection and maintenance activities that were conducted at the Y-12 Plant during 1994. All inspections were conducted between April and December.

425

Radioactivity of dumps in mining areas of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland  

Underground coal mining is associated with large quantities of gangue. In the past, the majority of gangue was not utilized but was placed in the vicinity of the coalmines forming cone-shaped dumps. Some of them contained even millions of tons of rock. Nowadays, environmental precautions extort larger utilization of any kind of waste materials, for example in road construction, civil engineering or as stowing in underground abandoned workings. Examination of the composition of waste dumps, including radioactivity, is thus an important issue. The paper presents results of a radiological survey carried out in several dumps located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in the south of Poland. Measurements of samples were carried out with the use of a gamma-ray spectrometer. Activity concentration results for the uranium and thorium decay chains are discussed.

426

Conditions of a new development of the nuclear energy: the new imperatives of the electric competition; Condiciones de un nuevo desarrollo de la energia nuclear: los nuevos imperativos de la competencia electrica  

In this work firstly, it is present a panorama that it makes mention to the energy and environmental aspects of long term for which the reactivation of the nuclear sector could be one of the main answers in the electric industry. Next, we will determine the specific imperatives that weigh on the nuclear investment in a market environment. Later on we will examine the way in that the general problem of the investments in the liberalized electric industries takes progressively to abandon the competitive pattern of reference in diverse countries, that which allows to establish a field most favorable for the nuclear investment. Finally, we will analyze the viability of the public areas that the states could apply to create a specific mark dedicated to organize the nuclear investments in the electric industries where the competition continued being very strong. (Author)

427

Experts, experiments, and surveys: when things don't go to plan  

Legal context and key points Patent proceedings are inherently technical and will often require an experiment to be conducted at some stage in proceedings. But, experiments are notoriously unreliable in demonstrating what they are supposed to. This is because they are susceptible to both external factors, which are difficult to control, and the slightest human error. Practical significance The tendency of experiments to go wrong gives rise to two questions in practice: in principle can an opposing party see the work-up experiments to the final experiment served under the Notice; and, can the opposing party see the results of experiments that have been conducted but were abandoned without being served under a Notice? A similar issue affects survey evidence. If a survey is conducted the surv...

428

Hydrological response of Mediterranean headwaters to climate oscillations and land-cover changes: The mountains of Duero River basin (Central Spain)  

Water resources in Mediterranean mountains are not only facing the effects of a changing climate, higher temperature and lower precipitation, but also the consequences of a socioeconomic process with the abandonment of rural activities and the resulting changes in land-use/land-cover. In the present work we analyze the evolution of runoff and fluvial regimes in a selection of catchments located in the surrounding mountains of Duero River basin, Central Spain. Furthermore, evolution of the main climatic variables (precipitation and temperature) and land-use changes have been studied in order to understand their interaction with the changes observed in runoff. Environmental conditions are representative of Mediterranean mountains and the studied rivers are not regulated, hence presenting a n...

429

[The patient care experience in radiotherapy: perspectives for better patient support].  

This paper reports the patient care experience during the course of the radiotherapy. Plights are multiple. Patients are confronted with a complex and unknown distressing space, an irrelavant information, a banalization of side effects, an isolation with a frequent inadequate support of their family or the caregivers team, with the fear of a definitive abandonment at the end of the treatment without comforting follow-up. It is imperative to state a real policy in order to improve the patient support. Sensibilization and training of the caregivers, in spite of a frequent overbooking technical work, is required in a pluridisciplinary approach to provide a relevant reception with the collaboration of psychologists, social workers and self care groups and associations. The personal implication of the physicians and technologists is also essential. The simple smile is the intangible proof of the reliable emotional support. PMID:12587399

430

Revegetation and Soil Management Effects on Chemical Properties of a Saprolite Resulting from Deep Soil Removal  

During the building of a hydroelectrical power plant at Ilha Solteira in the Parana River (Brazil), materials of a highly weathered soil Oxisol were extracted from a depth between 5 and 8 m for engineering works. This resulted in an abandoned depression area. The topsoil was not salvaged and the open pit was not backfilled, and as result vegetation hardly or not at all recovered. On the residual saprolite materials, an experimental field was established to assess different soil rehabilitation treatments. Field experiments were initiated in 1992. After soil tillage, two different crops and three different liming strategies were compared, giving six combinations. In addition, two uncropped control treatments, tilled and no-tilled, were established so that a total of eight treatments were ass...

431

Supercritical carbon dioxide decontamination of PAH contaminants  

Before the 1940`s, more than 2,000 manufactured gas plant sites existed across North America for the production of a low Btu gas for heating and lighting. These sites, now abandoned, are contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a coal gasification byproduct that was dumped on-site into unlined pits. The potential for ground water contamination of PAHs has made these sites an environmental concern. The remediation of PAH contaminated sites is difficult to achieve by conventional cleaning methods. In this work, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has been investigated on a town gas soil containing 3.37 wt% contamination. The soil has been remediated in a 300 cm{sup 3} semi-continuous extraction vessel and the effects of solvent temperature, pressure, and density will be discussed. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an emerging technology that can extract compounds that are difficult or impossible by conventional processes.

432

[Addictions and medicine.  

The qualifiers of alcoholic, drug addict have been abandoned because marked by the image of a person who uses toxic and violates the social prohibition to gradually give way to the representation of a sick person in a state of psychological distress, medical and social. Control systems of drug regulation should consider the damage to the individual, their potential to induce drug dependence and the effects on the family environment or society. Some emerging substances are excluded, others are demonized, thus limiting the scope of prevention messages. The theoretical model of addictions is much more complex for 20 years, while psychopathological references remained identical. There has been a proliferation of work neurobiological, cognitive-behavioral and sociological observations. Medical and psychosocial approaches are complementary to the understanding of a complex multifactorial phenomenon but also of its treatment whose goal is to enable the person to rebuild his life and not simply to be supported for curbing its substance use. PMID:23069230

433

Responses of plant functional groups in grazed and abandoned areas of a Natural Protected Area  

This work seeks to address several questions: Do plant functional groups respond differently to grazing? Can we use plant functional groups as tools for management, to support production and conservation efforts on the Canary Islands? We studied the effect of goat grazing on the contribution of frequency of several plant functional groups on a Natural Protected Area. To measure the contribution of frequency of seven functional groups between 2001 and 2005, a total of 36 permanent point quadrat transects were selected randomly in grazed and abandoned areas at the study sites. There were three types of responses: groups that did not respond to grazing (grasses and, with regard to origin native, alien and endemic groups), groups that showed on average a significantly higher contribution of fr...

434

Chemical Safety Vulnerability Working Group report. Volume 1  

The Chemical Safety Vulnerability (CSV) Working Group was established to identify adverse conditions involving hazardous chemicals at DOE facilities that might result in fires or explosions, release of hazardous chemicals to the environment, or exposure of workers or the public to chemicals. A CSV Review was conducted in 148 facilities at 29 sites. Eight generic vulnerabilities were documented related to: abandoned chemicals and chemical residuals; past chemical spills and ground releases; characterization of legacy chemicals and wastes; disposition of legacy chemicals; storage facilities and conditions; condition of facilities and support systems; unanalyzed and unaddressed hazards; and inventory control and tracking. Weaknesses in five programmatic areas were also identified related to: management commitment and planning; chemical safety management programs; aging facilities that continue to operate; nonoperating facilities awaiting deactivation; and resource allocations. Volume 1 contains the Executive summary; Introduction; Summary of vulnerabilities; Management systems weaknesses; Commendable practices; Summary of management response plan; Conclusions; and a Glossary of chemical terms.

435

Performance Evaluations of Prototype Houses: Minimum 40% Residential Building Energy Savings Level Habitat for Humanity of Greater Newburgh Liberty Street Project: April 2003--September 2004  

Habitat for Humanity International (HfHI) is a nonprofit organization that engages volunteers and would-be homebuyers in programs that emphasize sweat-equity and self-help. Habitat is among the top-ten housing producers in the United States. In collaboration with the HfHI Department of Construction & Environmental Resources, Steven Winter Associates, Inc., (SWA) began working with the Habitat for Humanity of Greater Newburgh (HfHGN) affiliate in Newburgh, New York, in April 2003. Since October 1999, HfHGN has acquired and renovated abandoned houses for an average cost of $45,000 per home. The affiliate serves area families living in overcrowded, substandard housing and spending 50% to 80% of their income on housing. In August 2003, HfHGN began their first new construction project, six row houses located on Liberty Street in Newburgh.

436

Socially responsible investments  

In addition to well-established working principles based on conservative and capital preservation oriented investments that ensure it a sustainable future, the CERN Pension Fund recently introduced a new criterion for selecting the numerous opportunities that the market offers: philanthropy. Its f