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Sample records for Amblyommadissimile,Boaconstrictor,Colombia.

  1. Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    1986-10-01

    This report of background notes for Colombia concentrates on political history, but also summarizes geography, people, economy, defense and foreign relations. Colombia, linking Panama to the northwest tip of South America, has 26.5 million people, growing at 1.3% per year, expected to be the third most populous nationon the continent soon. Infant mortality rate is 65/1000 and life expectancy is 62 years. Literacy is reported at 80% although less than 40% of children complete 2.5 years of school. Geographically, Colombia has flat coastal areas, several mountain ranges, highlands and hot eastern plains. 70% of the population live in cities. There are 2 major political parties, in existence since the early 19th century. Recently there have been violent inter-party differences, punctuated by even more contentious guerrilla attacks. Colombia possesses resources of oil, gas coal, nickel, gold, emeralds, platinum, iron. Agricultural products are dominated by coffee, but also include a wide variety of tropical and temperate grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy and meat products, timber and flowers.

  2. Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Colombia. Crónica de un proceso de paz fracasado

    OpenAIRE

    Neira Fernández, Enrique

    2007-01-01

    Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

  3. Enfermedad cerebrovascular en Colombia Cerebrovascular disease in Colombia

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    Federico A Silva

    2006-10-01

    Full Text Available Introducción: la enfermedad cerebrovascular constituye un problema de salud pública mundial. En Colombia es la cuarta causa de muerte en la población adulta y genera una alta discapacidad en estos pacientes. Objetivo: describir algunos resultados obtenidos por el grupo de Ciencias Neurovasculares de la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia. Desarrollo y conclusiones: la enfermedad cerebrovascular es una entidad con una alta prevalencia en la población colombiana y genera discapacidad mental, motora y del lenguaje. Es necesaria la implementación de unidades de cuidado neurovascular con personal entrenado, protocolos definidos, tratamientos adecuados y tecnología de punta. En Colombia deben imponerse este tipo de unidades dentro del cuidado básico de los pacientes para disminuir la morbilidad, mortalidad y discapacidad generada en estos pacientes. La Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia es pionera en la implementación de este tipo de cuidados.Introduction: cerebrovascular disease constitutes a worldwide public health problem. In Colombia, it is the fourth leading cause of death in the adult population and generates high disability in these patients. Objective: to describe some results obtained by the Neurovascular Sciences group from the Colombian Cardiovascular Foundation. Development and conclusions: cerebrovascular disease has a high prevalence in the Colombian population and generates mental, motor, and language disabilities. The implementation of neurovascular care units with trained personnel, defined protocols, adequate treatments and high technology, are necessary. This kind of units must be imposed in Colombia as a basic care for these patients in order to decrease morbidity, mortality and disability. The Colombian Cardiovascular Foundation is pioneer in the implementation of these care units.

  4. Terrorism in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Paredes Zapata, Gabriel Darío

    2003-01-01

    Colombia is a poor country that has been plagued by ongoing violence for more than 120 years. During the 1940s, subversive terrorist groups emerged in rural areas of the country when criminal groups came under the influence of Communism, and were later transformed into contemporary groups, such as the Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN) or National Liberation Army and Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionares de Colombia (FARC) or Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). Paramilitary terrorist groups emerged in response to subversive groups and were later transformed into contemporary groups, such as the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) or United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. Terrorism has placed an enormous burden on modern Colombia. From 1995 to 2002, 9,435 people were killed by terrorism-related events, of which 5,864 were killed by subversive terrorist activities and 3,571 were killed by paramilitary terrorist activities. In 2002, at least nineteen attacks produced 10 or more casualties, of which 18 were bombings. In 2002, terrorists killed at least 12 mayors, 71 legislators, and internally displaced 300,000 persons from their homes. Since terrorist groups in Colombia are typically supported by drug manufacturing and trafficking, it has been difficult at times to distinguish violence due to terrorism from violence due to illicit drug trafficking. Terrorism has also had a major adverse effect on the economy, with restricted travel, loss of economic resources, and lack of economic investment. In addition to political, military, and commercial targets, terrorists have specifically targeted healthcare infrastructure and personnel. At the national and local levels, much emergency planning and preparedness has taken place for terrorism-related events. The Centro Regulador de Urgencias (CRU) or Emergency Regulation Center in Bogota plays a major role in coordinating local prehospital and hospital emergency response in the capital city and the national level where

  5. UREDINALES DE PLANTAS CULTIVADAS DE INTERÉS FLORAL EN COLOMBIA UREDINALES OF CULTIVATED FLOWERS IN COLOMBIA

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    Víctor Manuel Pardo Cardona

    2006-06-01

    Full Text Available Treinta especies de Uredinales (royas se han registrado en Colombia parasitando a veintiseis especies de plantas cultivadas de interés floral comprendidas en 21 géneros y 15 familias botánicas. Se registra para Colombia y la zona andina de Sudamérica a Puccinia hemerocallidis Thuemen. Se confirma la presencia en Colombia de Puccinia antirrhini Dietel & Holway y Uromyces gladioli P. Hennings.Thirty species of Uredinales (rust fungi are registered in Colombia parasitizing 26 species of cultivated flowers belonging to 21 genera and 15 botanical families. Puccinia hemerocallidis Thuemen is a new record for Colombia and the Andean zone of South America. Puccinia antirrhini Dietel & Holway and Uromyces gladioli P. Hennings are first records for Colombia.

  6. Counterterrorism policy in Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Self, Kevin A.

    2007-01-01

    The purpose of this thesis is to suggest a coherent, credible, and long-term counterterrorism policy in Colombia. The events of September 11, 2001 heightened U.S. awareness of Colombian terrorist organizations, the most powerful being the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The U.S. counterterror approach in Colombia appears fragmented, with only minor changes to its previous drug control policies. In contrast, the Colombian government has developed and implemented a policy to ...

  7. Colombia: Issues for Congress

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Veillette, Connie

    2005-01-01

    ... into sharper focus after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The United States has made a significant commitment of funds and material support to help Colombia and the Andean region fight drug trafficking since the development of Plan Colombia in 1999...

  8. LAS MIGRACIONES INTERNACIONALES EN COLOMBIA

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    Maguemati Wabgou

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación sobre los flujos migratorios internacionales que han estado llegando a Colombia desde el siglo XVI hasta la actualidad. La metodología investigativa se fundamenta en la recolección y el análisis de datos derivados de investigaciones anteriores. Los resultados son significativos en lamedida que presentan el estado de las migraciones en Colombia entre los siglos XVI y XIX y desde la primera mitad del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Por un lado, engloban a la inmigración británica, jamaiquina y africana en las islas de San Andrés y Providencia; junto con la inmigración árabe, judía, alemana, francesa, italiana y gitana en Colombia continental. Por otro, aluden a las migraciones japonesas, suramericanas, junto con los crecientes asentamientos de migrantes norteamericanos, europeos y las nuevas oleadas de migraciones asiáticas y africanas en Colombia. Todo ello lleva a aprehender la envergadura del papel jugado por Colombia como un país de destino de las migraciones internacionales, lo que contrasta con la imagen más conocida de Colombia como un país expulsor de emigrantes.

  9. Arms Trafficking and Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    2003-01-01

    chronology of the intensification of violence in the area, see Noche Y Niebla: Panorama De Derechos Humanos Y Violencia Politica En Colombia, Bogotá...Arms, London, UK: Zed Books, 2000, pp. 155–178. Noche Y Niebla: Panorama De Derechos Humanos Y Violencia Politica En Colombia, Bogotá: Cinep & Justicia

  10. Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Una paz esquiva

    OpenAIRE

    Neira Fernández, Enrique

    2007-01-01

    Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

  11. Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Una paz secuestrada

    OpenAIRE

    Neira Fernández, Enrique

    2007-01-01

    Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

  12. Colombia en la guerra de Corea Colombia in Korea ’s war

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    Adolfo León Atehortúa Cruz

    2008-06-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo se ocupa de cinco aspectos poco explorados con respecto a la Guerra de Corea: la decisión de participar en el conflicto por parte del gobierno colombiano; la selección de los oficiales al frente del Batallón Colombia; la búsqueda de armas para el gobierno de Laureano Gómez; la experiencia obtenida por el Ejército de Colombia, y la influencia norteamericana profundizada con ella.This article refers five aspects scarcely explored on the Korea ’s War: the Colombian decision of participating in the conflict; the selection of the officials in the Battalion Colombia; the search for weapons by Laureano Gómez; the experience obtained by the Colombian Army, and the North American influence established on that period.

  13. The genus morpho in colombia: I. species present in colombia, and their geographic and altitudinal distribution El genero Morpho en Colombia: I. especies presentes en Colombia, distribución geográfica y altitudinal

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    Rodríguez Claudia

    1994-06-01

    Full Text Available This work puts together the results of six studies carried out in Colombia on the genus Morpho, with a revised description of. the species found in Colombia based on color patterns and mal e
    genitalia. Biological and ecological data are included, such as geographic and altitudinal distribution, habitat, habits and behavior, and annotated comments on each of the 24 species.
    The work features drawings of genitalia for each species, some of which had not been published before. This first issue covers the distribution of species found in Colombia.En este trabajo, se presentan los resultados de los estudios sobre el género Morphoen Colombia recopilados (6, con una redescripción de las especies del género que habitan en Colombia, con base en las características de patrones de
    coloración y genitalias. Simultáneamente, se incluyen datos biológicos y ecológicos, como: distribución geográfica y altitudinal, hábitos, hábitat y comportamiento, además de otras anotaciones y comentarios de cada una de las 24 especies; se adicionan gráficos simplificados de las genitalias de cada una de las especies, muchas de las cuales no habían sido ilustradas anteriormente y, finalmente, se incluyen los registros de diferentes colecciones. En esta primera entrega, se señala la distribución geográfica y altitudinal de las especies que habitan en Colombia.

  14. Hydrocarbon export and production in Colombia. Present time and perspectives; Exportacion y produccion de hidrocarburos en Colombia: Actualidad y perspectiva

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Herbert, Richard [BP Exploration (Colombia)

    1997-07-01

    The present projects of operation of new fields will increase the importance of Colombia as exporter of crude. This paper analyzes the process of operation and oil production in Colombia under three subjects: the transition process in this country, future challenges and the necessary associations between the private sector and the state for the success. A projection is made of the oil production in Colombia from 1980 to 2010, as well as of the reserves and production of gas. [Spanish] Los proyectos actuales de explotacion de nuevos campos aumentaran la importancia de Colombia como exportador de crudo. Este trabajo analiza el proceso de explotacion y produccion de petroleo en Colombia bajo tres temas: el proceso de transicion en este pais, sus retos futuros y las asociaciones entre el sector privado y el estado necesarias para el exito. Se hace una proyeccion de la produccion petrolera en Colombia de 1980 al 2010 asi como de las reservas y produccion de gas.

  15. Shadow Toll in Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    González Ruiz, Juan David; Botero Botero, Sergio; Arboleda, Carlos Alejandro; Duque Grisales, Eduardo Alexander

    2015-01-01

    The growing development in infrastructure projects in Colombia has been linked to legal adjustments and capital markets. These two last factors have provided important elements for project developers to design funding strategies. Based on the shadow toll scheme, this paper proposes a new financing strategy for funding highway projects. This strategy may be implemented in Colombia. Finally, the paper proposes future research on shadow toll schemes as a financial mechanism.

  16. Internal displacement in Colombia: Fifteen distinguishing features.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shultz, James M; Ceballos, Ángela Milena Gómez; Espinel, Zelde; Oliveros, Sofia Rios; Fonseca, Maria Fernanda; Florez, Luis Jorge Hernandez

    2014-01-01

    This commentary aims to delineate the distinguishing features of conflict-induced internal displacement in the nation of Colombia, South America. Even as Colombia is currently implementing a spectrum of legal, social, economic, and health programs for "victims of armed conflict," with particular focus on internally displaced persons (IDPs), the dynamics of forced migration on a mass scale within this country are little known beyond national borders.   The authors of this commentary are embarking on a global mental health research program in Bogota, Colombia to define best practices for reaching the displaced population and implementing sustainable, evidence-based screening and intervention for common mental disorders. Presenting the defining characteristics of internal displacement in Colombia provides the context for our work and, more importantly, conveys the compelling and complex nature of this humanitarian crisis. We attempt to demonstrate Colombia's unique position within the global patterning of internal displacement.

  17. Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Una nueva estrategia de paz

    OpenAIRE

    Neira Fernández, Enrique

    2007-01-01

    Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

  18. Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Los momentos de la paz

    OpenAIRE

    Neira Fernández, Enrique

    2012-01-01

    Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

  19. Los hongos de Colombia - IV. Bisporella Triseptata and its allies in Colombia Los hongos de Colombia - IV. Bisporella Triseptata and its allies in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carpenter S. E.

    1978-12-01

    Full Text Available During the combined mycological explorations of Colombia by the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (Bogotá, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (Bogotá and The New York Botanical Garden, many new and interesting fungi have been discovered. Among these, several collections of an apparently rare and poorly known species of Bisporella Sacc. were made, which are worthy of report.During the combined mycological explorations of Colombia by the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (Bogotá, Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario (Bogotá and The New York Botanical Garden, many new and interesting fungi have been discovered. Among these, several collections of an apparently rare and poorly known species of Bisporella Sacc. were made, which are worthy of report.

  20. The dual burden of malnutrition in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sarmiento, Olga L; Parra, Diana C; González, Silvia A; González-Casanova, Inés; Forero, Ana Y; Garcia, Johnattan

    2014-12-01

    Almost all nutrition policies in Colombia currently focus on either undernutrition or obesity, with the predominant emphasis on undernutrition. It is crucial to assess the prevalence of the dual burden of malnutrition in Colombia to better target programs and policies. The aim was to estimate the national prevalence of the dual burden of malnutrition in Colombia at the individual and household levels in children aged malnutrition was defined as the coexistence of overweight and stunting or anemia in the same person or household. In Colombia, low to high prevalences of overweight and obesity (3.4-51.2%) coexist with moderate to high prevalences of anemia (8.1-27.5%) and stunting (13.2%). The observed prevalence of the dual burden was lower than expected. Approximately 5% of households had at least one stunted child aged malnutrition in Colombia are lower than expected. Despite the independence of the occurrence of these conditions, the fact that the dual burden coexists at the national, household, and intraindividual levels suggests that public policies should address both conditions through multiple strategies. It is imperative to evaluate the current nutrition policies to inform malnutrition prevention efforts in Colombia and to share lessons with other countries at a similar stage of nutritional transition. © 2014 American Society for Nutrition.

  1. Violence and health in Colombia Violencia y salud en Colombia

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    Saúl Franco Agudelo

    1997-09-01

    Full Text Available In Colombia, violence seems uncontrollable. Along with massacres and group killings of astonishing cruelty, there are also kidnappings and disappearances, abuse of children and the elderly, and rape of young adolescents. Every day, without respite, Colombians are witnesses or victims of street crimes as well as racial, sexual, and socioeconomic discrimination. Unwillingly, they become agents of aggression in public transport, at home, at school, and at work. Colombia has the highest rates of mortality from homicide in the world. Apart from the enormous institutional burden that violence imposes on the health services and forensic medicine, it now constitutes the principal public health problem in the country. To confront it, the health sector must develop policies and finance actions, develop innovative ways to train personnel, implement public education processes, and devote more effort and greater creativity to research, which up to now has provided some important, albeit insufficient, responses. Violence, which is the substitution of force for any type of dialogue, must be considered within the context of life and health. Doing so is not an attempt to rationalize violence, much less to substitute words or reflection for action, but rather an attempt to understand it in depth in order to search for alternatives. With that goal, this article analyzes the subject of violence in Colombia, principally from the perspective of its effect on the health of the citizens and its implications for the health sector. The author fully recognizes the subjectivity and limitations of the views he expresses herein.La violencia en Colombia parece incontenible. A las masacres y asesinatos colectivos, de una crueldad desconcertante, se suman los secuestros y desapariciones, el maltrato de niños y ancianos y las violaciones de adolescentes. Cada día, sin tregua, los colombianos son espectadores o víctimas de atracos callejeros y de discriminación racial, sexual

  2. Violencia y salud en Colombia Violence and health in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Saúl Franco Agudelo

    1997-02-01

    Full Text Available La violencia en Colombia parece incontenible. A las masacres y asesinatos colectivos, de una crueldad desconcertante, se suman los secuestros y desapariciones, el maltrato de niños y ancianos y las violaciones de adolescentes. Cada día, sin tregua, los colombianos son espectadores o víctimas de atracos callejeros y de discriminación racial, sexual y socioeconómica. Sin quererlo, se convierten en agentes de agresiones en el transporte urbano, el hogar, la escuela y el trabajo. Colombia tiene las tasas de mortalidad por homicidio más altas del mundo. Independientemente de la enorme sobrecarga institucional que impone a los servicios de salud y medicina legal, la violencia constituye actualmente en Colombia el principal problema de salud pública. Para hacerle frente, el sector de la salud debe elaborar políticas y financiar acciones; crear nuevos procesos de formación de personal, poner en marcha procesos de educación pública, y dedicar mayor esfuerzo y creatividad al campo de la investigación, que hasta ahora ha dado respuestas importantes pero aún insuficientes. Al reflexionar sobre la violencia, que es la sustitución de toda argumentación por la fuerza, es necesario ubicarla en el contexto de la vida y la salud. No se pretende solo racionalizarla, y menos aún sustituir la acción por la palabra o por las reflexiones, sino tratar de comprenderla a fondo con el objeto de buscarle alternativas. En el presente artículo se analiza, con esta finalidad, el tema de la violencia en Colombia, principalmente desde el punto de vista de su efecto en la salud de los colombianos y de sus implicaciones para el sector sanitario. El autor expone sus puntos de vista con plena conciencia de su subjetividad y limitaciones.In Colombia, violence seems uncontrollable. Along with massacres and group killings of astonishing cruelty, there are also kidnappings and disappearances, abuse of children and the elderly, and rape of young adolescents. Every day

  3. El Patentamiento Universitario en Colombia

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    Diana Milena González Gélvez

    2013-04-01

    Full Text Available El artículo presenta un panorama general del patentamiento que realizan las Universidades en Colombia. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de la información de la base de datos de patentes de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio de Colombia desde 1970 hasta 2010. Los resultados permiten observar el estado real del patentamiento Universitario en Colombia, así como identificar las Universidades más exitosas en el proceso de patentamiento y los tiempos reales requeridos para proteger las nuevas creaciones. Así mismo, los resultados son un insumo importante en la determinación de la estrategia de protección que adopten las Universidades Colombianas en cuanto a la protección de sus creaciones.

  4. Colombia en la guerra de Corea Colombia in Korea ’s war

    OpenAIRE

    Adolfo León Atehortúa Cruz

    2008-01-01

    Este artículo se ocupa de cinco aspectos poco explorados con respecto a la Guerra de Corea: la decisión de participar en el conflicto por parte del gobierno colombiano; la selección de los oficiales al frente del Batallón Colombia; la búsqueda de armas para el gobierno de Laureano Gómez; la experiencia obtenida por el Ejército de Colombia, y la influencia norteamericana profundizada con ella.This article refers five aspects scarcely explored on the Korea ’s War: the Colombian decision of part...

  5. Colombia - The Quality of Education in Colombia : An Analysis and Options for a Policy Agenda

    OpenAIRE

    World Bank

    2008-01-01

    The main objective of this report is to analyze student learning in Colombia in order to foster policies to improve education quality that are grounded in research and the Colombian context. In 2006, Colombia participated for the first time in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which provides an imp...

  6. Strategi Counterinsurgency Kolombia terhadap Farc (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias De Colombia) 2010-2012

    OpenAIRE

    Olivia, Yessi; Miranda, Dea

    2014-01-01

    This paper is analysing about counterinsurgency Colombia to against paramilitary group in Colombia to help address the humanitarian crisis that occurred because of civil conflict in Colombia. Conflict in Colombia involving the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionaries de Colombia (FARC) and the Government of Colombia is one example of a threat to human security in this case is a citizen of Colombia. Thousands of people confirmed dead, and hundreds more injured and displaced into the surrounding area. C...

  7. Prevalence of urticaria in Cartagena, Colombia

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    Pablo Andrés Miranda-Machado

    2017-06-01

    Full Text Available Background: In Colombia, there have been studies on the prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Prevalence studies of urticaria in Colombia are scarce. Objective: Our objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of urticaria in Cartagena (Colombia in order to contribute to national epidemiological estimates of disease. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study in the city of Cartagena was conducted and 547 patients aged 1-58 years treated at the Allergy specialist consultation in care centers selected for this study between April and July 2015 were included, through non-probabilistic sampling. Results: The prevalence of urticaria in the care centers selected of city of Cartagena (Colombia was 7.1 % (4 % children and adults 3.1 %. 3.4 % prevalence of acute urticaria and 3.6 % of chronic urticaria was estimated. Conclusion: 46.1 % reported having a poor quality of life associated with urticaria.

  8. Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Siempre es tarde para la paz

    OpenAIRE

    Neira Fernández, Enrique

    2007-01-01

    Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

  9. Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - Viraje en el proceso de paz

    OpenAIRE

    Neira Fernández, Enrique

    2007-01-01

    Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

  10. Plan Colombia

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    Noam Chomsky

    2000-12-01

    Full Text Available Colombia recibe más ayuda militar de Estados Unidos que el resto de América Latina y el Caribe unidos, y esta situación puede profundizarse con la ejecución del Plan Colombia, fundamentado en la lucha antidrogas. Sin embargo, el pais ha sido calificado con el récord en violación de derechos humanos. En este contexto se aplica la reforma económica más significativa en la década de los noventa, generando condicionantes en los procesos de integración con sus vecinos. En concordancia con el secretario de Defensa, Henry Stimson, desde los años 60 Estados Unidos estaba autorizado para controlar su propio sistema regional, mientras todos los demás intenlos serian desmantelados. La presentación ambigua de esta política del gobierno estadounidense en Colombia es cómo disociar esta guerra contra la droga y la lucha irregular contrainsurgente En Estados Unidos hay otra opinión que debe conocerse para comprender las divergencias en e! interior de dicho país. Este artículo del prestigioso profesor universitario del MU, Noam Chomsky, es un referente obligado en términos de opinión pública y académica de dimensión internacional, por el inmenso respeto que infunde tanto en América como en Europa

  11. CANCER DE MAMA EN COLOMBIA

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    Mario A. González Mariño

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Conocer la situación del cáncer de mama en Colombia mediante la revisión de publicaciones epidemiológicas y clínicas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Evaluación de estudios publicados en revistas científicas seriadas sobre cáncer de mama en Colombia mediante búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline con los términos neoplasm and breast and Colombia y Lilacs con neoplasia y mama y Colombia. Se seleccionaron los estudios con aplicación epidemiológica o clínica con muestreo o datos de mujeres residentes en Colombia, ubicando sus resultados en la sección de introducción y en la de discusión de acuerdo con los enfoques de promoción, prevención y tratamiento. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 62 referencias en Medline de las que se seleccionaron 23 y en Lilacs de 16 se escogieron 4. Las referencias se descartaron en Medline por las siguientes razones: 15 por el diseño de estudio (revisión de tema, presentación de casos clínicos, 7 por tratarse de investigación básica, 10 por tema diferente al cáncer de mama en Colombia y 7 por datos pertenecientes a otro país. En Lilacs se excluyeron por: 7 artículos también presentes en Medline, 3 por diseño, 1 de investigación básica y 1 de un tema diferente. CONCLUSIONES: Los artículos revisados permiten tener una visión integral sobre el cáncer de mama en Colombia. En ellos se puede verificar que hay limitaciones en la prestación del servicio de atención en salud para esta enfermedad, y se identifican factores de riesgo con significancia estadística como la nuliparidad, niveles altos de inactividad física y exposición a DDE (diclorodifenildicloroeteno y para el cáncer genético se encontraron mutaciones fundadoras. La consulta se hace principalmente por síntomas, no sobre resultados de cribado como sería lo deseable. Existen también contribuciones sobre el manejo quirúrgico y adyuvante extrapolables a las condiciones del país.

  12. Land Reform and Conflict Resolution in Colombia

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Nieswiadomy, Mark

    2003-01-01

    One of the leading arguments explaining the current rural conflict in Colombia is that it stems from deeply rooted peasant grievances over lack of land, As is true in much of Latin America, Colombia...

  13. United States Strategy in Colombia: New Opportunities

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Roberts, Lee C

    2003-01-01

    .... Despite decades of U.S. support to the Government of Colombia, the troika of guerrilla insurgency, civil disorder by paramilitaries, and illegal drug activities has brought Colombia close to becoming a failed State. U.S...

  14. 77 FR 59064 - United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement

    Science.gov (United States)

    2012-09-26

    ...-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland... Trade Promotion Agreement entered into by the United States and the Republic of Colombia. DATES: Interim...-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (``CTPA'' or ``Agreement''), and on June 28, 2007, the Parties signed a...

  15. Environmental occurrence of arsenic in Colombia: A review

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Alonso, David L.; Latorre, Sergio; Castillo, Elianna; Brandão, Pedro F.B.

    2014-01-01

    The international literature on the presence of arsenic (As) in Latin America does not disclose the true magnitude of the presence of As in Colombia. In this paper, we summarize the literature on As occurrence in Colombia. The data reveal that As is present in matrices such as soil, sediments and water and in the food chain. Some of the As concentrations exceed the limits specified by national and international regulations. Arsenic higher concentrations are associated with mining regions (e.g., soils, up to 148 mg/kg; sediments, up to 1400 mg/kg) and agricultural areas (e.g., vegetables, up to 5.40 mg/kg; irrigation water, up to 255 μg/L), and underscore the potential human and environmental risks associated with the presence of As in the country. This review highlights the importance of focusing research on understanding the occurrence, origin and distribution of As in Colombia to better understand its environmental and public health impact. -- Highlights: • Information about arsenic (As) studies in Colombia is provided. • Occurrence of As in Colombia. • Compilation help to increase knowledge of As presence in Latin America. • Need for more research on the occurrence, origin, distribution, speciation and remediation of As in Colombia. -- This review communicates the untold story of arsenic in Colombia and draws attention to the need for more rigorous research on the metalloid. It also contributes to the information available on As in Latin America

  16. Plan Colombia or development as security

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Pablo Guevara Latorre

    2015-01-01

    the most relevant policy for the construction of the State in 21st-century Colombia from a critical standpoint. The document makes it possible to show that Plan Colombia is a privatized form of development, interpreted in terms of security based on an incomplete understanding of the Colombian conflict that prevails into our present

  17. Proyecto Ensamblando en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Kreime, Pablo; Gómez Morales, Yuri Jack; Ashmore, Malcolm; Miranda Canal, Néstor; Pérez Bustos, Tania; Vinck, Dominique; Amaya, José Antonio; Carvajal Marín, Luz Mery; Castro-Gómez, Santiago; Camargo Uribe, Juan Arturo; Dávila Dávila, Juan Manuel; Sebastián, Díaz Ángel; Duque Muñoz, Lucía; Durán-Sánchez, María Fernanda; García Álvarez, Claudia María

    2013-01-01

    Los dos volúmenes de esta obra reúnen los resultados del proyecto ganador de la «Convocatoria nacional de proyectos bicentenario 1810-2010 “Historia social de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en Colombia: ciudadanía, saberes y nación”», lanzada por Colciencias en el 2009. El proyecto, titulado «Ensamblado en Colombia: producción de saberes y construcción de ciudadanías» se propuso estudiar la manera como se constituyen en el presente y se han constituido en el pasado «asuntos de inte...

  18. Plan Colombia: The View from the Presidential Palace

    Science.gov (United States)

    2001-05-01

    la violencia , in which liberals and conservatives kill each other in order to seize control of the government. Of course, there have been efforts to...Colombia for some 40 years. I have been in the Colombian Senate for 8 years. I’ve traveled all over Colombia. I’ve been familiar with Colombia’s...country because of la violencia in the early Fifties. Colombia, since the end of that unfortunate turn, has enjoyed a robust democratic system under which

  19. Abejas englosinas de Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae I. Claves ilustradas Abejas englosinas de Colombia (Hymenoptera: Apidae I. Claves ilustradas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bonilla Gómez María Argenis

    1992-09-01

    Full Text Available One hundred and eight euglossine bee species are registered for Colombia, distributed in five genera: Aglae (1, Eufriesea (30, Euglossa (60, Eulaema (13 and Exaerete (4. New records for Colombia include: Eufriesea auripes, Ef. dressleri, Ef. fragrocara, Ef. xantha, Euglossa viridis, Eg. azureoviridis, Eg. cognata, Eg. singularis, EI. boliviensis, EI. seabrai and EI mocsaryi. Keys are given for males and females of Aglae, Exaerete, Eulaema and Eufriesea and for males of Euglossa of the 108 Colombian euglossines. A key for the subgenera of Euglossa is presented by the first time. Revisando diferentes fuentes de literatura y colecciones de abejas en Colombia y el exterior se encontró para Colombia un total de 108 especies de abejas de la subfamilia Euglossinae repartidas en 5 géneros: Aglae (1 especie, Eufriesea (30 especies, Euglossa (60 especies, Eulaema (13 especies y Exaerete (4 especies. Se registran por primera vez para Colombia 11 especies de abejas euglosinas: Eufriesea auripes, Ef. fragrocara, Ef. dressleri, Ef. xantha, Euglossa viridis, Eg. cognata, Eg. singularis, Eg. azureoviridis, Eulaema boliviensis, EI. seabrai y EI. mocsaryi. Se presentan claves para las 108 especies de los 5 géneros así, machos y hembras de Eufriesea, Exaerete y Aglae y los machos de Euglossa y por primera vez una clave para los subgéneros de Euglossa.

  20. Ética filosófica en Colombia. 1990-2000

    OpenAIRE

    Palacio, Martha

    2005-01-01

    El siguiente artículo presenta las conclusiones de la investigación realizada sobre la ética filosófica en la última década del siglo XX en Colombia. Dentro del proyecto investigativo de la Facultad de Filosofía de la Universidad Santo Tomás de Bogotá, Colombia, orientado al estudio y análisis de la historia de las ideas en América latina y Colombia, la investigación llevada a cabo buscó definir y aclarar el lugar que ocupa la ética filosófica en la historia de las ideas en Colombia. Para tal...

  1. Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA - El proceso de paz en sala de emergencia

    OpenAIRE

    Neira Fernández, Enrique

    2007-01-01

    Observatorio de Política Internacional I. COLOMBIA (Neira Fernández, Enrique) RECIENTES Año 2008 Colombia. Cerca el fin del paramilitarismo Colombia. Cerca el fin de las Farc Colombia. Conflicto armado y desarrollo humano Colombia. Política exterior Colombia. Inicia el 2008 con buen pie Año 2007 Colombia. Tras las pasadas elecciones Colombia. El espectro de las próximas elecciones Colombia. La garrocha de Uribe Colombia. III Parapolíticos Colombia. II...

  2. 75 FR 22207 - Importation of Papayas From Colombia and Ecuador

    Science.gov (United States)

    2010-04-28

    .... APHIS-2008-0050] RIN 0579-AC95 Importation of Papayas From Colombia and Ecuador AGENCY: Animal and Plant... Colombia and Ecuador into the continental United States. The conditions for the importation of papayas from Colombia and Ecuador include requirements for field sanitation, hot water treatment, and fruit fly trapping...

  3. Tendencias del suicidio en Colombia, 1985-2002 Suicide trends in Colombia, 1985-2002

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo Cendales

    2007-10-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVOS: Describir las tendencias de la mortalidad por suicidios en Colombia en el período de 1985 a 2002, analizar su comportamiento según el sexo, el grupo de edad y el mecanismo de lesión y calcular los años de vida potencial perdidos (AVPP por suicidios en ese período. MÉTODOS: Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad crudas, específicas por edad y sexo y ajustadas por la edad, a partir de la información de mortalidad y población de las bases de datos oficiales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística de Colombia. Se estimaron los AVPP, corregidos por el impacto social, la edad y la mala calidad de los registros de muertes. La tabulación de los resultados se realizó según los códigos X600-X849 y Y870 de la décima revisión de la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud (CIE-10 y los códigos E950-E959 de la novena revisión (CIE-9. RESULTADOS: Se observó un aumento considerable en las tasas de suicidios en Colombia a partir de 1998, particularmente en la población de adultos jóvenes y en hombres. Las tasas más altas en los hombres se observaron en los grupos de 20 a 29 años y de mayores de 70, con un incremento en el tiempo. En las mujeres, las tasas más altas se registraron en el grupo de 10 a 19 años. La proporción de AVPP por suicidios aumentó de 0,81% en 1981 a 2,20% en 2002. En los hombres, los principales mecanismos de lesión fueron las heridas por armas de fuego y explosivos, el ahorcamiento y el envenenamiento, con un aumento relativo del ahorcamiento, mientras que en las mujeres fue el envenenamiento. CONCLUSIONES: Se confirmó la tendencia ascendente en la tasa de suicidios en Colombia, especialmente en el segmento de la población laboralmente activa, lo que conlleva un drástico incremento en los AVPP.OBJECTIVES: To report trends in mortality from suicide in Colombia from 1985 to 2002 by sex, age group, and method, and determine the

  4. Medición del comercio intraindustrial Colombia - Estados Unidos 1995-2005

    OpenAIRE

    Caicedo Marulanda, Carolina

    2010-01-01

    Este documento analiza la existencia de comercio intraindustrial entre Colombia y Estados Unidos, usando la información contenida en la base de datos BACI del CEPII para el periodo comprendido entre 1995 y 2005. La pertinencia de establecer una medición de los flujos de comercio intraindustrial entre Colombia y Estados Unidos radica fundamentalmente en la importancia relativa que representa Estados Unidos como socio comercial para Colombia. El comercio bilateral entre Colombia y Estados c...

  5. U.S. Support to Plan Colombia: A Heading Check

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Buckley, Kevin

    2004-01-01

    .... For some Latin American countries like Colombia these ideals fall quite short of reality. Colombia is plagued by internal problems which restrict its ability to adequately govern its population and territory...

  6. The public health context of violence in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Garfield, Richard; Llanten Morales, Claudia Patricia

    2004-10-01

    Among the countries of the Americas, Colombia has the highest level of deaths due to homicides and armed conflict. The objective of this research was to combine and contrast information from various sources on deaths due to violence in Colombia in order to identify major trends in violence in the country and to compare those trends with those in other nations of the Americas. We drew together information from a wide array of sources, including the Government of Colombia, Colombian forensic institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and international research centers. We considered the impact of the violence on mortality as well as in such areas as nonfatal injuries, displacement of persons, and kidnappings. While there have been many deaths in Colombia directly related to military conflict, there have been many more deaths and injuries as an indirect result of war. The highest levels of deaths directly related to violence occurred during the 1990-1995 period. Although deaths due directly to armed conflict declined in the late 1990s, the related events of kidnappings and displacement did not. Efforts to reduce the violence-related suffering in Colombia must consider both direct and indirect causes of mortality as well as nonfatal outcomes such as kidnappings and displacement.

  7. Natalidad y fecundidad, Colombia, 2001

    OpenAIRE

    León A, Alba Luz; Ocampo A, Leidy Johanna; Spath P, Doris Estella; Agudelo G, Héctor Byron; Grisales R, Hugo

    2006-01-01

    Se presenta la natalidad, la fecundidad y los nacimientos vivos en Colombia en el año 2001 con base en la totalidad de los registros de nacidos vivos del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (dane) (724.236). La población de Colombia, calculada a mitad de período, se dividió en ocho categorías de municipios de acuerdo con el tamaño poblacional, según la Ley 617/2001. No se presentaron diferencias importantes entre las variables afines a las características del recién nacido po...

  8. Descubrir el universo desde Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Duque Escobar, Gonzalo

    2009-01-01

    Los dos hechos científicos más relevantes en la corta historia de Colombia, son la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada y la Misión Corográfica. Hoy cuando los astrónomos, entre otros asuntos que se ubican en la frontera del conocimiento, intentan conocer la geometría del espacio, la naturaleza de la materia oscura y los misterios del tiempo, en Colombia nuestros científicos tienen pendiente entre otros aportes para la construcción de la Nación, apoyar tareas fundamentales y es...

  9. Colombia: A Country Under Constant Threat of Disasters

    Science.gov (United States)

    2014-05-22

    Hydrological Map Source: El Clima Colombiano, “El Clima Colombiano, Ciclo Anual de Lluvias,” http://pwp.supercabletv.net.co/garcru/colombia/Colombia...a Global Risk Analysis. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 2005. El Clima Colombiano. “El Clima Colombiano, Ciclo Anual de Lluvias.” http

  10. IDRC in Colombia

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    oceans, wastewater from poor urban com- munities could be treated and used to gener- ate energy. Mexican researchers lead the testing of wastewater treatment systems in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Honduras, and. Mexico to identify the most appropriate technologies. Alternative energy (through biogas) could eventually ...

  11. Urban Violence Reduction and Citizen Security in Brazil, Colombia ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Urban Violence Reduction and Citizen Security in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and ... The work will be conducted in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and South Africa, which are ... Minister Bibeau announces appointments of IDRC's President and new ...

  12. Barriers to combating human trafficking in Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Wilcox, Daniel Joseph

    2015-01-01

    Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Despite international and domestic policies and programs intended to combat human trafficking, Colombia remains one of the countries with the highest instances of human trafficking in the Western Hemisphere. Factors contributing to human trafficking in Colombia, such as internal violence and displacement, drug trafficking, a weak central government, and widespread corruption, have overpowered what energies the government marshaled agai...

  13. The century of the Petroleum in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Carta Petrolera

    1999-01-01

    A recount of the big changes is made with hydrocarbons in Colombia during the X X century. The X X century it meant everything for Colombia in oil matter. In this century it took off and it consolidated their industry of the hydrocarbons and with her great part of the industrialization process and development of the country. It is undeniable that the petroleum was one of the big main characters of the century X X and Colombia has not been unaware to the sways of a highly changing industry. The creation of the OPEC, the warlike conflicts, the times of high and low prices, the technological advances, the processes of energy integration and the mega coalitions are hardly some of the ingredients that seasoned the Oil Industry in the years 1900

  14. Impresiones de los Mexicanos sobre la imagen país de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lina María Echeverri Cañas

    2014-08-01

    Full Text Available La imagen país de Colombia ha sido objeto de discusión en los campos de los negocios internacionales y el marketing territorial. Colombia es un país con un posicionamiento tradicional asociado al narcotráfico y al café, situación que ha llevado a los gobiernos de la última década a definir nuevas estrategias que ayuden a mejorar la reputación del país en mercados internacionales. Sin embargo, sus esfuerzos han sido de poco impacto porque la imagen país de Colombia todavía mantiene una asociación histórica negativa resultado del narcotráfico. En este sentido, el presente artículo aborda los resultados de una investigación realizada sobre las impresiones que tienen los mexicanos que han visitado y no han visitado a Colombia. Se eligió a México porque es el segundo emisor de turistas hacia Colombia procedentes de Norteamérica. Por medio de una investigación empírica aplicada a una muestra de 190 mexicanos mayores de 18 años, se encontró que el posicionamiento se mantiene negativo y se asocia al país con drogas, terrorismo, inseguridad y corrupción. Dicha percepción contrasta con un atributo que se destaca en el estudio, y es que se asocia a Colombia con la amabilidad de su población. Los resultados del estudio se obtuvieron finalizando el 2013. Palabras clave: Asociación; Colombia; imagen país; México; percepción; visitantes.Mexicans' impressions of Colombia's country imageAbstractThe country image of Colombia has been discussed in the fields of international business and territorial marketing. Colombia is a country with a positioning associated with drug trafficking and coffee. This situation has led governments in the last decade to define new strategies to help improve Colombia’s reputation in international markets. However, its efforts have been of little impact, because the image of Colombia country still maintains negative due to its historical association. In this sense, this article discusses the results

  15. Strategic ecosystems of Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Marquez Calle German

    2002-01-01

    The author relates the ecosystems in Colombia, he makes a relationship between ecosystems and population, utility of the ecosystems, transformation of the ecosystems and poverty and he shows a methodology of identification of strategic ecosystems

  16. Loodushariduse mammutkongress Colombias / Aarne Tõldsepp

    Index Scriptorium Estoniae

    Tõldsepp, Aarne

    2009-01-01

    Sel suvel toimunud rahvusvahelisest matemaatika- ja loodushariduse kongressist Colombia ajaloolises sadamalinnas Cartagenas, mille peakorraldajaks oli 19 aastat tagasi Valgevenest Colombiasse emigreerunud professor Juri Orlik

  17. 78 FR 60191 - United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-10-01

    ... Trade Promotion Agreement AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security... tariff treatment and other customs-related provisions of the United States- Colombia Trade Promotion... States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (``CTPA'' or ``Agreement''), and on June 28, 2007, the Parties...

  18. State-of-the-art of the historical seismology in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    E. J. Salcedo Hurtado

    2004-06-01

    Full Text Available In Colombia are available a discreet number of historical seismology investigations, dating back 50 years. This paper reviews basic information about earthquakes studies in Colombia, such as primary sources, compilation of descriptive catalogues and parametric catalogues. Father Jesús Emilio Ramírez made the main systematic study before 1975. During the last 20 years, great earthquakes hit Colombia and, as consequence, historical seismology investigation was developed in the frame of seismic hazard projects.

  19. Corporate Governance in Colombia. Current trends Gobierno corporativo en Colombia. Tendencias actuales

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sandra Gaitán Riaño

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available This document provides a look at The Colombian Corporate Governance System, from the promulgation of the Law 275 of 2001. The guidelines of international standards on corporate governance are commented and compared with the Colombian legislation. Features of the Code of Good Governance in Colombia are evaluated in which look for get competitiveness, sustainability, and deepening of the stock market, according to the principles of the OECD. It is presented a comparative study make in the country during 2002 and 2007 where there were deficiencies in the codes of the company's investor protection, the role of boards and transparency of information. The author shows a study about the annual penetration in adopting good governance practices in Colombia and concludes that the private financial sector is concerning to adopt them. That study present that 60% of companies have made no changes to the code since its inception.La Ley 275 de 2001 determinó el sistema de Gobierno Corporativo colombiano. El presente documento permite una mirada desde su entrada en vigencia. Se comentan los lineamientos de los estándares internacionales en esta materia y se comparan con la legislación nacional. Se evalúan las características del Código de Buen Gobierno en Colombia donde se promueve el logro de la competitividad, sostenibilidad y profundización del mercado accionario con base en los principios de la OCDE. Se cotejan estudios realizados en el país (2002, 2007 donde se observa deficiencia en los códigos de las empresas en cuanto a la protección del inversionista, el papel de las juntas directivas y la transparencia en la información. Se expone también cómo ha sido la penetración anual en la adopción de prácticas de buen gobierno en Colombia y la preocupación de empresas privadas del sector financiero por adoptar dichas prácticas. El 60% de las organizaciones no han efectuado modificaciones al código desde su puesta en marcha.

  20. Violencia y salud en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Saúl Franco Agudelo

    1997-02-01

    Full Text Available La violencia en Colombia parece incontenible. A las masacres y asesinatos colectivos, de una crueldad desconcertante, se suman los secuestros y desapariciones, el maltrato de niños y ancianos y las violaciones de adolescentes. Cada día, sin tregua, los colombianos son espectadores o víctimas de atracos callejeros y de discriminación racial, sexual y socioeconómica. Sin quererlo, se convierten en agentes de agresiones en el transporte urbano, el hogar, la escuela y el trabajo. Colombia tiene las tasas de mortalidad por homicidio más altas del mundo. Independientemente de la enorme sobrecarga institucional que impone a los servicios de salud y medicina legal, la violencia constituye actualmente en Colombia el principal problema de salud pública. Para hacerle frente, el sector de la salud debe elaborar políticas y financiar acciones; crear nuevos procesos de formación de personal, poner en marcha procesos de educación pública, y dedicar mayor esfuerzo y creatividad al campo de la investigación, que hasta ahora ha dado respuestas importantes pero aún insuficientes. Al reflexionar sobre la violencia, que es la sustitución de toda argumentación por la fuerza, es necesario ubicarla en el contexto de la vida y la salud. No se pretende solo racionalizarla, y menos aún sustituir la acción por la palabra o por las reflexiones, sino tratar de comprenderla a fondo con el objeto de buscarle alternativas. En el presente artículo se analiza, con esta finalidad, el tema de la violencia en Colombia, principalmente desde el punto de vista de su efecto en la salud de los colombianos y de sus implicaciones para el sector sanitario. El autor expone sus puntos de vista con plena conciencia de su subjetividad y limitaciones.

  1. Geography of terrosism in Colombia: A retrospective vision

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tania Rodríguez Morales

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available The terrorist violence in Colombia was preceded by political violence between Liberals and Conservatives, although we can not argue that the second is responsible for the appearance of the first, however, the accommodation of forces at the beginning of the Cold War took epicenter Latin America and thereby to Colombia. The regions of the country were suddenly pregnant by guerrilla groups praised by the USSR and blood filled the Colombian countryside. Colombian regions saw the birth of the new form of violence that would end up mutating into terrorism. Tolima Colombia-center platform would be the territorial conflict that began engulfing areas and finish an entire country. Only after 2002 it would begin to see the decline of modern terrorism.

  2. Science and Technology Policy in Colombia: A Comparative Review

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Correa-Restrepo, Juan Santiago; Tejada-Gomez, Maria Alejandra; Cayon-Fallon, Edgardo; Ordonez Matamoros, Hector Gonzalo

    2014-01-01

    The purpose of the present paper is to assess the current situation of the science and technology system in Colombia from a comparative perspective of quality indicators in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We analyze the development of the science and technology policy in Colombia form a

  3. El IDRC en Colombia

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    gación de Colombia en salud, agri- ... y desarrollar una base nacional de datos ... apoyada por el IDRC mostró caminos para .... conocimiento con los formuladores de políticas, con otros investigadores y comunidades en todo el mundo.

  4. Actual state and perspectives of the small hydroelectric plants in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Torres Q, E.; Castillo C, J.J.

    1995-01-01

    In this article, the actual state of the small-scale hydroelectric power plants (PCHs, abbreviations in Spanish) in Colombia in aspects as: Statistic of the water in Colombia, a brief historical review and the characteristics of the PCHs in Colombia, is present. The development PCHs, the executing projects and the actions that has been develop by the INEA (Institute of Nuclear Sciences and the Alternative Energies) is described

  5. Cangrejos Gecarcinidos (Crustacea; Gecarcinidae de Colombia Cangrejos Gecarcinidos (Crustacea; Gecarcinidae de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Prahl Henry von

    1984-09-01

    Full Text Available Diagnostic patterns and figures allow correct identifications of those crabs; also coloration, ecology and their distribution are given. The following crabs are reported for Colombia: Gecarcinus (Gecarcinus ruricola (Linnaeus, 1758, G. (G. lateralis lateralis (Freminville, 1835, G. (G. lateralis quadratus Saussure, 1835, G. (lohngarthia malpilensis Faxon, 1893, Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825, C. crassum Smith, 1870, Ucides cordatus cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763 and U. cordatus occidentalis. (Ortman, 1898. Se presentan diagnósticos sistemáticos y figuras, que permiten la correcta identificación de estos cangrejos, adicionando notas sobre su coloración, ecología, distribución general y distribución en Colombia.Se reportan las siguientes especies: Gecarcinus (Gecarcinus ruricola (Linnaeus, 1758, G. (G. lateralis lateralis (Freminville, 1835, G. (G. lateralis quadratus Saussure, 1835, G. (lohngarthia malpilensis Faxon, 1839, Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825, C. crassum Smith, 1870, Ucides cordatus cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763 y U. cordatus occidentalis (Ortman, 1898.   

  6. Representation of global and national conservation priorities by Colombia's Protected Area Network.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Forero-Medina, German; Joppa, Lucas

    2010-10-12

    How do national-level actions overlap with global priorities for conservation? Answering this question is especially important in countries with high and unique biological diversity like Colombia. Global biodiversity schemes provide conservation guidance at a large scale, while national governments gazette land for protection based on a combination of criteria at regional or local scales. Information on how a protected area network represents global and national conservation priorities is crucial for finding gaps in coverage and for future expansion of the system. We evaluated the agreement of Colombia's protected area network with global conservation priorities, and the extent to which the network reflects the country's biomes, species richness, and common environmental and physical conditions. We used this information to identify priority biomes for conservation. We find the dominant strategy in Colombia has been a proactive one, allocating the highest proportion of protected land on intact, difficult to access and species rich areas like the Amazon. Threatened and unique areas are disproportionately absent from Colombia's protected lands. We highlight six biomes in Colombia as conservation priorities that should be considered in any future expansion of Colombia's protected area network. Two of these biomes have less than 3% of their area protected and more than 70% of their area transformed for human use. One has less than 3% protected and high numbers of threatened vertebrates. Three biomes fall in both categories. Expansion of Colombia's Protected Area Network should consider the current representativeness of the network. We indicate six priority biomes that can contribute to improving the representation of threatened species and biomes in Colombia.

  7. Malaria mortality in Colombia, 1979-2008 Mortalidad por paludismo en Colombia, 1979-2008

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julio Padilla

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available


    Introduction. In Colombia, malaria represents a serious public health problem. It is estimated that approximately 60% of the population is at risk of the disease.
    Objective. To describe the mortality trends for malaria in Colombia, from 1979 to 2008.
    Materials and methods. A descriptive study to determine the trends of the malaria mortality was carried out. The information sources used were databases of registered deaths and population projections from 1979 to 2008 of the National Statistics Department. The indicator used was the mortality rate. The trend was analyzed by join point regression.
    Results. Six thousands nine hundred and sixty five deaths caused by malaria were certified for an age-adjusted rate of 0.74 deaths/100.000 inhabitants for the study period. In 74.3% of the deaths, the parasite species was not mentioned. The trend in the mortality rate showed a statistically significant decreasing behavior, which was lower from the second half of the nineties as compared with that presented in the eighties.
    Conclusions. The magnitude of mortality by malaria in Colombia is not high, in spite of the evident underreporting. A marked downward trend was observed between 1979 and 2008. The information obtained from death certificates, along with that of the public health surveillance system will allow to modify the recommendations and improve the implementation of preventive and control measures to further reduce the mortality caused by malaria.


    Introducción. En Colombia, el paludismo representa un grave problema de salud pública. Se estima que, aproximadamente, 60 % de la población se encuentra en riesgo de enfermar o de morir por esta causa.
    Objetivo. Describir la tendencia de la mortalidad por paludismo en Colombia desde 1979 hasta 2008.
    Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo para determinar la tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad. Las fuentes de informaci

  8. Ochetosoma heterocoelium (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae in snakes from Colombia Ochetosoma heterocoelium (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae en ofidios de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carolina Lenis

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available Ochetosoma heterocoelium Travassos, 1921 is a parasite that has been identified in snakes from different locations in Colombia and is considered of veterinary importance. Here, we present a redescription based on morphological traits of juveniles and adults. Parasite burden of O. heterocoelium in the host varied between 3-207 individuals which were localized in the oral cavity of snakes, causing damage that range from small infections to mechanical obstruction of the esophagus and Jacobson's organ. The low levels of abundance and prevalence in the snakes Leptodeira septentrionalis, Bothriechis schlegelli, Bothrops asper and Porthidium nasutum coming from the localities of Maceo, Vegachí and Acandí regions, suggest that the parasite is not a threat to the snakes of Colombia. We propose a treatment program that consists of manual removal of Digenea as well as treating snakes with antihelminthics, the applaying of soft antiseptics and monitoring recovery. The prevalence of O. heterocoelium was established in new regions, namely Middle Magdalena, Valle de Aburrá, Urabá Chocoano and northern Colombia. This extends the known geographical distribution from Brazil and Venezuela. New hosts were also identified: Atractus lasallei, Bothriechis schlegelli, Bothrops asper, Chironius carinatus, Leptodeira septentrionalis, Leptophis ahaetulla and Porthidium nasutum.Se identifica Ochetosoma heterocoelium Travassos, 1921 como un parásito de importancia veterinaria en ofidios de diferentes localidades de Colombia y se redescribe con base en las características morfológicas de individuos juveniles y adultos. La carga parasitaria de O. heterocoelium varió de 3-207 individuos alojados en la cavidad bucal de los ofidios, causando desde infecciones leves hasta obstrucción mecánica en el esófago y órgano de Jacobson. Los bajos valores de abundancia y prevalencia en las localidades de Maceo, Vegachí y Acandí y en los ofidios Leptodeira septentrionalis

  9. Colombia science without future

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alexander Pérez-Cordero

    2017-12-01

    Full Text Available Colombia no será nada hasta que no se eduque su gente, es un país que está retrasado intelectualmente; un país que no valora la ciencia es porque nadie les ha enseñado a sus ciudadanos su valor y sus dirigentes no lo entienden, es porque no les interesa, según lo comentó GINAS, (2004. “El futuro de Colombia va a estar profunda y directamente relacionado con la capacidad que los colombianos tengamos de organizar la educación; la hija de la educación: la ciencia; y la hija de la ciencia: la tecnología-GINAS, 1993” (CORREA, 2017, hoy la ciencia en Colombia no tiene futuro; la inversión pública para ciencia disminuirá para el año 2018 en 41.5 %. El punto de inversión más alto fue de $430.150 millones para el año 2013; para 2014 bajó a $376.768 millones, en 2015 pasó a $332.197 y en 2016 perdió otra porción y se redujo a $304.516 millones. Este año bajó hasta $299.177 millones y para el 2018 se prevé será el más bajo en una década, con apenas $220.506 millones (CORREA, 2017. Las mayores repercusiones se reflejarán en el congelamiento de nuevas becas para programas doctorados y en el presupuesto para convocatorias de proyectos de investigación (EL ESPECTADOR, 2017.

  10. The National Drug Control Policy Strategy: Effectiveness of Eradication in Colombia

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Bishop, Kenneth

    2003-01-01

    .... Among the Andean countries, Colombia's drug market poses the greatest threat to U.S security, since ninety percent of the cocaine entering the United States originates or passes through Colombia...

  11. Territorial perspective of agricultural extension policies in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Molina Juan Patricio

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available This article presents a historic perspective of agricultural extension in Colombia and highlights its scope in relationship to regional development. Four periods are identified, which show that policies have evolved towards a territorial and decentralized agricultural extension. However, this trend has not been consolidated in recent years. It is suggested that Colombia should recover an approach of agricultural extension that integrates the productive dimension with a territorial perspective.

  12. Analysis of the United States Policy for Support of Plan Colombia

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Woods, Roberta

    2001-01-01

    ...% of which comes from Colombia. Drug trafficking in Colombia has become a major source of income, contributing to the destabilization of the economy and also funding a nearly forty year insurgency...

  13. 78 FR 49972 - Importation of Cape Gooseberry From Colombia Into the United States

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-08-16

    ... (Physalis peruviana) from Colombia is authorized for importation into the United States if the commodity is... added to read as follows: Sec. 319.56-60 Cape gooseberry from Colombia. Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) may be imported into the United States from Colombia in accordance with the conditions described...

  14. Distribution of the precipitation in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Romero Reyes, Jorge Arturo; Triana Zarate, Gabriel

    2006-01-01

    The primary target looks for to determine the distribution of the rain for the national territory using technical geostatistical, for such effect was used the rain data averages multi annual, available in 1027 sites (municipal heads of Colombia, and sites of special interest source IDEAM 1982 -1998. The rain data were analyzed through basic statistical processes like location measures and variability, geostatistical like semi-variogram, and directional influence was analyzed (anisotropy), that the mountainous system of the Andes and the zone of Convergence inter tropical corroborate the influence of the relief through (ZCIT) where converge trade winds as a result of the location of Colombia in the equatorial zone, the result corresponds to a continuous surface that shows to the distribution of the rain in Colombia map 2, generated by means of the interpolation process using the Kriging method, this surface will serve like source of intelligence in thematic general space analyses of level in manifold as agrologic for the advantage of the resource water and ground, also to make analyses correlated with variable like temperature, humidity, solar radiation, potential and real evapo-transpiration

  15. [Bibliometric analysis of publications on infectious diseases in Colombia, 2000-2009].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ríos, Rodrigo; Mattar, Salim; González, Marco

    2011-04-01

    Analysing scientific production in the area of infectious diseases in Colombia, 2000-2009. A literature search was made in category A journals in Colciencias' Publindex. The journals were: Biomédica, Revista de Salud Pública (Universidad Nacional), Colombia Médica, Ciencias Pecuarias, Latreia, MVZ Córdoba, Revista de Medicina (Universidad Nacional) and Infectio. 2,963 publications were found; 2,744 (92.6 %) were national publications and 219 (7.4 %) were foreign submissions, of which 863 (29.1 %) were on infectious diseases, 817 (94.7 %) having been submitted nationally and 46 (5.3 %) submitted by foreigners. National publications on infectious diseases were distributed as follows: 268 on parasitology (32.8 %), bacteriology and antimicrobial resistance accounted for 267 (32.7 %), virology 210 (25.7 %), mycology 46 (5.6 %) and other items related to infectious diseases accounted for 26 (3.2 %). The regional distribution of publications was: Cundinamarca 239 (29.3 %), Antioquia 211 (25.8 %), Valle del Cauca 60 (7.3 %), Caribbean coast 52 (6.4 %), the Santanders 38 (4.6 %), the coffee-growing area 31 (3.8 %) and southern Colombia 13 (1.6 %). This is the first study which has analysed publications on infectious diseases in Colombia. There was regional imbalance concerning bibliometric indicators in Colombia; public universities accounted for 90 % of research being carried out in the area of infectious diseases in Colombia.

  16. [Mortality by homicides in Colombia, 1998-2012].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chaparro-Narváez, Pablo; Cotes-Cantillo, Karol; León-Quevedo, Willian; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos

    2016-12-01

    Homicide is a universal indicator of social violence with large public health consequences. To describe mortality by homicides and to analyze its trends and geographic distribution in Colombia between 1998 and 2012. We conducted a descriptive study of deaths by homicide in Colombia between 1998 and 2012 using official mortality databases and the population projections of the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, DANE. We calculated age- and sex-specific mortality rates, and we analyzed the geographical distribution of mean-adjusted homicide mortality rates at municipal level. Between 1998 and 2012, 331,470 homicides were reported in Colombia. The mean crude rate was 51.5 per 100,000 inhabitants: 95.9 in men and 8.2 in women. Since 2003, a decrease in the number of deaths and rates was observed; 91.9% of the victims were men and the highest mortality rates were reported in the 20-29 years old group. The most frequently involved mechanism was the firearm: Eight of 10 homicides in men, and seven of 10 homicides in women. Out of 1,122 municipalities, 186 were in the highest quintile, accumulating 50.1% of all deaths. In Colombia, homicides have been one of the leading causes of death with a trend towards reduction since 2002. Its geographical distribution has been heterogeneous. To continue addressing this public health issue we must recur to multidisciplinary analytical methodologies for a better understanding of the phenomenon.

  17. TLC Colombia-Estados Unidos y sus implicaciones en el turismo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nancy Rocío Rueda Esteban

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available El TLC entre Colombia y Estados Unidos presenta tanto ventajas como desventajas que hay que entender para poder afrontar. Con el presente artículo se pretende analizar y aclarar la importancia de los cambios que puede llegar a generar el TLC Colombia-Estados Unidos sobre el sector turístico y hotelero de Colombia. Se expone una idea clara sobre las necesidades del país para tener una oportunidad amplia y fuerte sobre los cambios económicos, sociales y culturales que sobrevienen con la firma y entrada en vigencia del tratado.

  18. PLAN COLOMBIA: Some Differing Perspectives

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Marcella, Gabriel

    2001-01-01

    This monograph, with an introduction by Dr. Gabriel Marcella, includes four short, but interesting and important papers presented at a conference on Plan Colombia, sponsored by the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S...

  19. Plan para control de Malaria en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hernando Rey

    1943-02-01

    Full Text Available Con motivo de la colaboración de la Oficina de Relaciones Interamericanas en la solución de algunos problemas de Higiene pública en Colombia, el Secretario del Ministerio de Trabajo, Higiene y Previsión Social, doctor Alfonso Orozco, me pidió la elaboración de un breve plan para control de Paludismo en Colombia. El Plan fué presentado al Ministerio por una parte y por otra enviado al doctor Mark F. Boyd de la International Health Division de la Fundación Rockefeller.

  20. Mortalidad por paludismo en Colombia, 1979-2008

    OpenAIRE

    Pablo Chaparro; Julio Padilla

    2012-01-01

    Introducción. En Colombia, el paludismo representa un grave problema de salud pública. Se estima que, aproximadamente, 60 % de la población se encuentra en riesgo de enfermar o de morir por esta causa. Objetivo. Describir la tendencia de la mortalidad por paludismo en Colombia desde 1979 hasta 2008. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo para determinar la tendencia de las tasas de mortalidad. Las fuentes de información fueron las bases de datos de las defunciones...

  1. Solar energy, architecture and climate in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Carrillo B, J.

    1983-01-01

    In Colombia, the climatological conditions are such that with a possible serious appropriate technology to use the solar energy in the cities when the electricity rationing increases, for the illumination, the refrigeration, the electricity production, the heating, etc. The use of the solar energy is also been worth to look for a better adaptation between climate and architecture. In this sense, the article exposes some of the existent possibilities of application of the solar energy for the comfort of the habitat, possibilities of high efficiency and low cost that can be easily applicable in Colombia

  2. Ceratobasidium como hongo micorrízico de orquídeas en Colombia Ceratobasidium as orchid mycorrhizal fungi in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana T. Mosquera-Espinosa

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available Las orquídeas se caracterizan por su relación micorrízica obligada para la germinación de las semillas. El micosimbionte es principalmente del género-forma Rhizoctonia, al igual que sus teleomorfos de los géneros Ceratobasidium, Tulasnella, Thanatephorus y Sebacina. En Colombia hasta la fecha son muy pocos los reportes sobre hongos micorrízicos de orquídeas. Para el presente estudio se planteó el aislamiento e identificación de hongos micorrízicos de algunas orquídeas de diferentes há bitats en Colombia, siguiendo la metodología de contaje de núcleos en células de hifas jóvenes y la secuenciación de la región ITS de los genes ribosomales nucleares. Se identificaron doce aislamientos provenientes de ocho plantas de especies diferentes de orquídeas. Tanto búsquedas BLAST del GenBank como el número de núcleos los agruparon en el género Ceratobasidium. Los resultados sugieren que este género se asocia con una amplia diversidad de orquídeas de há bitats variados en Colombia, además que para esta planta puede ser un importante hongo micorrízico. Sin embargo, surgen preguntas relacionadas con la patogenicidad de los Ceratobasidium micorrízicos sobre otros hospederos y su posible potencial biocontrolador de hongos patógenos en plantas cultivadas como arroz.Orchids require a mycorrhizal relationship for seed germination. Many mycorrhizal fungi are in the form-genus Rhizoctonia, with teleomorphs in the genera Ceratobasidium, Tulasnella, Thanatephorus and Sebacina. So far there are very few reports of orchid mycorrhizal fungi in Colombia. The objectives of the present study were to isolate mycorrhizal fungi of orchids from different habitats in Colombia, and identify them by counting nuclei in young hyphae and sequencing the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal genes. We identified 12 isolates from 8 plants of different species of orchids. BLAST searches in GenBank and binucleate cellsplaced all isolates in the genus

  3. Observatorio de los tratados de libre comercio en Colombia: oportunidades de exportación para Colombia a Dinamarca, España, Eslovaquia, Eslovenia y Croacia

    OpenAIRE

    Martínez Estrada, Daniela; Peñarredonda Petro, Adriana Milena; Ramírez Solano, Camila Alejandra

    2015-01-01

    Tradicionalmente Colombia ha mantenido una estrecha relación comercial con la Unión Europea, siendo éste uno de los principales destinos de exportación de productos colombianos no tradicionales. En busca de fortalecer las dinámicas comerciales entre los países de la Unión Europea y Colombia se firmó un acuerdo comercial en aras de promover el crecimiento económico de los países involucrados. En este documento se hará especial énfasis en la relación comercial de Colombia con Dinamarca, España,...

  4. Gravity Data For Colombia 1997

    Data.gov (United States)

    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — The gravity station data (9,050 records), were observed and processed by the Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi(IGAC), in Colombia from 1958 to 1996. This data...

  5. Determining the environmental quality of La Cienaga Colombia. Caucasia - Antioquia - Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Velasquez R, Jesus Oswaldo; Jimenez G, Gabriel Jaime; Sepulveda L Monica

    2007-01-01

    There were measured 22 physics, chemicals and biological parameters, including phytoplankton evaluation during four months in three measuring stations to achieve the characterization of La Cienaga Colombia as a representation of a wetland system of El Bajo Cauca Antioqueno with the intention to propose a method to detect the environmental quality of this type of ecosystems that let us fix some rules for his adequate management. The data was analyzed by determination of trophic, contamination and biotic state signs. There was also statistics analysis of principal components, and correspondence canonic analysis of La Cienaga Colombia. The average values of trophic state signs showed the eutrophication quality of the ecosystem; his aspect coincide especially whit the contamination index referred to the total phosphorus values. The biotic indicators showed uniform phytoplankton distribution, with low values in diversity, that is for being an eutrophication wetland; It was identified a total of 69 species, this species be long to 31 genres, 21 families and 6 divisions, important groups and representative in natural waters. It was detected in high percentage macrophyte presence, as a result of sediments contribution because the inappropriate land use in near zones that influences the wetland

  6. Contesting and Contextualising CITES: Wildlife Trafficking in Colombia and Brazil

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    David Rodríguez Goyes

    2016-12-01

    Full Text Available This article raises the question of whether recently implemented legislation in Colombia and Brazil (1 provides the necessary tools to prevent the harms of wildlife trafficking (WLT and (2 influences humans’ practices concerning the use of nonhuman animals. These questions are investigated from the dual perspectives of green criminology and public policy. The analysis is based on a qualitative empirical study undertaken in Colombia and Brazil whereby we discuss the function of the legislation in Colombia and Brazil in preventing illegal WLT. We consider the legitimacy of different practices of WLT and evaluate them with respect to species justice and environmental justice.

  7. Evaluation of methodologies for remunerating wind power's reliability in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Botero B, Sergio; Isaza C, Felipe; Valencia, Adriana

    2010-01-01

    Colombia strives to have enough firm capacity available to meet unexpected power shortages and peak demand; this is clear from mechanisms currently in place that provide monetary incentives (in the order of nearly US$ 14/MW h) to power producers that can guarantee electricity provision during scarcity periods. Yet, wind power in Colombia is not able to currently guarantee firm power because an accepted methodology to calculate its potential firm capacity does not exist. In this paper we argue that developing such methodology would provide an incentive to potential investors to enter into this low carbon technology. This paper analyzes three methodologies currently used in energy markets around the world to calculate firm wind energy capacity: PJM, NYISO, and Spain. These methodologies are initially selected due to their ability to accommodate to the Colombian energy regulations. The objective of this work is to determine which of these methodologies makes most sense from an investor's perspective, to ultimately shed light into developing a methodology to be used in Colombia. To this end, the authors developed a methodology consisting on the elaboration of a wind model using the Monte-Carlo simulation, based on known wind behaviour statistics of a region with adequate wind potential in Colombia. The simulation gives back random generation data, representing the resource's inherent variability and simulating the historical data required to evaluate the mentioned methodologies, thus achieving the technology's theoretical generation data. The document concludes that the evaluated methodologies are easy to implement and that these do not require historical data (important for Colombia, where there is almost no historical wind power data). It is also found that the Spanish methodology provides a higher Capacity Value (and therefore a higher return to investors). The financial assessment results show that it is crucial that these types of incentives exist to make viable

  8. Molecular characterization of Hepatozoon canis in dogs from Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vargas-Hernandez, Giovanni; André, Marcos R; Munhoz, Thiago D; Faria, Joice M L; Machado, Rosangela Z; Tinucci-Costa, Mirela

    2012-01-01

    Hepatozoonosis is a tick-borne disease whose transmission to dogs occurs by ingestion of oocysts infected ticks or feeding on preys infested by infected ticks. Until now, there is no previous report of molecular characterization of Hepatozoon sp. in dogs from Colombia. EDTA blood samples were collected from 91 dogs from central-western region of Colombia (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, and Villavicencio cities) and submitted to 18S rRNA Hepatozoon sp. PCR and blood smears confection. Phylogenetic analysis was used to access the identity of Hepatozoon species found in sampled dogs. From 91 sampled dogs, 29 (31.8%) were positive to Hepatozoon sp. (25 dogs were only positive in PCR, 1 was positive only in blood smears, and 3 were positive in both blood smears and PCR). After sequencing, the found Hepatozoon sp. DNA showed 100% of identity with Hepatozoon canis DNA isolates. The phylogenetic tree supported the identity of the found Hepatozoon sp. DNA, showing that the isolates from Colombia were placed in the same clade than other H. canis isolates from Venezuela, Spain, and Taiwan. This is the first molecular detection of H. canis in dogs from Colombia.

  9. Sinopsis de las Loranthaceae de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dueñas Gómez Hilda del Carmen

    2001-07-01

    Full Text Available A synopsis ofthe Loranthaceae of Colombia is presented including a synoptic key that combines vegetative and floral characters for the practical identification of the genera. In total, 51 species belonging to 10 genera are cited; it is supplemented with descriptions of the genera and distribution of the species.Se presenta una sinopsis de las Loranthaceae de Colombia incluyendo una clave sinóptica que combina caracteres vegetativos y florales para la identificación práctica de los géneros. En total se hace referencia a 51 especies distribuidas en 10 géneros; se complementa con descripciones de los géneros y distribución de las especies.

  10. The demand of guava in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julio César Alonso-Cifuentes

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available In Colombia, no systematic work have been carried out to determine the demand for fruits beyond descriptive analysis of per capita consumption according to different individual socioeconomic characteristics and much less for a specific product such as guava, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae. This paper estimates the relationship between guava prices and the demand of guava in Colombia. We found that guava consumption is not affected by its price and its demand is highly correlated to income. While socio-economic characteristics such as income, education and household head labor affect the decision-making for consuming guava, other characteristics such as race and the number of household members determine the quantity of guava consumed in a Colombian household.

  11. Impacts of Climate Change on Colombia’s National and Regional Security

    Science.gov (United States)

    2009-10-01

    Peru, and Chile have relatively diverse, industrialized economies and greater domestic resources and state capaci- ties for adaptation. Bolivia...Change on Colombia’s National and Regional Security References 1 Colombia, Sistema de Informacion sobre el Uso del Agua en la Agricultura y el Medio...Jul 2009. "El cambio climatico en Colombia." Unpublished report shared with authors. IDEAM. 26 "El agua para 40 millones de personas esta en riesgo

  12. Prediabetes in Colombia: Expert Consensus

    Science.gov (United States)

    Calderón, Carlos; Castillo, Jorge; Escobar, Iván Darío; Melgarejo, Enrique; Parra, Gustavo Adolfo

    2017-01-01

    Abstract The prevalence of Prediabetes in Colombia is high, and despite being recognized and categorized in the main Medical Guidelines and included in the International Classification of Diseases in Colombia, knowledge and awareness of it is limited amongst healthcare professionals and in the community. Our expert group recommends that educational programs emphasize a global approach to risk which includes a recognition of the importance of prediabetes and its evaluation along with and other risk factors such as a family history of DM2, overweight and obesity, dislipidemia and hypertension. Studies conducted in Colombia demonstrate the value of the FINDRIS questionnaire as a tool to identify subjects at risk of prediabetes and DM2, and we recommend that it should be systematic applied throughout the country as part of government policy. Prediabetes progresses to DM2 at an annual rate of 10%, but it has also been shown that prediabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. On this basis, the Committee recommends that once prediabetes is detected and diagnosed, immediate management of the disease begins through lifestyle changes, with follow up assessments performed at 3 and 6 months. If the patient does not respond with a weight loss of at least 5% and if the HbA1C values ​​are not normalized, pharmacological management should be initiated with a metformin dose of 500 mg / day, increasing up to 1,500 - 1,700 mg / day, according to tolerance. PMID:29662261

  13. Prediabetes in Colombia: Expert Consensus.

    Science.gov (United States)

    López-Jaramillo, Patricio; Calderón, Carlos; Castillo, Jorge; Escobar, Iván Darío; Melgarejo, Enrique; Parra, Gustavo Adolfo

    2017-12-30

    The prevalence of Prediabetes in Colombia is high, and despite being recognized and categorized in the main Medical Guidelines and included in the International Classification of Diseases in Colombia, knowledge and awareness of it is limited amongst healthcare professionals and in the community. Our expert group recommends that educational programs emphasize a global approach to risk which includes a recognition of the importance of prediabetes and its evaluation along with and other risk factors such as a family history of DM2, overweight and obesity, dislipidemia and hypertension. Studies conducted in Colombia demonstrate the value of the FINDRIS questionnaire as a tool to identify subjects at risk of prediabetes and DM2, and we recommend that it should be systematic applied throughout the country as part of government policy. Prediabetes progresses to DM2 at an annual rate of 10%, but it has also been shown that prediabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. On this basis, the Committee recommends that once prediabetes is detected and diagnosed, immediate management of the disease begins through lifestyle changes, with follow up assessments performed at 3 and 6 months. If the patient does not respond with a weight loss of at least 5% and if the HbA1C values ​​are not normalized, pharmacological management should be initiated with a metformin dose of 500 mg / day, increasing up to 1,500 - 1,700 mg / day, according to tolerance.

  14. Death and injury from motor vehicle crashes in Colombia Muertes y lesiones por accidentes de tráfico en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Jaime Posada; Eli Ben-Michael; Alan Herman; Ernesto Kahan; Elihu Richter

    2000-01-01

    We report data on the distribution and determinants of road deaths and injuries for all victims in Colombia, with the aim of defining targets and priorities for highway death prevention in that country and other rapidly urbanizing nations. Using information from Colombia's Fund for the Prevention of Road Injury and the national death registry, we studied data on deaths and injuries from 1991 to 1995 for the nation as a whole and for the country's two largest cities, Santa Fe de Bogotá and Med...

  15. Dengue mortality in Colombia, 1985-2012.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chaparro-Narváez, Pablo; León-Quevedo, Willian; Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andrés

    2016-02-11

    Dengue in Colombia is an important public health problem due to the huge economic and social costs it has caused, especially during the disease outbreaks.  To describe the behavior of dengue mortality in Colombia between 1985 and 2012.  We conducted a descriptive study. Information was obtained from mortality and population projection databases provided by the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) for the 1985-2012 period. Mortality rates, rate ratios, and case fatality rates were estimated.  A total of 1,990 dengue deaths were registered during this period in Colombia. Dengue mortality rates presented an increasing trend with statistical significance between 1985 and 1998. Higher mortality rates were reported in men both younger than 5 years and older than 65 years. Between 1995 and 2012, category 1 to 4 municipalities reported the highest mortality rates. Case fatality rates varied during the period between 0.01% and 0.39%.  Dengue is an avoidable disease that should disappear from mortality statistics as a cause of death. The event is avoidable if the proposed activities from the Estrategia de Gestión Integrada (EGI)-Dengue are implemented and evaluated. We recommend encouraging the development of an informational culture to contribute to decision making and prioritizing resource allocation.

  16. [Cigarette taxes and demand in Colombia].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Maldonado, Norman; Llorente, Blanca; Deaza, Javier

    2016-10-01

    Estimate price and income elasticities of aggregate demand for cigarettes in Colombia, by controlling for structural market changes since the late 1990s, to identify policy opportunities for taxes that could improve public health and increase tax revenues. Measurement of aggregate demand for cigarettes using gross income reported on value-added tax returns submitted to Colombia's National Tax and Customs Office (DIAN is the acronym in Spanish) by the tobacco product manufacturing industry, subtracting exports. A quarterly time series was obtained for the period 1994-2014. The econometric estimation using two-stage least squares controls for price endogeneity and uses a set of dummy variables to control for structural changes in the market and in its regulation. Demand is, from a statistical standpoint, sensitive to price and to income. Price elasticity of demand is -0.78 and income elasticity is 0.61. Inelastic demand implies that it is possible, through cigarette excise taxes, to meet public health targets and increase revenues simultaneously. The results also suggest that the considerable increase in household income in Colombia in the first decade of the 21st century increased purchasing power, which, lacking an accompanying tax increase, promoted cigarette consumption, with negative effects on public health, and wasted an opportunity to increase tax revenues.

  17. Aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Laura Victoria Peñaranda Gonzalez

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available En Colombia, el  Departamento Nacional de Planeación proyectó para el 2018, el 20% en aprovechamiento de residuos que van a los rellenos e incentivar el reciclaje, sin embargo no ha logrado superar el 17%, por lo tanto es prioritario incluir mecanismos de articulación del componente productivo y de investigación científica y tecnológica. En este artículo se  relacionan importantes fuentes de residuos agroindustriales en Colombia, presentando algunas alternativas  de subproductos en las que se aprovechan sus características y propiedades para obtener materiales que pueden ser utilizados en otros procesos como la industria de la construcción, biocombustibles, productos farmacéuticos, cosméticos y  nutricionales;  es el caso del  glicerol, residuos de papa y café tanto de cultivo como procesados, arroz y caña de azúcar en el grupo de las gramíneas, y residuos de frutas y verduras. Se concluye que Colombia debe implementar el desarrollo de diversos procesos y/o productos que sean competitivos y cumplan con las respectivas normas de calidad para incursionar en los mercados del mundo.

  18. How Military Actions Affected Citizen Security During Plan Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    2015-06-01

    of Colombia) CERAC Centro de Recursos para el Análisis de Conflictos (Resource Center for Conflict Analysis) CINEPP/PPP Centro de Investigación... Humanos y el Desplazamiento (Consultancy for Human Rights and Displacement) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ELN...cuantitativa” [Demobilized groups and forced displacement in Colombia: A quantitative approximation], Consultoría para los Derechos Humanos y el Desplazamiento

  19. A Geographical Information System for Malaria in Colombia (SIGMA)

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Poveda, German; Hernandez, Olver; Urquijo, Lenis; Padilla Julio Cesar

    2005-01-01

    A Geographical Information System for Malaria in Colombia (SIGMA) is introduced and its capabilities and modules are described. It allows the interactive visualization of the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection database at national, regional and municipal levels and the analysis of relationships with different environmental and climatic variables. SIGMA is a powerful decision support system for human health intervention and management programs in Colombia

  20. Outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Córdoba, Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hidalgo, Marylin; Miranda, Jorge; Heredia, Damaris; Zambrano, Pilar; Vesga, Juan Fernando; Lizarazo, Diana; Mattar, Salim; Valbuena, Gustavo

    2011-02-01

    Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. Although RMSF was first reported in Colombia in 1937, it remains a neglected disease. Herein, we describe the investigation of a large cluster of cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis in a new area of Colombia.

  1. Determining rainfall thresholds that trigger landslides in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mayorga Marquez, Ruth

    2003-01-01

    Considering that rainfall is the natural event that more often triggers landslides, it is important to study the relationship between this phenomenon and the occurrence of earth mass movements, by determining rainfall thresholds that trigger landslides in different zones of Colombia. The research presents a methodology that allows proposing rainfall thresholds that trigger landslides in Colombia, by means of a relationship between the accumulated rain in the soil (antecedent rainfall) and the rain that falls the day of the landslide occurrence (event rainfall)

  2. A new genus of Rhytirrhinini from Colombia (Coleoptera: Curculionidae

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    Morrone Juan J.

    1995-06-01

    Full Text Available Rupanius, new genus, comprises the single species R. carinatus, new species, endemic to the Paramo biogeographic province of Colombia. It is diagnosed based on the elytra subquadrate and with a conspicuous declivital carina, and is considered similar to Puranlus Germain and Acrorius Kirsch. The genus and species are described, illustrated, and compared with the other Colombian Rhytirrhinini.Rupanius, gen. n., comprende la única especie R. carinatus, sp. n., endémica de la provincia biogeográfica del Páramo de Colombia. Este género se reconoce por los élitros subcuadrados y con una conspicua carena declivital y es considerado similar a Puranius Germain y Acrorius Kirsch. El género y especie son descritos, ilustrados y comparados con los otros Rhytirrhinini de Colombia.

  3. Clave para las familias y subfamilias de Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera de Colombia Clave para las familias y subfamilias de Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera de Colombia

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    Andrade C. Gonzalo

    1990-09-01

    Full Text Available A dicotomic key to determinate the diurnal butterflies of Colombia is provided. ilustrations about the groups are additioned. The study on Papilionoidea follows Ehrlich (1958. Se presenta una clave dicotómica para determinar las familias y subfamilias de mariposas diurnas de Colombia, con ilustraciones sobre la venación de los principales grupos. Para la determinación de los Papilionoidea se siguieron los parámetros propuestos por Ehrlich (1958.

  4. Adiciones a la avifauna de Colombia de especies arribadas a la Isla Gorgona Adiciones a la avifauna de Colombia de especies arribadas a la Isla Gorgona

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    Ortiz-Von Halle Bernardo

    1990-09-01

    Full Text Available Se registran siete especies nuevas para la avifauna de Colombia a partir de observaciones y capturas hechas en el Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona, Océano Pacífico, Colombia, Aphriza virgata (Scolopacidae y Rhodospingus cruentus (Fringillidae son registros visuales, mientras que la presencia de Stercorarius longicaudus (Stercorariidae, Columbina cruziana, C.buckleyi (Columbidae, Muscisaxicola albilora y de Muscigralla brevicauda (Tyrannidae queda confirmada con especímenes preservados. Se analizan las posibles causas del arribo a la Isla de las especies terrestres. Seven species are reported as new to the avifauna of Colombia from observations and captures made at Gorgona Island National Park, Pacific Ocean, Colombia Aphriza virgata (Scolopacidae and Rhodospingus cruentus (Fringillidae are reported as visual records while the reports of Stercorarius longicaudus (Stercorariidae, Columbina cruziana, C. buckleyi (Columbidae, Muscisaxicola albilora and Muscigralla brevicauda (Tyrannidae are based on preserved specimens. The possible causes of the arrival to the Island of the terrestrial species are discussed.

  5. Imagen país de Colombia desde la perspectiva extranjera

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    Echeverri Cañas, Lina María

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available Colombia is a country with a negative historical positioning in international markets. Despite efforts by governments and influencers to improve its image, the perception of foreigners remains polarized, being associated with coffee and drug trafficking. This article is the result of a qualitative research conducted on foreign visitors from eight countries in the Americas with the largest number of visitors to Colombia in 2013: The United States, Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina, Peru, Brazil, Mexico and Chile. The study found that the image of Colombia is not one-dimensional, but multidimensional. It identifies five dimensions that influence country image: knowledge of the country, the industrial orientation, visitor attitudes, perceptions of prospects and preferences and finally interests associated with its image.Colombia es un país con un posicionamiento histórico negativo en mercados internacionales. Si bien los gobiernos y los prescriptores han dedicado esfuerzos por mejorarla, la percepción del extranjero se mantiene polarizada, es decir, todavía el país es asociado con el café y con el narcotráfico. El presente artículo es el resultado de una investigación cualitativa realizada a extranjeros procedentes de ocho países que registran el mayor número de visitantes en Colombia en el 2013 desde el continente americano: Estados Unidos, Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina, Perú, Brasil, México y Chile. Como resultado del estudio se encontró que la imagen de Colombia no es unidimensional, es multidimensional. Se logran identificar cinco dimensiones que influyen en la imagen país: el conocimiento del país, la orientación industrial, las actitudes de los visitantes, las percepciones de los prospectos y las preferencias e intereses asociado a su imagen.

  6. Environmental occurrence of arsenic in Colombia: a review.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Alonso, David L; Latorre, Sergio; Castillo, Elianna; Brandão, Pedro F B

    2014-03-01

    The international literature on the presence of arsenic (As) in Latin America does not disclose the true magnitude of the presence of As in Colombia. In this paper, we summarize the literature on As occurrence in Colombia. The data reveal that As is present in matrices such as soil, sediments and water and in the food chain. Some of the As concentrations exceed the limits specified by national and international regulations. Arsenic higher concentrations are associated with mining regions (e.g., soils, up to 148 mg/kg; sediments, up to 1400 mg/kg) and agricultural areas (e.g., vegetables, up to 5.40 mg/kg; irrigation water, up to 255 μg/L), and underscore the potential human and environmental risks associated with the presence of As in the country. This review highlights the importance of focusing research on understanding the occurrence, origin and distribution of As in Colombia to better understand its environmental and public health impact. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  7. Trade liberalization and gender effects: a literature review for Colombia

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    Jairo Guillermo lsaza Castro

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available This paper presents a literature review about thegender effects of trade liberalization with emphasisin Colombia. In addition, it reviews sorne theoreticalapproaches about trade and its interrelations withgender, poverty, inequality and labour markets.Based on the existing literature about the socialeffects of trade in Colombia, it concludes with sorneconsiderations for empirical research.

  8. Energetic Planning in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lombana V, Jorge E

    1998-01-01

    In the country one of the most dynamic sectors in the last years, it has been the mining - energy sector that has had rates of increase superiors to 5%. The most critical situation corresponds to the sector of hydrocarbons, where the exploration in Colombia has arrived at its lower historical levels as they are those of 22 and 30 perforated wells, and 2148 and 2300 acquired kilometers of seismic 2d, in the years of 1996 and 1997, that which doesn't agree with the National Energy Plan NEP that inclined to perforate 100 exploratory wells per year, for the period 1997 - 2010, with the purpose of maintaining the production of 1.0 mbd starting from the year 2000 and this way to avoid that Colombia loses its self-sufficiency and be importer in the 2004 again. The oil politics in charge of the Ecopetrol, will have to be revised with different approaches if one wants a reactivation, because from 1989, year in that included the escalation clause, not alone it has not been possible to increase the exploration, but rather it has fallen at the mentioned levels. In the electric sector; the Regulation of Energy and Gas Commission - REGC, has been a supremely difficult to put priorities, because measures and immediate and urgent changes are needed. To medium term, Colombia should solve its institutional, normative problems and of infrastructure, to be able to have a true integral planning, that takes us to receive the next millennium with true energy self-sufficiency and a consolidation of the country in the export of coal and petroleum, if they take the necessary measures and avoid the lost of the self-sufficiency in hydrocarbons

  9. DERECHO PROCESAL CONSTITUCIONAL Y DERECHO PROBATORIO CONSTITUCIONAL EN COLOMBIA

    OpenAIRE

    Nisimblat, Nattan

    2012-01-01

    El presente documento da cuenta del desarrollo actual del Derecho Procesal Constitucional en Colombia, determina la aplicabilidad de los principios generales del proceso y de la prueba en los procesos contenciosos subjetivos, y resuelve sobre la existencia de un derecho probatorio constitucional. This document reports on the current development of the Constitutional Procedural Law in Colombia, determines the applicability of generalprinciples of the process and the evidence in subjective c...

  10. Outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Córdoba, Colombia

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    Marylin Hidalgo

    2011-02-01

    Full Text Available Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF is a tick-borne disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. Although RMSF was first reported in Colombia in 1937, it remains a neglected disease. Herein, we describe the investigation of a large cluster of cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis in a new area of Colombia.

  11. Distribución de Triatomíneos domiciliados en Colombia.

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    Augusto Corredor Arjona

    2000-08-01

    Full Text Available

    Se presentan los antecedentes de la presencia de triatominos domiciliados en Colombia desde la primera publicación hecha por el doctor César Uribe en 1929 (Editorial Minerva, Bogotá donde se consigna el hallazgo de Trypanosoma cruzi y Trypanosoma rangeli en 15 ejemplares de Rhodnius prolixus provenientes de Prado, Tolima. A continuación se analizan las demás publicaciones en orden cronológico. Informe del Profesor Emile Brumpt (Revista de Higiene, año XX – Números 11 y 12, 1939, Distribución de los Triatominos en Colombia, Hernando Ucrós, Hernando Rocha, Marcos Duque (Antioquia Médica Vol. 21 – 1971 No. 8; Distribution of Triatomine – transmitted trypanosomamiasis in Colombia and vew records of the bugs and infections. A. D’Alessandro, Pablo Barreto and C. A. Duarte R. (1972, J. Med. Ent. Vol. 8, No. 2: 159-172; Colombian Triatominae and their infestation with Trypanosomatid Flagellates. Marinkelle Cornelis J. (1972 Mitt Inst. – Aleman Invest. Cient. 6:13-29; Nuevos registros de triatominos domiciliarios y extradomiciliarios en Colombia. Antonio D’Alessandro, Pablo Barreto y Mauricio Thomas. Colombia Médica Vol. 12 No. 2 – 1981.

    Basándose en la anterior información se llega a la conclusión de que los Triatominae domiciliados en Colombia se encuentran en poblaciones situadas sobre los 2.000msnm, principalmente en las zonas central y oriental del país.

    El Instituto Nacional de Salud en el año de 1990, como una primera etapa para tratar de determinar la magnitud del problema de la tripanosomiasis americana en Colombia, realizó una investigación para establecer la verdadera distribución de los triatominos domiciliarios en el país.

    El estudio se hizo usando el sistema de muestreo, en una muestra estadísticamente representativa. Se inspeccionaron las viviendas de las zonas rurales; se capturaron triatominos vectores que, posteriormente, fueron examinados sistemáticamente en búsqueda de

  12. Enfermedad de Chagas en Colombia

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    Fernando Serpa Florez

    1985-12-01

    Full Text Available

    Generalidades.

    La tripanosomiasis americana o enfermedad de Chagas se halla ampliamente distribuida en Centro y Sur América. La Organización Mundial de la Salud considera que pueden haber doce millones de casos de esta dolencia en el continente (1, estudiados principalmente en Argentina, Brasil y Venezuela. Se calcula que en Colombia tendríamos una incidencia muy alta de casos, (Marinkelle (2 estima que 7.140/0 de la población podría estar infectada o sea cerca de dos millones de personas, distribuidos en las zonas rurales del nordeste del país (cuenca del Catatumbo Magdalena Medio y Llanos Orientales (Piedemonte, Macarena y Meta cercano (3 (4 (5 Y que seis millones de nuestros compatriotas -22.30/0 de la población total- (2 corren el riesgo de adquirir la enfermedad pues habitan en regiones donde se dan las condiciones para que ésta se propague.


    RESEÑA HISTORICA DE LA ENFERMEDAD EN COLOMBIA
    La existencia de casos de tripanosomiasis americana y de sus vectores fue comprobada en Colombia desde 1929 cuando César Uribe Piedrahita (6 encontró en Prado, Tolima, vectores del mal infectados con T.

    cruzi e Ignacio Moreno Pérez observó dicho hemoflagelado en sangre de seres humanos en Cali (4. En los años siguientes Hernando Ucrós, Benjamín Otálora, Hernando Groot, Santiago Renjifo, Hernando Osorno, Carlos Duarte Rangel, C.J. Marinkelle, Augusto Corredor, Ernesto Suescún y varios otros investigadores colomb iano s describieron diversos focos de la enfermedad en Colombia y estudiaron la distribución de sus vectores y huéspedes intermediarios. En 1947 1. Caicedo y C. Hernández publicaron su informe sobre los primeros casos crónicos de enfermedad de Chagas comprobados en nuestro país, procedentes de la región de Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca (7 en tanto que, en 1961, Marcos Duque inicia los estudios sobre cardiopatía chagásica (8 y Hernando Rocha, en 1971, comunica

  13. Violence and health in Colombia

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    Saúl Franco Agudelo

    1997-09-01

    Full Text Available In Colombia, violence seems uncontrollable. Along with massacres and group killings of astonishing cruelty, there are also kidnappings and disappearances, abuse of children and the elderly, and rape of young adolescents. Every day, without respite, Colombians are witnesses or victims of street crimes as well as racial, sexual, and socioeconomic discrimination. Unwillingly, they become agents of aggression in public transport, at home, at school, and at work. Colombia has the highest rates of mortality from homicide in the world. Apart from the enormous institutional burden that violence imposes on the health services and forensic medicine, it now constitutes the principal public health problem in the country. To confront it, the health sector must develop policies and finance actions, develop innovative ways to train personnel, implement public education processes, and devote more effort and greater creativity to research, which up to now has provided some important, albeit insufficient, responses. Violence, which is the substitution of force for any type of dialogue, must be considered within the context of life and health. Doing so is not an attempt to rationalize violence, much less to substitute words or reflection for action, but rather an attempt to understand it in depth in order to search for alternatives. With that goal, this article analyzes the subject of violence in Colombia, principally from the perspective of its effect on the health of the citizens and its implications for the health sector. The author fully recognizes the subjectivity and limitations of the views he expresses herein.

  14. Counterinsurgency Lessons from Colombia: An Assessment of the Colombian Army Transformation from 1998 to 2010

    Science.gov (United States)

    2014-12-01

    had initiated the process of 209 Marks, “Colombian Military Support for ‘Democratic Security,’” 204. 210 Carlos Ospina, La Estrategia en Colombia...Francisco Leal Buitrago. Bogotá, Colombia: Editorial Norma, 2006. Ospina Ovalle, Carlos Alberto. La Estrategia en Colombia: Variaciones del Centro de

  15. Reporte financiero Burkenroad - Enka de Colombia S.A.

    OpenAIRE

    Jaramillo Estrada, Adriana; Tobón Flórez, Wilmer Andrés

    2015-01-01

    La recomendación de comprar la acción de Enka de Colombia S.A. se fundamenta en una estrategia sólida que busca un equilibrio entre la sostenibilidad, el impacto social, ambiental y ético, y la eficiencia en costos -- Adicionalmente, su diversificación del portafolio incursionando en proyectos como el denominado B2B (Botella-a-Botella) en el que se construyó la planta de reciclaje de PET que convierte a Enka en el líder de reciclaje PET en Colombia -- Otro proyecto que ha entrado en funcio...

  16. MICROCRÉDITO EN COLOMBIA

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    Bernardo Barona Z

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available El artículo tiene como propósitos: proporcionar una visión general de la forma en que el financiamiento de los microempresarios y los estratos más vulnerables de la población ha sido abocada en Colombia; resumir los grandes retos que enfrenta en la actualidad el programa de microfinanzas en el mundo, presentar el programa de investigación que están adelantando las Universidades Icesi y del Valle en Colombia en asocio con la Universidad de Laval en Canadá y con algunos centros de Investigación de Filipinas, Marruecos y Benin y algunos resultados parciales de este esfuerzo investigativo; y, presentar algunas recomendaciones tendientes a fortalecer a las organizaciones microfinancieras en el país. Una revisión de la historia y el estado actual del microcrédito en Colombia indica que los esfuerzos hasta ahora realizados parecen haberse quedado muy cortos frente a las necesidades de financiación de los microempresarios: la cobertura de microemepresarios alcanzada por instituciones gubernamentales, ONG y la banca convencional ha sido muy baja. En cuanto a los retos que afronta el movimiento microfinanciero en el mundo dos muy importantes son (i, clarificar el efecto de los diferentes esfuerzos de microcrédito realizados en la reducción de la pobreza de la población del país y, (ii, identificar mecanismos para lograr un aumento significativo de la cobertura mediante un balance adecuado entre regulación, supervisión y disciplina de mercado. Los principales resultados (parciales obtenidos en la línea de investigación descrita en este artículo son (i, contrario a lo que con frecuencia se asume, a medida que una organización cooperativa crece en tamaño no necesariamente se torna más eficiente: los posibles beneficios de la mayor escala fueron más que compensados en las empresas estudiadas por nosotros por la propensión al gasto excesivo que exhiben los gerentes en caso de instituciones de mayor tamaño (ii, las cooperativas

  17. Perfil de la mujer en la alta dirección en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Morales Castro, Clara Viviana

    2011-01-01

    El objetivo del presente estudio descriptivo fenomenológico es identificar los perfiles sociodemográficos que predominan en un grupo de mujeres directivas en Colombia, y observar las características de su liderazgo; para tal propósito se realizó un estudio cualitativo y un análisis de los determinantes de la participación laboral de las mujeres en Colombia. Se tomó como base de información encuestas realizadas a un grupo de mujeres de la alta dirección en Colombia, implementando un análi...

  18. COMERCIO DE FAUNA SILVESTRE EN COLOMBIA WILDLIFE TRADE IN COLOMBIA

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    Néstor Javier Mancera Rodríguez

    2008-12-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo ofrece un panorama sobre las actividades relacionadas con el comercio de bienes derivados de las especies de fauna silvestre en Colombia, abordando el tema desde el desarrollo que ha tenido su actividad productiva, el aprovechamiento extractivo, así como la dinámica de su comercio legal e ilegal en el país y el desarrollo y promoción de alternativas productivas sustentadas en su aprovechamiento. Se analizó la información secundaria de entidades como el Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, las Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales y Autoridades Ambientales Urbanas, el Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural-INCODER, las Autoridades Policiales, los Institutos de Investigación, el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, la Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales-DIAN, el Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo, y PROEXPORT. entre otras. En Colombia, el comercio de especies de fauna silvestre está centrado principalmente en la extracción de ejemplares de forma ilegal, lo cual ha generado desequilibrios en las poblaciones naturales y ha repercutido en el deterioro de la dinámica de los ecosistemas. El comercio legal de fauna silvestre se basa en la producción de unas pocas especies entre las que se destacan la babilla (Caiman crocodilus, el chigüiro (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, cerca de 200 especies de peces ornamentales y en menor medida el lobo pollero (Tupinambis nigropunctatus, la iguana (Iguana iguana, la boa (Boa constrictor, escarabajos (Dynastes hercules y mariposas. En el país no se tiene información exacta sobre el número de incautaciones realizadas en los operativos de control al tráfico ilegal de fauna, y no existe un conocimiento de la dinámica de este comercio ilegal.This work offers a current view on the activities related to the trade of derived from the wildlife species in Colombia, approaching the topic from the development that has had its productive activity

  19. Sinopsis sobre las Hydrocharitaceae de Colombia

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    Schmidt Mumm Udo

    1996-06-01

    Full Text Available The aquatic family Hydrocharitaceae is actually represented in Colombia by seven genera and seven species (Egeria densa, Apalanthe granatensis, Halophila decipiens, Hydrilla verticillata, Limnobium laevigatum, Thalassia testudinum, Vallisneria americana. A first record of Hydrilla verticillata growing spontaneously in outside conditions is made for this geographical area. A key to genera is presented, with each species briefly commented and illustrated.En Colombia la familia de plantas acuáticas Hydrocharitaceae se encuentra representada por siete géneros y siete especies (Egeria densa, Apalanthe granatensis, Halophila decipiens, Hydrilla verticillata, Limnabium laevigatum, Thalassia testudinum, Vallisneria americana. Para el país se registra por primera vez a Hydrilla verticillata. Adicionalmente se presenta una clave para los géneros, con las especies brevemente comentadas e ilustradas.

  20. Imagen país de Colombia desde la perspectiva estadounidense

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    Lina María Echeverri

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available La reputación de los países está vinculada a la percepción que tengan los visitantes sobre un destino específico, se construye sobre sus experiencias y da como resultado el concepto de imagen de un país. Autores como Anholt, Dinnie y Kotler han logrado evaluar y analizar la importancia que está cobrando el contenido sobre imagen país en el diseño de estrategias de reputación territorial. En el caso de Colombia, el país tiene un posicionamiento polarizado, se asocia con narcotráfico y con café. El presente artículo expone los resultados de una investigación empírica aplicada en Estados Unidos, sobre las impresiones del país que tienen aquellos que han visitado y no han visitado a Colombia. La hipótesis planteada es que Colombia mantiene un posicionamiento histórico negativo, asociado al narcotráfico. Se eligió como ámbito geográfico a Estados Unidos, por ser el emisor más grande de viajeros hacia Colombia.

  1. Rickettsiosis, una enfermedad letal emergente y re-emergente en Colombia

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    Juan David Rodas González

    2012-04-01

    Full Text Available Rickettsiosis: a deadly emerging and re-emerging disease in Colombia. Rickettsiosis was first described in Colombia in 1937 byDr Luis Patiño during an outbreak of a disease with unspecific signs. Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative intracellular obligatorybacteria having caused several epidemics around the world, and are transmitted mainly by ticks, fleas, lice and mites. The most fatalwithin this group of diseases is known as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF, which is caused by Rickettsia rickettsia. There is alsothe endemic typhus caused by Rickettsia typhi and epidemic typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. In Colombia, several outbreaks ofRMSF have occurred during the last decade. The best known among those have hit the municipalities of Necoclí and Turbo, in Antioquiain 2006 and 2008 respectively, and Los Cordobas in the department of Cordoba in 2007. The goal of this review is to describe the state ofthe art of rickettsiosis, a forgotten lethal disease that has re-emerged in our country, and leave some questions as an inspiration for future research that will hopefully lead scientists to a better understanding of this entity potentially endemic in some areas of Colombia.

  2. Análisis del comercio exterior de autopartes en Colombia

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    Martín Darío Arango Serna

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available Background: The international trade is understood as “the interchange of goods and services between people living in different countries” [1]. International trade activities performed from Colombia are based on mercantilist theory, which is founded in the increase of wealth starting from a positive trade balance. Objective: To analyze the Colombian auto parts industry in order to understand its behavior, given its relevance for the national economy, as it represents 6.2% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product. Methodology: Review and analysis of foreign trade of spare parts in Colombia, based on scientific literature, government documents and the information registered at the system of foreign trade -SICEX. Results: An analysis of the trade balance for the spare parts sector in Colombia is showed, providing relevant elements about the registered tariff items in the import and export operations of auto parts in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Conclusion: This paper identifies the main companies, products, countries of origin and destiny for the foreign trade operation of automotive spare parts in Colombia, given the influence and contribution of this industry for the economic growth of the country.

  3. Colombia extends its exploration horizon

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Carta Petrolera

    1997-01-01

    The Return 1 Contract, currently being awarded under the tender system, faithfully reflects Colombia's new approach to hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. This policy aims to increase reserves and has Ecopetrol assume a more aggressive role in its direct activities by sharing the exploration risks with private partners

  4. Amendment of the Foreign lnvestment Juridical regime in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cristina Vargas Guzman

    1992-12-01

    Full Text Available Colombia, integrated in the Andean Group, is now going through a period of economic and institutional modernization and has initiated a serie of modifications, specially of its international trade, finantial, tax, exchange and labour regimes. These have involved some changes which guarantee legislative stability to investors and thus set the grounds for the foreign participation in the economic modernization and internationalization process in Colombia. These facilities need the support of developed countries to achieve its aims.

  5. Citizen perception about the education in Colombia Determinantes sobre la percepción ciudadana de la educación en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Elias Said-Hung

    2012-11-01

    Full Text Available This article presents the results of the Project “Analysis of the determinants of the citizens’ perception about education in Colombia” developed by Universidad del Norte from the National Survey of Citizens’ Perception developed by Educación Compromiso de Todos in 2010. The objective of this study is to analyze the main determinants influencing the citizens’ perception concerning education in Colombia. This work starts with an inferential analysis where a better valuation of education in Colombia was evidenced when there is satisfaction with the administration of schools, teachers’ updating, school infrastructure, school food service, the right to education, investment capacity and local management in education, the usefulness of academic tests and when there is a good perception of de socio-economical situation of the country.El presente artículo expone los resultados del proyecto ¨Análisis de los determinantes de la percepción ciudadana sobre la Educación en Colombia¨, realizado desde la Universidad del Norte, a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Percepción Ciudadana realizada por Educación Compromiso de Todos en 2010. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los principales determinantes que inciden en la percepción ciudadana en materia educativa en Colombia. El trabajo parte de un análisis inferencial, en el que se apreció una mejor valoración de la educación en Colombia cuando existe satisfacción en: la administración de los colegios; la actualización de los profesores; la dotación escolar; el servicio de alimentación escolar; el derecho a la educación; la capacidad de inversión y de gestión local en materia educativa; la utilidad de las pruebas académicas; y cuando se tiene una posición favorable sobre la situación socio-económica del país. 

  6. Cotylophoron panamensis (digenea: paramphistomidae) in cattle from Meta and Guaviare, Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Lopez Martinez, Jessika; Velasquez Trujillo, Luz Elena

    2012-01-01

    Some species of Paramphistomidae (Trematoda: Digenea) that parasitize the digestive system of ruminants can cause decreases in milk and meat production. In Colombia, paramphistomosis cattle have been recorded from 1) dairy farms at high altitudes in the mountains of Antioquia (northwestern Colombia) where Cotylophoron cotylophorum was described as the causative agent; and 2) from lowland savannas in eastern Colombia, which has been attributed to several species of Paramphistomidae but with records remaining to be confirmed. Therefore, the discovery of digenea of cattle slaughtered in Guamal, Meta (eastern Colombia), was an opportunity to start with the description of the Paramphistomidae in this region. Between 2006 and 2008, we sampled 715 adult flukes from the rumen of 32 cattle from the departments of Meta and Guaviare. The morphological analysis shows that the adult has the following features typical of the family Paramphistomidae: Laurers canal crossing the excretory vesicle and opening posteriorly to the excretory pore; acetabulum small as in the genus Cotylophoron; pharynx as in Calicophoron; genital sucker without sphincter; absence of esophageal bulb and the lateral and dorsal vitellaria converging posteriorly in the body, below the acetabulum, as in C. panamensis. This study confirms the presence of paramfistomosis in Meta and it is the first report of Cotylophoron panamensis in cattle from the department of Guaviare, therefore expanding its geographic range in Colombia.

  7. Algunos aspectos de la distribución del ingreso en Colombia lncome distribution in Colombia: some aspects

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Muños C. Manuel

    1990-12-01

    Full Text Available

    La elaboración de indicadores de pobreza en Colombia ha sido objeto de varios estudios en el Departamento Nacional de Estadística, DANE, pero sólo ahora se intenta un análisis de la distribución de ingreso que explique las causas de la pobreza relativa. Con base en la información sobre la distribución del ingreso per cápita de las personas, según características socio demográficas, y a partir de la distribución de los ingresos laborales, se concluye que:  el mayor grado de desigualdad se observa en las categorías de ingresos de capital y ocasionales; los ingresos menos concentrados son los salarios y las transferencias;- la fuente principal de ingresos es la laboral; - la variable que mejor explica la distribución de ingresos de los ocupados es el nivel de educación y, por lo tanto, este es un elemento esencial de la movilidad social en Colombia; - y, por último, es significativa la dependencia entre los ingresos percibidos por los hombres y por las mujeres.

    The National Statistics Institute (DANE of Colombia has carried out several researches on poverty indicators but it is only recently that there is an attempt to analyze income distribution so as to explain the causes of relative poverty. Based on information on per capita income distribution
    related to social and demographic characteristics and data on labor income distribution, it is concluded that: - the greatest inequalities in income distribution are registered on capital revenues and occasional incomes, the lowest inequalities are those of salaries and transferences, - the principal source of income is labor, - the variable that explains the best the distribution of income among the employed is their educational level. Therefore this is an essential element for social mobility in Colombia, - and finally, there is an impotent difference between incomes perceived by men and women.

  8. ANALYSIS OF THE GASOLINE PRICE IN COLOMBIA: APPROXIMATION

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    MARYLONE MONTOYA-TORRES

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available El siguiente trabajo presenta un análisis de la estructura de precios de la gasolina en Colombia entre los años 1999-2009, haciendo una comparación de la resolución con la que el gobierno colombiano fija el precio actual con respecto al de venta al público en general en las diferentes estaciones de abastecimiento. Al inicio se muestra cómo influye el precio del WTI en el precio de la gasolina en países como Estados Unidos, Venezuela y Francia, en tanto que para Colombia la relación aún no es muy clara. Luego se exponen los factores usados para fijar el precio de la gasolina en Colombia. Finalmente, se concluye que el precio de la gasolina colombiana es muy alto y no sigue la ecuación propuesta por el gobierno y los factores que más influyen en el precio final son el ingreso al productor afectado principalmente por el WTI y la Tasa Representativa del Mercado.

  9. Gestión del riesgo natural y el caso de Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Duque Escobar, Gonzalo

    2008-01-01

    Necesidad de reducir los efectos de los desastres por la vía de la vulnerabilidad en Latinoamérica y El Caribe, y particularmente en Colombia. El SINPAD y las amenazas naturales en Colombia. La gestión ambiental, los riesgos específico y de cúmulo, y relaciones con CTS.

  10. The Search for Accountability and Transparency in Plan Colombia: Reforming Judicial Institutions - Again

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Nagle, Luz

    2001-01-01

    The author argues that confidence in an efficient, courageous and transparent judiciary goes to the very heart of the governability of Colombia, and that Plan Colombia does not address the root causes...

  11. Environmental education policy in Colombia, 2002-2010

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel Ezequiel Badillo Mendoza

    2012-05-01

    Full Text Available It presents the historical processes that influenced the Environmental Education Policy in Colombia between 2002- 2010, taking as axes the transformation processes of the Ministry of the Environment and the so-called Education Revolution. The research is qualitative, with a historical hermeneutic and the technique used is the documentary research. As a result, it was identified a historical context characterized by economic vision, a warlike position at the expense of social needs and a modification of structural issues at the political system in Colombia. It is concluded that these processes have affected the evolution delay and since the nineteen seventies and especially from the Constitution of 1991, settled in the various attempts to solve environmental problems.

  12. Problematic of mining environmental liabilities in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Arango Aramburo, Marcela; Olaya, Yris

    2012-01-01

    Mining environmental liabilities (PAM from its acronym in Spanish) are areas where there is a need for restoration, mitigation or compensation for environmental damage or unmanaged impact, produced by inactive or abandoned mining that threatens health, quality of life or public or private property. In Colombia the environmental liabilities from mining have not been regulated, but given the age and the prevalence of informality in mining, there is increasing interest in defining, regulating and managing these obligations. In this paper we approach the problem of valuing mining environmental liabilities by examining different management approaches for such liabilities around the world. We also identify key information requirements to manage mining environmental liabilities in Colombia.

  13. Innovación en hidrocarburos en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Benavides Estévez-Bretón

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo presenta parte del Proyecto DNP- Uniandes sobre Clusters en la industria minero energética. El análisis se centrará en la innovación en hidrocarburos: primero, el planteamiento básico; segundo, los retos y oportunidades, y tercero, las líneas de acción en las que Colombia puede trabajar.//This article presents a fragment of the DNP- Uniandes project on Clusters in the energy mining industry. Specifically, the analysis focuses on innovation in hydrocarbons, starting with the project's basic approach. Next, it exposes the challenges and opportunities present in the Colombian context. Finally, it discusses the lines of action within which Colombia will move forward.

  14. Consideraciones sobre la despenalización del aborto en Colombia Remarks on abortion decriminalization in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Antonio García Pereáñez

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available

    La Corte Constitucional de Colombia, con la Sentencia C-325 de 2006, proporciona una fuente de análisis e interpretación jurídica para la despenalización del aborto en Colombia. Esa es una tarea difícil, ya que, por un lado, la población colombiana en la actualidad manifiesta una gran polarización respecto al tema, y por otro, la despenalización del aborto es objeto no solo del derecho sino también de diversas disciplinas científicas y filosóficas y de sistemas normativos como la ética, la moral y la religión. En este artículo se analiza, en primer lugar, lo que llevó a la Corte  onstitucional a pronunciarse sobre la despenalización del aborto en Colombia. En segundo lugar, se tratan las consideraciones de la Corte y el debate jurídico-ideológico que tuvo que librar para llegar a su decisión. A renglón seguido, se hace un análisis desde la bioética del debate ético-moral que ha generado tal Sentencia; y por último, se infieren algunas implicaciones de esta norma dentro del complejo funcionamiento de la sociedad colombiana.

     

    Ruling C-325 by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Colombia in 2006 constitutes a framework for the interpretation and analysis of restricted liberalization of abortion in Colombia. In the heated context of the Colombian idiosyncrasy, such decision by the Court was a complicated task, made even harder by the fact that the issue of abortion is discussed not only by the Law, but by other

  15. The "prehistory" of marihuana consumption and growing in Colombia between 1930 and 1960

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Eduardo Sáenz Rovner

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available Marihuana consumption did not become widespread in Colombia as the simple result of its increased use as part of the north-American counterculture of the 1960s. Even though marihuana-growing spiraled to satisfy north-American demand at the end of the 1960s and 1970s there was an important market for domestic consumption in Colombia. "Exonerating-type" academic literature tending to see countries such as Colombia as the passive "victims" of externally-induced phenomena is thus questioned.

  16. INFORME DE COYUNTURA EXPORTACIONES DE COLOMBIA A VENEZUELA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Giovanni E. Reyes

    2012-07-01

    Full Text Available La finalidad fundamental de este informe es presentar la situación de exportaciones que originadas en Colombia han tenido como destino Venezuela. Este intercambio comercial es muy importante en términos de la región latinoamericana. En particular, durante los años de mayor intercambio entre los dos países, lo que ha ocurrido en especial en la primera década del Siglo XXI, este comercio llegó a representar casi un 80 por ciento del total de intercambio de la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN –Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela.

  17. Negociaciones de paz en Colombia, 1982-2009. Un estado del arte Peace Negotiations in Colombia, 1982-2009. A State of the Art

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alderid Gutiérrez Loaiza

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available En Colombia se han realizado diversos procesos de paz con grupos armados al margen de la ley. Este fenómeno ha provocado una producción académica considerable que estudia uno o varios de los procesos. A pesar de esta riqueza bibliográfica, no existen estudios que realicen una sistematización de ellos. Este artículo hace una selección de 123 trabajos sobre los procesos de paz en Colombia entre 1982 y 2009. Bajo la metodología de estado del arte analiza libros, capítulos de libro, revistas y documentos electrónicos, en los cuales muestra la posición de los autores frente a los procesos de paz, el enfoque que utilizan, entre otras características. Además, se entrega la bibliografía clasificada por temáticas.Colombia has made several peace processes with armed groups operating outside the law. This phenomenon has caused considerable academic output that studying one or more processes. Despite this wealth of literature, those studies have not made a classification of them. This article makes a selection of 123 works on peace processes in Colombia between 1982 and 2009. Under the state of the art methodology, it discussed books, book chapters, journals and documents online, which show the position of authors about the peace process, the approach used, among others characteristics. In addition, the literature has been classified by topics in this article.

  18. PROBLEMÁTICA DE LOS PASIVOS AMBIENTALES MINEROS EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ARANGO ARAMBURO MARCELA

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Los pasivos ambientales mineros (PAM se refieren a "un área donde existe la necesidad de restauración, mitigación o compensación por un daño ambiental o impacto no gestionado, producido por actividades mineras inactivas o abandonadas que pone en riesgo la salud, calidad de vida o bienes públicos o privados" . En Colombia no se han reglamentado los PAM, pero dada la antigüedad y la prevalencia de la informalidad en la explotación minera, el interés en definir, reglamentar y gestionar estas obligaciones es creciente. En este artículo nos aproximamos a la problemática de la valoración de pasivos ambientales en Colombia, basándonos en la revisión de la gestión de PAM mineros en el mundo e identificamos los requerimientos de información clave para realizar dicha gestión en Colombia.

  19. A NEW SPECIES OF ACAMPTOPOEUM FROM COLOMBIA (HYMENOPTERA: ANDRENIDAE: PANURGINAE

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    GONZÁLEZ VÍCTOR H.

    2004-06-01

    Full Text Available A new species of the panurginae bee genus Acamptopoeum (Andrenidae:Calliopsini, from a xeric highland area in the Eastern Andes of Colombia is describedand illustrated. Acamptopoeum fernandezi sp. nov., can be recognized by the blackintegument without blue or green reflections and the short, sparse white pubescenceon the body, not forming apical bands of setae on metasoma. A. prinii is alsoreported for the first time for Colombia.

  20. REDESCUBRIMIENTO DE MYRRHINIUM ATROPURPUREUM VAR. OCTANDRUM (MYRTACEAE: MYRTINAE EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    PARRA-O. CARLOS

    2003-12-01

    Full Text Available Se documenta el redescubrimiento de Myrrhinium atropurpureum var. octandrum(Myrteae DC., Myrtaceae, taxón prácticamente desconocido en Colombia. Se presentala descripción del taxón, así como notas sobre su distribución en Colombia, elhábitat en que se desarrolla y su posible estatus dentro de las categorías de la ListaRoja de la UICN.

  1. Educación básica para la “Otra Colombia”: Retos y propuestas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alfredo Sarmiento G\\u00F3mez

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available La educación es la base del desarrollo económico y social. La estrategia de apoyo a los municipios parte de la convicción de que la educación ha sido siempre, pero principalmente en las actuales circunstancias de un mundo globalizado, el elemento fundamental de la construcción de una sociedad desarrollada económica y socialmente. Este trabajo presenta inicialmente una breve caracterización de la educación en Colombia, sus principales logros y retos como marco dentro del cual se puedan comprender mejor las especificidades para los municipios de la "Otra Colombia". Una segunda parte identifica y presenta las experiencias probadas con éxito en Colombia para enfrentar los retos que tiene la educación hoy en los municipios de la Colombia que padece los azotes de la pobreza y los cultivos ilícitos. Una tercera parte analiza detalladamente el perfil de la "Otra Colombia" y su contraste con la Colombia visible. La caracterización busca resaltar la necesidad de adaptar las políticas públicas en su diseño y ejecución a los perfiles propios de estos grupos de municipios. Finalmente, se plantean algunas propuestas que constituyen un grupo estratégico para el mejoramiento de la educación en los municipios de la "Otra Colombia".

  2. Perfil logístico del sector cemento en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Hernández Calderón, Miguel Ángel; Nieves de la Hoz, Celia Elena

    2015-01-01

    Este proyecto caracteriza la logística del sector cemento en Colombia al identificar y describir los principales actores, procesos y materiales involucrados en la cadena de suministros del sector. Este documento compila la información logística relevante para la producción de cemento en Colombia. Esta información se obtuvo sintetizando estudios y reportes acerca de las prácticas logísticas y las condiciones en las que éstas se desarrollan. Adicionalmente se realizaron visitas empresariales en...

  3. Una nueva especie de Calyptranthes Sw. (Myrtaceae de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Parra Osorio Carlos Alberto

    2001-12-01

    Full Text Available Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta de Colombia. Se discuten las afinidades taxonómicas de la nueva especie y su distribución en los Andes del norte de Suramérica.A new species of Calyptranthes (Myrtaceae from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in Colombia, is described and illustrated. The taxonomic affinities and the distribution of the new species in the Andes of the northern part of Southamerica are discussed.

  4. Solving Colombia’s Problems

    Science.gov (United States)

    2003-04-07

    parties for political control during the period from 1948 to 1953.15 “During this period, referred to as ‘La Violencia ,’ groups of armed men paid by...surprise to those familiar with the Colombia government history of mishandling foreign aid in the war against drugs and in their parallel inability to

  5. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Hidalgo, Marylin; Orejuela, Leonora; Fuya, Patricia; Carrillo, Pilar; Hernandez, Jorge; Parra, Edgar; Keng, Colette; Small, Melissa; Olano, Juan P; Bouyer, Donald; Castaneda, Elizabeth; Walker, David; Valbuena, Gustavo

    2007-07-01

    We investigated 2 fatal cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever that occurred in 2003 and 2004 near the same locality in Colombia where the disease was first reported in the 1930s. A retrospective serosurvey of febrile patients showed that > 21% of the serum samples had antibodies aaainst spotted fever group rickettsiae.

  6. Pseudotectites from Colombia and Peru

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Martin, R.; Sitter-Koomans, de C.

    1955-01-01

    In a previous note on “Americanites” (Martin, 1934) from Colombia and Peru, the writer came to the conclusion, on the basis solely of published data, that it was very likely that these so-called tectites are in reality obsidian of terrestrial origin. He stated, however, that “before it is possible

  7. State of the knowledge of flora of hepaticas of Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Uribe M, Jaime; Gradstein, S Rob

    1999-01-01

    The Colombian hepatic flora is a very rich one. About 60% of all the species of tropical America and one sixth of the world's hepaticas occur in Colombia. The country has more species than the whole of Africa south of the Sahara and almost twice as many as Europe. The new catalogue of the hepaticas of Colombia accepts 840 species (in 36 families and 136 genera): 832 species of Hepaticae and 8 species of Anthocerotae

  8. Franchises in Colombia, legal regulations and features

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Andrea Camacho Solana

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo es una reflexión sobre el estudio de la franquicia en Colombia y su desarrollo a través de los años. También analiza cómo los abogados sin tener ninguna regulación expresa han podido manejar esta figura, en particular con los Estados Unidos, que ha sido el país que ha tenido más injerencia en la evolución de este contrato en la economía colombiana. Se parte de un análisis de la figura en Colombia, de sus principales características y elementos, ejemplos prácticos de franquicias en el país y riesgos que puede presentar la figura.

  9. Aging in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Lourdes SANTOS PÉREZ

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Using data from statistical sources and official reports, we propose a critical approach to aging in Colombia, specifically from the point of view of public policy in progress or in planning. Our main hypothesis is that these measures refuse comprehensive treatment of the ageing in terms of needs and rights promoting a pure welfare system which, instead, contributes to reinforce a collective imagination of a dependent and impoverished old age, with «fatal» consequences that sustain and reproduce the socioeconomic system.

  10. Solanum Tuberíferos nuevos para Colombia - II

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    López Jaramillo Luis E.

    1986-06-01

    Full Text Available Durante los 174 años que han transcurrido desde la descripción del primer Solanum tuberífero silvestre de Colombia (VALENZUELA, 1809, se han descubierto en total 10 especies de papa silvestre en el país (CORRELL,1962; BTTTER,1913; OCHOA, 1978; LOPEZ-JARAMILLO, 1983. Esas especies son: Solanum andreanum Baker, S. colombianum Dun., S. estradae L. López J. S. flahaultii Bitt., S. qarciabarrigae Ochoa, S. lobbianum. Bitt., S. moscopanum. Hawkes, S. pamplonense L. Lopez J., S. papa Valenzuela y S. tuquerrense Hawkes. Las especies S. jublandifolium Dun. y S. ochranthum Dun., son comunes en Colombia, Perú y Venezuela y, aunque no son tuberíferas, están clasificadas dentro clel grupo por su morfología.El objeto cle esta publicación es describir una nueva especie proveniente del Departamento cle Santander. Se confirma así la sospecha de que aún quedan en Colombia especies tuberíferas nativas por descubrir. Estas especies están bajo amenaza de extinción debido a la rápida destrucción de los páramos que constituyen su hábitat natural.

  11. Plan Colombia, Consequences for Venezuelan Natonal Security

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Arroyo, Alfredo

    2002-01-01

    ...% reduction in cocaine production), and narcotics trafficking groups move into Venezuela, the government will have to commit its Armed Forces but, under unequal military and technological conditions when compared to Colombia...

  12. CONTRARREFORMA EDUCATIVA EN COLOMBIA.(EDUCATION COUNTER-REFORM IN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Renan Vega Cantor

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo principal de éste texto es presentar los resultados de un estudio realizado sobre las transformaciones que en las dos últimas décadas ha sufrido la universidad colombiana, en la perspectiva de mostrar un contexto histórico más amplio que vaya más allá de lo puramente coyuntural. En este texto se estudian cuatro aspectos: en primer término, se recuerdan algunas características del neoliberalismo educativo y la manera cómo se vincula con el capitalismo en Colombia; en segundo lugar, se examina cómo ha operado el neoliberalismo en la universidad colombiana en las dos últimas décadas, relacionando como punto de partida el gasto militar y el gasto educativo; posteriormente, se analiza el Proyecto de Ley 112; y, por último, se señalan algunos aspectos sobre el movimiento de protesta contra ese proyecto.AbstractThe main objective of this text is to present the results of a study on the transformations that in the last two decades has undergone the Colombian University, in the perspective of showing a broader historical context which goes beyond purely cyclical transformations. This text explores four aspects: firstly, some characteristics of the educational neoliberalism are addressed and the way how it is linked with capitalism in Colombia; secondly, it examines how neoliberalism has operated in the Colombian University in the last two decades, relating as a starting point the military spending and the education spending; subsequently, the Bill n° 112 is analyzed; and, finally, some aspects of the movement of protest against this project are identified.

  13. Mental health service delivery following health system reform in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Romero-González, Mauricio; González, Gerardo; Rosenheck, Robert A

    2003-12-01

    In 1993, Colombia underwent an ambitious and comprehensive process of health system reform based on managed competition and structured pluralism, but did not include coverage for mental health services. In this study, we sought to evaluate the impact of the reform on access to mental health services and whether there were changes in the pattern of mental health service delivery during the period after the reform. Changes in national economic indicators and in measures of mental health and non-mental health service delivery for the years 1987 and 1997 were compared. Data were obtained from the National Administrative Department of Statistics of Colombia (DANE), the Department of National Planning and Ministry of the Treasury of Colombia, and from national official reports of mental health and non-mental health service delivery from the Ministry of Health of Colombia for the same years. While population-adjusted access to mental health outpatient services declined by -2.7% (-11.2% among women and +5.8% among men), access to general medical outpatient services increased dramatically by 46%. In-patient admissions showed smaller differences, with a 7% increase in mental health admissions, as compared to 22.5% increase in general medical admissions. The health reform in Colombia imposed competition across all health institutions with the intention of encouraging efficiency and financial autonomy. However, the challenge of institutional survival appears to have fallen heavily on mental health care institutions that were also expected to participate in managed competition, but that were at a serious disadvantage because their services were excluded from the compulsory standardized package of health benefits. While the Colombian health care reform intended to close the gap between those who had and those who did not have access to health services, it appears to have failed to address access to specialized mental health services, although it does seem to have promoted a

  14. Apuntes para una interpretación de la delincuencia femenina en colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Pérez, Luis Carlos

    2010-01-01

    1.-Validez del método naturalista.2.-Crítica a una tesis de Hagemau sobre el delito femenino.3.-0tras concepciones sobre la criminalidad femenina.4.-Prostitución y delincuencia.5.-La criminalidad de la mujer en Colombia.6.-Naturaleza de la delincuencia femenina en Colombia.

  15. Colombia vista desde afuera

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico Banco de la República

    1984-06-01

    Full Text Available Mucha de la bibliografía sobre Colombia no se conoce en el país. Cada año se realizan centenares de trabajos acerca de diferentes aspectos de las ciencias naturales, sociales, o sobre literatura, que a la postre quedan archivadas en bibliotecas europeas o estadounidenses, como ocurre de manera específica con los trabajos presentados como tesis de grado en universidades extranjeras.

  16. Perspectiva territorial de la gestión de riesgos de desastres en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martha Teresa Martínez Rubiano

    2011-09-01

    Colombia, y la perspectiva territorial de la gestión de riesgos. Para terminar, se realiza un análisis de las aplicaciones de todas estas medidas en la situación de gestión de riesgos en Colombia.

  17. The War on Illegal Drug Production and Trafficking: An Economic Evaluation of Plan Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Daniel Mejía; Pascual Restrepo

    2008-01-01

    This paper provides a thorough economic evaluation of the anti-drug policies implemented in Colombia between 2000 and 2006 under the so-called Plan Colombia. The paper develops a game theory model of the war against illegal drugs in producer countries. We explicitly model illegal drug markets, which allows us to account for the feedback effects between policies and market outcomes that are potentially important when evaluating large scale policy interventions such as Plan Colombia. We use ava...

  18. LA NEUROCIRUGÍA EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diego Rosselli Cock

    2016-04-01

    Full Text Available He leído con atención el artículo titulado “Perfil de la neurocirugía en Colombia: 2015”, aparecido en su edición 111. En esta publicación, el autor hace un amplio recorrido por campos de la demografía, la historia, la dinámica social y las ciencias administrativas (lamentablemente sin citar sus bases documentales. Cuando aterriza su tema en la neurocirugía en Colombia, afirma que en 2002 había 324 neurocirujanos en el país. Ese número de neurocirujanos fue justamente el que se encontró en el estudio de oferta y demanda de médicos especialistas (proyecto MEDEA que yo dirigí en 2000 y que publicamos en 2001 (1. Desde ese momento era clara la problemática de la especialidad. Ya decía entonces nuestro estudio: “La tasa de neurocirujanos en Colombia es similar a la de Canadá, Suiza y Australia, y el triple de la del Reino Unido. En el contexto de un país en desarrollo, con una red hospitalaria deficiente, esta tasa es claramente excesiva” (2. Alertábamos también sobre el número creciente de nuevos especialistas, muchos de ellos formados fuera del país. La preocupación por el futuro de la neurocirugía ocurre también en otras latitudes. Una encuesta a una muestra de 783 miembros de la Asociación Americana de Neurocirujanos (AANS mostró que 52 % creían que su ejercicio profesional estaba empeorando, mientras que 57 % cumplían criterios de agotamiento (“burnout”. Cabe agregar que la principal de las preocupaciones de este grupo de neurocirujanos era la búsqueda de un equilibrio entre su trabajo y la vida por fuera del hospital (3.

  19. Lifelong Learning in Colombia and Denmark

    DEFF Research Database (Denmark)

    Olesen, Henning Salling

    2004-01-01

    The article examines education and learning opportunities in Colombia against the backdrop of Danish modernisation and reform experiences from second half of 20th Century. The article discusses possibilities to learn from Danish experiences in the development of a Colombian lifelong learning policy...

  20. SOBRE LAS VENTAJAS DE LA ALIANZA DEL PACÍFICO PARA COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Iván Alejandro Trujillo Acosta

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available La Alianza del Pacífico (AP es un área de integración de interés en las relaciones internacionales. No obstante, existe un vacío en la literatura sobre las ventajas de ésta para la política exterior de Colombia. Este artículo busca analizar las ventajas de la AP para Colombia. Se defiende la idea que la AP ofrece ventajas para la inserción internacional de Colombia basadas tanto en las características de esa área de integración como en las oportunidades que ofrece para su política exterior. La AP es un área de integración que tiene en sus instituciones una agenda definida de integración, la cosecha temprana de las negociaciones, el seguimiento a las cumbres y una presidencia pro témpore eficaz. Por otra parte, le ofrece a Colombia un área de integración sin tensiones con otros actores, instrumentos para diversificar sus relaciones con el mundo y una opción de liderazgo regional desde la persuasión.

  1. Situation and perspectives for biofuels in Colombia; Situacion y perspectiva de biocombustibles en Colombia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kafarov, Viatcheslav; Ojeda, Karina; Sanchez, Eduardo [Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS/CISYC), Bucaramanga (Colombia). Centro de Investigaciones en Simulacion y Control

    2006-07-01

    The article presents the situation, perspectives and forecasting of biofuel production in Colombia, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, take into account that for the country's development it is necessary improve the efficiency of power generation processes and optimization of fuel consumption in the transportation sectors, ensuring rational use of energy. Also presents the 'Programa Nacional de Alcoholes Carburantes' with its legal aspects.

  2. La asistencia europea a colombia: ¿una contribución virtual a un plan virtual de paz?.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joaquín Roy.

    2001-01-01

    Full Text Available This article presents a detailed analysis of current European assistance to Colombia, indicating the differences between European and American perceptions of the causes of the problems that plague the country as reflected in their respective views of Plan Colombia. The European perspective ¡s illustrated by presenting the critical positions taken by various entities regarding Plan Colombia's excessive military focus, including the European Commission, the European Parliament, Spain and other European states. The author examines the contrasting view that stresses a broader range of needs and problems in Colombia to which the European Union's aid should respond, the difficulties met in this approach, and the philosophic basis of the European contribution to Colombia.

  3. Las Ideas Psicológicas en Colombia

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    Rubén Ardila

    1999-06-01

    Full Text Available El interés en los problemas que hoy llamamos psicológicos se encuentra en todas las grandes civilizaciones. En América existieron importantes ideas psicológicas en los Mayas, Aztecas, Incas y en los pobladores de la actual Colombia. La psicología en su conceptualización moderna comienza en 1879 con la fundación del primer Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental en la Universidad de Leipzig por obra de W. Wundt. Hoy la psicología como disciplina es tanto una ciencia como una profesión, y tanto una ciencia natural como una ciencia social. En el contexto colombiano el origen está ligado a la fundación del Instituto de Psicología Aplicada de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, el 20 de noviembre de 1947, con el cual comienzan los estudios profesionales de psicología en Colombia y en el resto de Latinoamérica. En este artículo se analiza el estado de la psicología como disciplina, como campo de investigación y como área de aplicación profesional. Se concluye que es necesario enfatizar más los aspectos científicos, además de los profesionales y trabajar en contextos multi e interdisciplinarios, con otros profesionales de las ciencias naturales y sociales.

  4. FEMINICIDIO EN COLOMBIA: RECONOCIMIENTO DE FENÓMENO SOCIAL A DELITO

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Omar Huertas Díaz

    2016-05-01

    Full Text Available This article aims to show the development of the notion of femicide in Colombia. This document outlines its historical background by analyzing how the empowerment feminist movements have made the society aware of this phenomenon. It was the Supreme Court, the highest judicial body that used this notion to give a decision on an appeal. Finally the description of femicide as a separate offense was enacted as law in July, 2015, in Colombia.

  5. Toxicosis by Plant Alkaloids in Humans and Animals in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gonzalo J. Diaz

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Due to its tropical location, chains of mountains, inter-Andean valleys, Amazon basin area, eastern plains and shores on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Colombia has many ecosystems and the second largest plant biodiversity in the world. Many plant species, both native and naturalized, are currently recognized as toxic for both animals and humans, and some of them are known to cause their toxic effects due to their alkaloid content. Among these, there are plants containing the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, neurotoxins such as the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine and the piperidine alkaloids coniine and γ-coniceine and tropane alkaloids. Unfortunately, the research in toxic plants in Colombia is not nearly proportional to its plant biodiversity and the scientific information available is only very scarce. The present review aims at summarizing the scarce information about plant alkaloid toxicosis in animals and humans in Colombia.

  6. Toxicosis by Plant Alkaloids in Humans and Animals in Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Diaz, Gonzalo J.

    2015-01-01

    Due to its tropical location, chains of mountains, inter-Andean valleys, Amazon basin area, eastern plains and shores on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Colombia has many ecosystems and the second largest plant biodiversity in the world. Many plant species, both native and naturalized, are currently recognized as toxic for both animals and humans, and some of them are known to cause their toxic effects due to their alkaloid content. Among these, there are plants containing the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, neurotoxins such as the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine and the piperidine alkaloids coniine and γ-coniceine and tropane alkaloids. Unfortunately, the research in toxic plants in Colombia is not nearly proportional to its plant biodiversity and the scientific information available is only very scarce. The present review aims at summarizing the scarce information about plant alkaloid toxicosis in animals and humans in Colombia. PMID:26690479

  7. Algunos digéneos de Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae en Colombia Some digeneans of Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae in Colombia

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    Mauricio Bechara

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available Se estudiaron 40 sapos Rhinella marina Linnaeus, 1758 (24 machos y 16 hembras del Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia, 8 de los cuales se encontraron parasitados por 2 especies de digéneos: Pseudosonsinotrema chabaudi (Caballero y Caballero, 1969 Sullivan, 1974 (Pleurogenidae (primer registro para Colombia y para el hospedero y Mesocoelium monas (Rudolphi, 1819 Freitas, 1958 (Brachycoeliidae, previamente registrado para este país. De las 2 especies de helmintos recolectadas, la que alcanzó los mayores niveles de prevalencia (40% y abundancia media (14.7 fue P. chabaudi en San Antonio de Prado, y la intensidad promedio más elevada fue para M. monas, en los sapos de Barbosa (46.7.Eight of 40 Rhinella marina Linnaeus, 1758 (24 males and 16 females from Aburrá Valley, Antioquia, Colombia, were infected with 2 digenea species: Pseudosonsinotrema chabaudi (Caballero y Caballero, 1969 Sullivan, 1974 (Pleurogenidae, which represents new host and country records, and Mesocoelium monas (Rudolphi, 1819 Freitas, 1958 (Brachycoeliidae, which was previously reported for the country. Pseudosonsinotrema chabaudi in San Antonio de Prado reached the highest prevalence levels (40% and mean abundance (14.7, whereas the highest mean intensity was recorded for M. monas in cane toads from Barbosa (46.7.

  8. Serpientes de colombia

    OpenAIRE

    M., Rodrigo Ángel

    2013-01-01

    En este libro es una guía práctica sobre las serpientes de Colombia en cuanto a su clasificación y tratamiento del envenenamiento causado por sus mordeduras. Contiene los siguientes capítulos: 1. Características generales, 2. Serpiente Colombianas, 3. Aparato venenoso, 4. Clasificación fisiopatología de los efectos del veneno, 5. Mordedura por serpientes venenosas en Antioquía, listas de nombres populares y científicos, la bibliografía. Esta es una introducción a esta práctica guí...

  9. La acción comunicativa y los derechos humanos en Colombia.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alison Brysk.

    2009-06-01

    Full Text Available By the 21st century, in most of Latin America a phased combination of international and civil society pressure has produced notable if incomplete human rights reform. Yet in Colombia, continuing assassinations, kidnappings, forced displacement, and torture have received limited international attention and met with a checkered state response. This essay will argue that the symbolic structure of the violations and political environment in Colombia, above and beyond material and institutional constraints, diminish civil society’s impact and state responsiveness. Communicative action and its failures are the key to the persistence of abuse and lag in international response in Colombia. Specifically, we will trace problems in the definition of rights, identification of victims, legitimacy claims of the state, discourse of causal attribution, and transnational communication dynamics.

  10. IMPACTO DEL TRATADO DE LIBRE COMERCIO ENTRE COLOMBIA Y EEUU, SOBRE EL ACCESO A LOS MEDICAMENTOS EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José David Millán Cano

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo, más que pretender continuar con la franca crítica al Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC entre Colombia y EE.UU, busca dar una aproximación a las posibles repercusiones que este acuerdo tendrá sobre el acceso a los medicamentos de los afiliados al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS colombiano en  mediano y largo plazo.Para lograr esto, se definirá qué se entiende por Tratado de Libre Comercio, para luego realizar una breve reseña histórica de su evolución. Luego, y para entender un poco la relación que ha unido a Colombia y a EEUU en términos comerciales, se intentará dar un panorama histórico sobre el tema. Se continuará con una descripción de cómo fue el proceso de negociación sin perder de vista los antecedentes y causas de tipo político, económico, y social que motivaron un TLC entre Colombia y EEUU, teniendo en cuenta qué sectores quedaron incluidos en la negociación, qué servicios y con qué condiciones, para luego, evaluar cómo se ve afectado el derecho a la salud y sobre todo el acceso a los medicamentos para los afiliados al SGSSS colombiano a mediano y largo plazo.

  11. Conflict fields of journalistic praxis in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rousbeh Legatis

    2010-10-01

    Full Text Available The chronic uncertainty for journalists and editors in carrying out their professional work in Colombia has many sources and has been serious for decades. Currently – besides indicators of extreme physical violence (such as daily attacks, abuse, kidnappings and murders – problem areas are strongly marking journalistic work in Colombia that are often neglected in the international discussion, such as inadequate training offerings, unsatisfactory infrastructure in the workplace, precarious wage situations, lack of independence in relationship to editors and a poorly taught understanding of professional ethics. These structural problems produce qualitative deficiencies – especially in conflict reportage. But instead of stagnation, change is occurring. Colombian journalists are revising their self-image, at the same time developing a problem consciousness in their own work, and are actively trying to correct the deficiencies.

  12. TRES NUEVAS ESPECIES DE Cryptocanthon BALTHASAR, 1942 (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: SCARABAEINAE PARA COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    JORGE ARMANDO ARIAS

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta la descripción de tres especies nuevas de Cryptocanthon para Colombia: Cryptocanthon andradei, Cryptocanthon buriticaorum y Cryptocanthon pulidoae. Se incluye ilustraciones del habitus, caracteres morfológicos externos, la genitalia del macho incluyendo los escleritos del saco interno, así como mapas de distribución. Se presenta una clave para la determinación de las especies del género presentes en Colombia. Además, se presenta nuevas localidades de recolección para las especies conocidas para Colombia y se amplía la distribución departamental de: C. altus (Santander, C. foveatus (Santander, C. peckorum (Vichada y C. humidus(Caquetá, Nariño y Putumayo.

  13. Diversity of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera:Meliponini) Used in Meliponiculture in Colombia; Diversidad de abejas sin aguijon (hymenoptera:meliponini) utilizadas en meliponicultura en Colombia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Nates Parra, Guiomar; Rosso Londono, Juan Manuel

    2013-07-01

    There are close to 120 species of native stingless bees in Colombia, many of them with important uses and meanings for diverse social and cultural groups. The stingless beekeeping (meliponiculture) is an activity in process of growth and technification in Latin America and other regions, but there are a little information about their characteristics and development in Colombia. Through information collected by interviews to 75 stingless beekeepers of 16 departments of Colombia, 25 species of stingless bees were identified, grouped in 12 genera. Approximately nine more uncertain species were also found, four new records for the country are presented, and geographical distribution, urban beekeeping and vernacular names reported. The characteristics of most common cultivated genera (Tetragonisca, Melipona, Paratrigona, Scaptotrigona and Nannotrigona) are presented, and the importance of the link between biological and cultural diversity revealed in vernacular names, are discussed. Facing a growing of meliponiculture in the world, some research needs and risks for the conservation and management of the diversity of stingless bees and related knowledge are remarked.

  14. El docente ante el avance del ciberperiodismo en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Elias Said

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo analiza cómo es entendido el ciberperiodismo por los docentes de las Facultades de ComunicaciónSocial y Periodismo en Colombia. Los resultados aquí presentados, parten del proyecto de investigaciónde carácter explicativo, titulado “El Ciberperiodismo desde las Facultades de Comunicación Social y Periodismo enColombia”, finalizado en el segundo semestre de 2009, realizado desde la Universidad del Norte (Colombia. Los datosexpuestos aquí, parten del desarrollo y análisis de 63 encuestas en línea, respondidas por docentes de estas facultades,durante el trimestre I de 2009; de un total de 865 docentes identificados de 29 Universidades, adscritas a AFACOM2.En este trabajo se muestra como la definición de “ciberperiodismo” que tienen los docentes es de carácter operativo;así como también, la baja percepción en ellos y la pertinencia de la enseñanza dada en Colombia para el ejercicio delciberperiodismo, y por último, los factores que inciden en el desarrollo de la profesión en Colombia. Estos resultadosnos llevan a concluir que, pese a la creciente importancia del ciberperiodismo, es poco comprensible en los docentesun concepto que abarque todo lo que este término encierra; y que la promoción o no de estrategias que permitan eldesarrollo de factores profesionales, ontológicos, participativos y tecnológicos, relacionados con el ciberperiodismo,terminarán incidiendo en su presencia o no en el escenario comunicativo colombiano.

  15. A new form of land concentration in Colombia Una nueva forma de concentración de la tierra en Colombia:la ley 1448 de 2011

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Pablo Henao Guzmán

    2012-06-01

    Full Text Available This article aims to show how the Law 1448 of 2011, which explains reparation and restitution of victims, and the National Development Plan (NDP 2011-2014 generate land concentration in Colombia. This is due to how the NDP objectives disintegrate the Law 1448 objectives; this phenomenon could be explained using an agency model and the subsequent moral risk issue formed between the State and the victims. Regarding these results, a game-theory model was built, and this effectively concludes that the Law 1448 and the NDP generate land concentration in ColombiaEn este artículo se pretende mostrar, mediante un análisis económico, cómo la Ley 1448 de 2011 (o Ley de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras, junto al Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND 2011-2014, generan concentración de la tierra en Colombia. Esto se debe a que los objetivos del PND terminan disgregando los que busca la Ley 1448, lo cual se explica con el uso de un modelo de agencia y el subsecuente problema de riesgo moral para el Estado y las víctimas del conflicto. A partir de los resultados anteriores se construye un modelo de teoría de juegos, del que se concluye que, efectivamente, la Ley 1448 y el PND generan concentración de la tierra en Colombia.

  16. The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Economic and Political Implications

    Science.gov (United States)

    2008-05-01

    a Colombia, Anuncia el Presidente de Colombia en Entrevista a Caracol Radio,” May 3, 2007. 48 Colombia’s Observatorio del Programa Presidencial de ...forward standard to encourage production and economic integration. A “ de minimis” provision would allow limited amounts of specified third-country...negotiation, Congress and the Administration reached an agreement on May 10, 2007 on a new bipartisan trade framework that calls for the inclusion of

  17. Disponibilidad de datos y perfil de morbilidad en Colombia Data availability and morbidity profile in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Oscar Bernal

    2012-03-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la morbilidad de la población colombiana según causas diagnósticas, género, edad, región y régimen de cobertura en salud, evaluando al mismo tiempo la disponibilidad y la calidad de la información sobre enfermedades en el país. Estudio de tipo descriptivo, transversal, que analiza la morbilidad atendida en consulta externa, hospitalización y urgencias en Colombia durante el quinquenio 2004-2008. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron los "Registros individuales de prestación de servicios" (RIPS de Colombia, clasificándose los diagnósticos según los grupos de causas definidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Cada grupo de causas para utilización de servicios se discriminó por región geográfica, género y régimen de afiliación al sistema de salud. RESULTADOS: Los diagnósticos de enfermedades transmisibles se encontraron más concentrados en los grupos de edad inferiores, mientras que las no transmisibles fueron más frecuentes en los grupos etarios superiores. Las externalidades (accidentes, lesiones autoinfligidas y violencia fueron una causa importante de morbilidad y afectaron con más fuerza a la población de entre 5 y 44 años de edad. Las patologías transmisibles fueron más prevalentes en mujeres (39,98% que en hombres (28%, en tanto que los hombres se vieron más afectados por las externalidades que las mujeres (18,5 y 7,3%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Si bien en Colombia han aumentado los diagnósticos de enfermedades no transmisibles, las infecciones siguen teniendo una presencia relevante en todos los grupos de edad y escenarios de prestación de servicios de salud. Tal situación exige revisar las políticas sanitarias para orientarlas no solo a mejorar la salud de la población sino también a reducir la brecha de servicios que existe entre las diferentes regiones del país. Por otro lado, aun cuando los RIPS constituyen una valiosa fuente de datos sanitarios, es preciso fortalecerlos con el

  18. Situation and perspectives for biofuels in Colombia; Situacion y perspectiva de biocombustibles en Colombia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Kafarov, Viatcheslav; Ojeda, Karina; Sanchez, Eduardo [Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS/CISYC), Bucaramanga (Colombia). Centro de Investigaciones en Simulacion y Control

    2006-07-01

    The article presents the situation, perspectives and forecasting of biofuel production in Colombia, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, take into account that for the country's development it is necessary improve the efficiency of power generation processes and optimization of fuel consumption in the transportation sectors, ensuring rational use of energy. Also presents the 'Programa Nacional de Alcoholes Carburantes' with its legal aspects.

  19. Sirenomelia: two cases in Cali, Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Saldarriaga, Wilmar; Salcedo-Arellano, Maria Jimena; Ramirez-Cheyne, Julian

    2015-01-30

    We report two cases of sirenomelia, a rare congenital defect with a prevalence rate of 1:100 000 births; both cases were observed in Cali, Colombia. Both pregnant women were referred from Buenaventura, Colombia. The expecting mothers shared multiple adverse sociodemographic factors. Their homes were located in a city where the entire population is of low socioeconomic status living under conditions of extreme poverty. They were uneducated, with nutritional deficiencies and no access to drinking water most of the time. Both were exposed to water and fish from a nearby river contaminated with leachate from a poorly managed landfill. A similar relation was previously reported in Cali in 2005 between environmental factors and sirenomelia. We suggest that there is a common aetiological factor of environmental origin between these two sirenomelia cases and propose that exposure to derivatives from landfills should be included among the factors for this rare defect of multifactorial aetiological origin. 2015 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

  20. Geografía dulce de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julián Estrada

    1987-04-01

    Full Text Available No sin razón en 1976 Germán Castro Caicedo tituló Colombia amarga a una recopilación de informaciones  periodísticas sobre la situación social de nuestro país, las cuales, sin lugar a dudas, justificaban dicho título. Diez años más tarde (diciembre de 1986, el Instituto Distrital de Cultura y Turismo de Bogotá organiza en el Planetario Distrital una conspicua exposición divulgada bajo el nombre de Geografía Dulce de Colombia. Aun cuando se trata de dos realizaciones diametralmente opuestas, en donde la denominación de la primera posee una validez inobjetable, es nuestra intención, con este comentario, no solamente justificar el acertado nombre asignado a la mencionada exposición, sino también rescatar su valioso contenido como expresión sociocultural de las diferentes regiones geográficas que conforman el territorio colombiano.

  1. Estudio de competitividad en el sector turismo en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Bravo Montilla, Ángela María; Rincón Ambrosio, David Ernesto

    2013-01-01

    Esta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de conocer la evolución que ha tenido el sector turismo en el mundo y en Colombia para analizar el impacto que este ha generado en la economía nacional. La información obtenida de fuentes secundarias permitió conocer el desarrollo y el avance del sector a través de cifras y estadísticas con las cuales se identificaron las oportunidades y ventajas que tiene Colombia para lograr ser un país turísticamente competitivo y a su vez se evidenciaron lo...

  2. Género y destino. La tragedia griega en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Romero Rey, Sandro

    2014-01-01

    En Colombia, un país entre dos océanos en el norte de la América del Sur, ha habido diversas manifestaciones del arte y la cultura en las que la presencia de la tragedia griega sigue siendo un recurso pertinente para hablar de las heridas de su realidad. Género y destino: la tragedia griega en Colombia es una reflexión enmarcada en sesenta años (entre 1954 y 2014) en los que las obras de Esquilo, Sófocles y Eurípides han estado presentes en sus escenarios, en sus letras o en sus nuevas tenden...

  3. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) on sugarcane in Colombia, with description of a new species of Tillancoccus Ben-Dov (Coccidae).

    Science.gov (United States)

    Caballero, Alejandro; Ramos-Portilla, Andrea Amalia; Kondo, Takumasa

    2017-05-02

    Herein we describe a new species, Tillancoccus koreguajae Caballero & Ramos, sp. n. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from Colombia collected on sugarcane. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) is also recorded on sugarcane for the first time worldwide. An updated list of seven species of Coccomorpha on sugarcane in Colombia is provided, including information on its distribution, biology, and mutualistic ants for each species. Seven species of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) have been recorded previously on sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) in Colombia: Pseudococcidae: Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana), D. brevipes (Cockerell), Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell); Coccidae: Pulvinaria elongata Newstead; Diaspididae: Duplachionaspis divergens (Green) and Serenaspis minima (Maskell). However, the record of S. minima in Colombia is considered doubtful as there are no voucher specimens from Colombia and because the distribution of this species is currently limited to the Australasian region. Pseudococcus calceolariae is present in Colombia but its record on sugarcane is also doubtful. A taxonomic key for the identification of scale insects on sugarcane in Colombia is provided.

  4. Colombia: More Than Just a Drug Problem

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Wynne, Charles E

    2003-01-01

    ... of $45 billion in the year 2000. While estimates vary, most experts agree between 80-90 percent of the cocaine and more than 50 percent of the heroin used in the United States comes from Colombia...

  5. Estrategias políticas para el tratamiento de las drogas ilegales en Colombia / Political Strategies for Treating Illegal Drugs in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ebastián Quintero

    2013-09-01

    Full Text Available Para la década del noventa, la institucionalidad en Colombia se encontraba vulnerada frente a grandes carteles que traficaban y comercializaban con narcóticos. Fue en este contexto en el cual surgió el Plan Colombia, estrategia para recuperar la institucionalidad, reducir los cultivos ilícitos de coca y amapola, debilitar la economía de los grupos ilegales insurgentes, y finalmente recuperar la confianza inversionista. Hoy 13 años después de implementado el Plan, los cultivos ilícitos han tenido una disminución pero persisten, el tráfico y el comercio de psicoactivos han mutado y el consumo se ha incrementado, por lo tanto se cuenta con una necesidad social manifiesta por abordajes que realmente procuren un desarrollo sostenible y que den respuesta a una demanda comunitaria por acciones que procuren la prevención, la atención, el tratamiento y la rehabilitación de las personas, con servicios de salud adecuados. During the 1990's, institutionality in Colombia was negatively affected by large drug-dealing cartels. It was in this context where the Plan Colombia was born. This plan was a strategy to recover institutionality, reduce illegal coca and poppy plantations, weaken the economy of illegal insurgent groups, and restore investor confidence. Today, 13 years after the implementation of the Plan, the amount of illegal plantations has decreased. However they are still present, the traffic and trade of psychoactive substances have evolved, and consumption has increased. Therefore, there is now an evident societal need for strategies which address these issues that truly lead to sustainable development. Likewise, the community requires actions aimed at preventing this issue and promoting the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of those affected by this reality while providing adequate healthcare service

  6. [Hepatitis E virus infection in patients with clinical diagnosis of viral hepatitis in Colombia].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Peláez, Dioselina; Hoyos, María Cristina; Rendón, Julio César; Mantilla, Carolina; Ospina, Martha Cecilia; Cortés-Mancera, Fabián; Pérez, Olga Lucía; Contreras, Lady; Estepa, Yaneth; Arbeláez, María Patricia; Navas, María Cristina

    2014-01-01

    Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emergent virus of global importance; it is the etiological agent of sporadic cases and outbreaks of hepatitis. The epidemiology of this infection in Colombia is unknown. To determine the seropositivity for hepatitis E virus in Colombia in cases with clinical diagnosis of viral hepatitis. Serum samples from patients that were sent to the Instituto Nacional de Salud during the period 2005-2010 (group 1) and samples sent to the Laboratorio Departamental de Salud Pública de Antioquia during the 2008-2009 period were included in this study (group 2). Serum samples were analyzed by immunoassay with commercial kits. From the 344 analyzed samples, 8.7% were positive for anti-HEV; the frequency of anti-HEV IgM was 1.74% (6/344) and the frequency of anti-HEV IgG was 7.5% (26/344). A difference in frequency of anti-HEV between group 1 (6.3%) and group 2 (1.3%) was observed. The cases were identified in nine departments of Colombia. This is the first study of hepatitis E virus infection in patients with diagnosis of hepatitis in Colombia. The frequency of anti-HEV described in this population of patients in Colombia is similar to that described in other Latin American countries like Brazil, Perú and Uruguay. Considering the results of this study, it could be necessary to include hepatitis E virus infection serological markers in the differential diagnosis of viral hepatitis in Colombia.

  7. Morphology and conservation of the mesoamerican slider (Trachemys venusta, Emydidae) from the Atrato River Basin, Colombia; Morfologia y conservacion de la tortuga Hicotea Mesoamericana (Trachemys venusta, Emydidae) del Rio Atrato, Colombia

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Ceballos, Claudia P; Brand, William A

    2014-07-01

    The phylogenetic relationships of the mesoamerican slider, Trachemys venusta that inhabits the Atrato River Basin of Colombia have been controversial as three different names have been proposed during the last 12 years: T. v. venusta, T. v. uhrigi, and T. ornate venusta. Using a group of sliders that was confiscated by the regional authority we compared the morphology of T venusta distributed in the Atrato River with the morphology of the subspecies putatively distributed in Colombia. We found that the Colombian mesoamerican slider has an overall smaller size, different plastral inter-scute seam formula, and different head, carapace and plastron coloration patterns. In addition, we also report the poor health condition of these individuals that have endured this illegal trade. We underscore an urgent need for further studies of individuals indigenous to Colombia to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of T. venusta throughout its distributional range, along with a more effective control of the illegal turtle trade in the Uraba Region of Colombia.

  8. Sustainable management after irrigation system transfer : experiences in Colombia - the RUT irrigation district

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Urrutia Cobo, N.

    2006-01-01

    Colombiais a tropical country located in South America. It has a total area of 114 million ha. In Colombia two irrigation sectors are distinguished: the small-scale irrigation and the large-scale irrigation sector. The small-scale irrigation sector is developed on lands

  9. The Past as Prologue? A History of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy in Colombia, 1958-66

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Rempe, Dennis

    2002-01-01

    .... This monograph comes at a time when the United States is seriously considering broadening its policy toward Colombia and addressing Colombia's continuing internal war in a global and regional context...

  10. Bartoneliasis: fiebre verrucosa del guaitara en colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Patiño Camargo, Luis

    2011-01-01

    En Colombia, al descubrirla, diósele (1) a esta dolencia los siguientes nombres: Bartonellosis, Fiebre verrucosa del Guaitara y Verruga, análoga a la enfermedad de Carrión, Fiebre de Oroya y Verruga Peruana.

  11. Globalization and Language and Education Reform in Colombia: A Critical Outlook

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jaime Usma

    2009-05-01

    Full Text Available This paper explores the connection between economic, political, and cultural globalization processes and recent education and language reforms in Colombia. Throughout the article, the author attempts to demonstrate that current education and language policies in Colombia are tightly connected to transnational agendas and models of reform that do not necessarily represent a real benefit for the majority of the population, but, instead, may render privileges for a few. With this analysis, the author insists on the need for an equitable plan for the improvement of language teaching and learning in Colombia in a way that considers local priorities of economic development, respects local knowledge and culture, and accounts for a systemic and fundamental improvement of the public system based on the dissimilar conditions that affect schools, teachers, and students in both the private and the public sectors in the country.

  12. Notas Técnicas Uredinales (Royas de Cordia L. (Boraginaceae en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pardo Cardona Víctor Manuel

    1998-12-01

    Full Text Available Se presentan las especies de Uredinales (royas colectadas en Colombia parasitando especies de Cordia L. (Boragillaceae. Se incrementa la información acerca de la flora de Uredinales de Colombia al registrar por primera vez a Puccinia johnstonii Arthur, así como un nuevo hospedante para Uredo cordiorum Kern & Whetzel. Se elaboran claves para los estados anamórficos y teliomórficos de los Uredinales Colombianos sobre Cordia L.

  13. Colombia’s Conflicts: The Spillover Effects of a Wider War

    Science.gov (United States)

    2002-10-01

    a summary of the history and impact of civil violence on Colombian history, see Comision de estudios sobre la violencia, Colombia: Violencia y...Brasilia pie acapos del Cartel de brasil,” El Nuevo Herald, March 27, 2001; Mendel, p. 7. 87. Quoted in Gentleman, pp. 28-29. 88. “Tracion en el mercado ...guerrilla groups, the leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN) and the rightist Auto Defensas

  14. Present Status of Historical Seismicity Studies in Colombia and Venezuela

    Science.gov (United States)

    Sarabia, A.; Cifuentes, H.; Altez Ortega, R.; Palme, C.; Dimate, C.

    2013-05-01

    After the publication of the SISRA (CERESIS-1985) regional project, a unified catalog of seismic parameters and intensities for South America, researchers in historical seismicity have continued advancing on different scales in the area of this study of seismic hazard. The most important initiatives carried out in this area in Colombia and Venezuela can be grouped as follows: a) Reviews of destructive earthquakes in national and international historic archives, principally by Altez and FUNVISIS in Venezuela and Espinosa, Salcedo, and Sarabia et al in Colombia, leading to the preparation of seismologic catalogues, scientific and dissemination articles, reports, books, among others. b) Organization and systematization of historic information to develop public domain data bases and information, specifically the Historic Seismologic Teleinformation System in Venezuela, carried out between 2004 and 2008 under the coordination of Christl Palme and accessible on-line: http://sismicidad.ciens.ula.ve. As well, the "Historia Sísmica de Colombia 1550-1830" (Seismic History in Colombia 1550-1830) data base, in CD-ROM, by Espinosa Baquero (2003) and the historic seismicity information system of Colombia (Servicio Geológico Colombiano-Universidad Nacional de Colombia), published on the internet in 2012: http://agata.ingeominas.gov.co:9090/SismicidadHistorica/. c) Macroseismic studies for the development of intensity attenuation equations and the quantification and revaluation of basic historic earthquake parameters using isoseismal maps (Rengifo et al., Palme et al., Salcedo et al., among others) and procedures such as Boxer and Bakun & Wentworth (Palme et al., Dimaté, among others), which have produced significant changes in the parameters of some of the large earthquakes. d) Symposiums of researchers to promote interest and development in the discipline, including Jornadas Venezolanas de Sismología Histórica (Venezuelan Congress of Historical Seismology), held

  15. Calidad de los combustibles en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge Humberto Arango

    2009-05-01

    Full Text Available Para conocer el estado actual de los combustibles usados en Colombia y para conocer las necesidades en el marco de los biocombustibles, el Ingeniero Jorge Humberto Arango, gerente de refinados de Ecopetrol, presenta un resumen de la calidad de la gasolina, diesel, biodiesel, y el gas natural, tomando en cuenta aspectos tales como el contenido de azufre, la presencia de aromáticos y la emisión de material particulado. En resumen, se muestra el interesante e importante trabajo de Ecopetrol desde los años 90, relacionado con el cumplimento de los estándares nacionales e internacionales. Por ejemplo, para el caso de diesel, Colombia muestra uno de los contenidos más bajos en azufre con respecto a Latinoamérica, llegando a niveles de 500 ppm para la ciudad de Bogotá. Para el caso de aromáticos en gasolina, Colombia presenta una de las mejores en el mundo en términos de aromáticos, con contenidos de gasolina regular en 20% y en gasolina Premium en 22 %. Por otro lado, la emisión de compuestos azufrados y material particulado no se está reduciendo en la misma proporción que la calidad de los combustibles colombianos, que están siendo mejorados especialmente en parque automotor de trasporte pesado antiguo (mayor de 25 años. / In order to acquire a brief understanding of the state o the fuels in Colombia and then frame the necessities for biofuels, the engineer Jorge Humberto Arango, fuels refining manager at Ecopetrol, displayed a summary regarding the work carried out by Ecopetrol during the last decade to improve the quality of gas, diesel, biodiesel, and natural gas by analyzing aspects such as sulfur and aromatics presence, and particle matter emissions when fueling motors. For example, sulfur concentration for Diesel reaches one of the lowest reported in Latinamerica (500 ppm moreover, the aromatics content in Colombian gasoline projects it as one of the best in world (regular gasoline, 20 % and Premium 22 %. On the other hand, even

  16. Reforma sanitaria, equidad y derecho a la salud en Colombia Health reform, equity, and the right to health in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mario Hernández

    2002-08-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta una visión de largo plazo para la valoración de los avances en la equidad y en el derecho a la salud de la reforma del sistema de salud en Colombia. En medio de un sistema político restringido, los actores del campo de la salud en Colombia han construido opciones de tipo individualista que tienden a legalizar las desigualdades ligadas a la capacidad de pago de las personas. A pesar de los complejos mecanismos de regulación establecidos en el nuevo Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, la tendencia apunta hacia una consolidación de las mismas desigualdades tradicionales y al distanciamiento de una garantía plena, equitativa y universal del derecho a la salud.The author develops a long-term perspective to assess advances in equity and the right to health in the Colombian health system reform. In a restricted political system, actors in the field of health in Colombia have chosen individualistic alternatives to legalize inequities in individual purchasing power for services. Despite the complex regulations established in the General System for Social Security in Health, there is a trend towards consolidating traditional inequities and to further restrict opportunities for achieving the right to health with full, equitable, universal guarantees.

  17. [Local contexts of drinking-water quality surveillance: Brazil and Colombia].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Guzmán-Barragán, Blanca L; Días Bevilacqua, Paula; Nava-Tovar, Gerardo

    2015-12-01

    Objective This article aims to analyze comparatively the national surveillance systems of water quality for human consumption (DWQS) of Brazil and Colombia, seeking to understand how practices are organized in these countries, along with their limits and possibilities. Methods The National Cross Comparison methodology was used with document analysis of secondary sources, with the purpose of discussing the similarities and differences between the two systems using the WHO’s Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Results The legal framework on DWQS in Brazil and Colombia was defined in the 70s and 80s, coinciding with the international visibility of this issue. Thereafter, DWQS practices in Brazil have been defined and organized in a national program, which has only recently started in Colombia. The current Brazilian and Colombian legislations show progress in technical elements that guide surveillance practices, such as the incorporation of risk assessment methodologies. The Colombian legislation defines the regulation of water supply services provision, which is not contemplated in Brazilian legislation. Elements such as decentralization, intersectionality, universality and right to information are included in the legislations of both countries, although further action on DWQS is needed. Conclusions Brazil and Colombia have similarities in the implementation of DWQS, despite being at different points in the implementation timeline. Actions on drinking-water quality surveillance are necessary to guarantee human rights related to the protection of the environment, such as universal access to drinking water, contributing to the promotion of health.

  18. Analyse of The Legal Framework in Colombia for implementation of Bioprospecting Practices

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Duarte, Oscar; Velho Lea

    2008-01-01

    The practice of bioprospecting is inherently linked with traditional knowledge and practices of local communities in the South as well as with the commercial activities of industries (e.g., pharmaceutics sector, agriculture) in the North. A series of actors operate at this interface, such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Research Centers, Universities, Science and Technology sponsor institutions and the State. As these actors have divergent interests and powers of negotiation, an appropriate regulatory framework is necessary to regulate their interaction. This paper analyzes the existing legal framework in a mega-diverse country, like Colombia, for implementation of bioprospecting practices. The research consisted of two key components: (i) A review of the state of art of bioprospecting; (ii) A work in situ in Colombia, which consisted of analysis of information and genetic resources related to bioprospecting, participation in the implementation of a legal frame for bioprospecting practices and interviews with Colombian professionals in the field of biodiversity conservation. Our research determined that: (i) national authorities encounter a multitude of difficulties to implement a legal framework in Colombia, especially the Andean regional normativity; (ii) the execution of research projects related to bioprospecting in Colombia faces numerous challenges

  19. Climatic projections and socio economic impacts of the climatic change in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Eslava R, Jesus Antonio; Pabon Caicedo, Jose Daniel

    2001-01-01

    For the task of working out climate change projections, different methodologies have been in use, from simple extrapolations to sophisticated statistical and mathematical tools. Today, the tools most used are the models of the general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean, which include many processes of other climate components (biosphere, cryosphere, continental surface models, etc.). Different global and regional scenarios have been generated with those models. They may be of great utility in calculating projections and future scenarios for Colombia, but the representation of the country's climate in those models has to be improved in order to get projections with a higher level of certainty. The application of climate models and of the techniques of down scaling in studies of climate change is new both in Colombia and tropical America, and was introduced through the National University of Colombia's project on local and national climate change. In the first phase of the project, version 3 of the CCM (Climate Community Model) of NCAR was implemented. Parallel to that, and based on national (grid) data, maps have been prepared of the monthly temperature and precipitation of Colombia, which were used to validate the model

  20. A new species and new records of Cryptodacus (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rodriguez, Pedro Alexander; Rodriguez, Erick J; Norrbom, Allen L; Arévalo, Emilio

    2016-05-16

    Cryptodacus bernardoi Rodriguez & Rodriguez, new species, is described from Colombia. It was reared from fruits of Phoradendron sp. near piperoides (Kunth) Trel. New distribution records are reported for Cryptodacus ornatus Norrbom from Colombia and Peru, for Cryptodacus trinotatus Norrbom & Korytkowski from Colombia, and for Cryptodacus obliquus Hendel from Bolivia and Peru. The female abdomen and terminalia of C. obliquus is described for the first time. The Norrbom & Korytkowski (2008)`s key to species was modified to include C. bernardoi n. sp.

  1. Apuntamientos sobre el género rauvolfia en colombia - ii

    OpenAIRE

    Fernández Pérez, Alvaro

    2012-01-01

    En el número 23 de la revista «Universidad Nacional de Colombia» (1959), publiqué un trabajo intitulado «Apuntamientos sobre el Género Rauvolfia en Colombia». Como en el citado trabajo se omitieron involuntariamente algunos términos de la clave para identificar las especies y también el resultado del análisis químico de las raíces de Rauvolfia leptophylla, especie colombiana descrita recientemente, he considerado necesario reproducir aquellas partes del primer trabajo en las cuales se hiciero...

  2. The mobile marketing in Colombia- its current situation and projection Year 2012

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Orlando Martínez Gómez

    2012-08-01

    Full Text Available Rev.esc.adm.neg El mercadeo móvil ha avanzado vertiginosamente a nivel mundial, porque los canales de comunicación logran llegar efectivamente a la población objetivo. Es por esta razón, que el área de mercadeo puede conocer y aprovechar las características personales de las comunicaciones móviles usadas. El incremento de la penetración celular, la innovación y desarrollo de los sistemas operativos, de las aplicaciones, de las tecnologías de datos, de los terminales como los Smartphones y las tabletas facilitan el crecimiento del uso tecnológico y del mercadeo móvil. Ante la percepción de que Colombia se encuentra rezagada en el uso del mercadeo móvil, el presente estudio buscó identificar el estado de desarrollo del esta estrategia a nivel mundial y de algunos aspectos de este en Colombia. Se seleccionaron fuentes secundarias de información sobre el contexto y las herramientas de Mercadeo Móvil en el mundo, sobre las alternativas ofertadas en Colombia, y después de identificar las principales empresas del ecosistema de mobile marketing en Colombia les fue aplicada una encuesta semi-estructurada para conocer algunas de sus características y logros en este sector. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en la investigación, encontramos que actualmente el Mobile Marketing en Colombia presenta barreras relacionadas con la composición del mercado de telecomunicaciones, donde un operador dominante impone tarifas y reglas de comercialización desiguales.

  3. A REMARKABLE CLADONIACEAE FLORA AT SUBANDEAN REGION IN CHÁMEZA (CASANARE, COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    LADY JOHANNA HERRERA VARGAS

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available A remarkable Cladoniaceae flora was discovered in the subandean region of Chámeza, ( Casanare, Colombia at 1200 meters above sea level. Four species of the genus Cladonia (Cladoniaceae, Lichenized Fungi are new records for Colombia : Cladonia macilentoides, C. scabriuscula, C. sipmanii and C. subdelicatula. This shows the importance of increasing diversity studies at mid elevations where suitable habitats for species of Cladonia occur.

  4. La educación tecnológica en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Gómez Campo, Víctor Manuel

    1995-01-01

    La educación tecnológica es en la actualidad, cuando el desarrollo de las fuerzas productivas depende cada vez más del conocimiento científico y tecnológico, una modalidad educativa de creciente importancia. / Contenido. Preliminares; Capítulo 1 - Introducción; Capítulo 2 - ¿Qué es educación tecnológica en el contexto internacional?; Capítulo 3 - ¿Qué es la educación tecnológica en Colombia? evolución histórica del concepto; Capítulo 4 - Estudio sobre la educación tecnológica en Colombia; Ca...

  5. Climate protection in Colombia. An overview; Klimaschutz in Kolumbien. Ein Uebersichtsbeitrag

    Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

    Lemberg, Katrin [Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogota (Colombia)

    2014-07-01

    The effects of the climatic change in Colombia includes the increase of sea level at the Caribbean and the Pacific coast, the increase of temperature, the increase of precipitation, effecting the agricultures, the ecosystems, the water supply and the public health. Colombia has already started specific programs, adaptation measures with respect to the effects of the climatic change, reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions and projects with respect to the reduction of emissions due to deforestation and degradation.

  6. Approach to the current state of work harassment prevention in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos Andrés Dávila Londoño

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Mobbing or harassment is now recognized as a phenomenon of high impact on individuals, organizations and society. In Latin America, and specifically in Colombia, has been identified little development of thematic; this is a weakness against the possibilities to know, identify and intervene on this reality, growing in organizations. The objective of this paper is to present the results of theoretical analysis and review of prevention of mobbing in Colombia. The paper is divided into four parts. In the first, the main theoretical elements of the discussion about mobbing are synthesized. In the second, reviewed the legislation on mobbing in Colombia, and that the state has responsibilities for the identification, assessment, prevention and intervention of psychosocial risk factors at work. In a third part, presents and analyzes some measures and procedures existing prevention and intervention. Finally conclusions of the review are presented.

  7. Environmental impact assessment in Colombia: Critical analysis and proposals for improvement

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Toro, Javier; Requena, Ignacio; Zamorano, Montserrat

    2010-01-01

    The evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) systems is a highly recommended strategy for enhancing their effectiveness and quality. This paper describes an evaluation of EIA in Colombia, using the model and the control mechanisms proposed and applied in other countries by Christopher Wood and Ortolano. The evaluation criteria used are based on Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment Best Practice, such as effectiveness and control features, and they were contrasted with the opinions of a panel of Colombian EIA experts as a means of validating the results of the study. The results found that EIA regulations in Colombia were ineffective because of limited scope, inadequate administrative support and the inexistence of effective control mechanisms and public participation. This analysis resulted in a series of recommendations regarding the further development of the EIA system in Colombia with a view to improving its quality and effectiveness.

  8. El conocimiento inventariado. Apuntes criticos sobre el modelo de indexación de las publicaciones academicas en colombia (inventoried knowledge. critical notes, on the model of indexing of academic publications in colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Nicolás Espinosa

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN: En este ensayo nos proponemos compartir una serie de reflexiones sobre las condiciones existentes para la publicación de artículos académicos en Colombia. En particular nos interesa ofrecer elementos para el debate sobre la política de indexación de revistas académicas que ha definido el Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para Colombia (Colciencias por medio de su Sistema Nacional de Indexación y Homologación de Revistas Especializadas de CT+I Colombia (Publindex. En el ensayo destacamos algunas consecuencias de tal modelo, sustentado en la confianza y delegación que Colciencias tiene en un modelo de indexación establecido por dos empresas privadas y con ánimo de lucro: Thomson Reuters (Isi™ y Scopus Elsevier™. El objeto principal del ensayo es contribuir al mejoramiento de las políticas editoriales agenciadas desde Colciencias. ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to share a series of reflections on the existing conditions for the publication of scholarly articles in Colombia. In particular, we are interested in providing some elements for the debate on the policy of indexing academic journals that the Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation for Colombia (Colciencias and its National System of Indexing and Official Approval of Specialized Journals of CT+I Colombia (Publnidex, has defined, making emphasis on the consequences of this new model of indexing, which is supported in the almost exclusive recognition of journals that are indexed by two private profitmaking companies: Thomson Reuters (Isi™ and Scopus-Elsevier.™

  9. Factores que influyen en el desarrollo exportador de las pymes en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diana Marcela Escandón Barbosa

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available El propósito de este artículo es identificar los factores que influyen en el desarrollo exportador de las peque˜nas y medianas empresas (pymes con internacionalización temprana en Colombia. Por medio del uso de la información incluida en el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM en su reporte para Colombia en 2010, se toman las pymes que inician su proceso de internacionalización en sus primeros a˜nos de creación, y con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales se comprueba que variables como características del emprendedor, factores internos, características del sector y del entorno, innovación y recursos y capacidades de la pyme determinan el proceso de internacionalización temprana de las pymes en Colombia.

  10. Factores que influyen en el desarrollo exportador de las pymes en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diana Marcela Escandón Barbosa

    2014-04-01

    Full Text Available El propósito de este artículo es identificar los factores que influyen en el desarrollo exportador de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pymes con internacionalización temprana en Colombia. Por medio del uso de la información incluida en el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM en su reporte para Colombia en 2010, se toman las pymes que inician su proceso de internacionalización en sus primeros años de creación, y con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales se comprueba que variables como características del emprendedor, factores internos, características del sector y del entorno, innovación y recursos y capacidades de la pyme determinan el proceso de internacionalización temprana de las pymes en Colombia.

  11. El genero Morpho en Colombia: II. Clave taxonómica para las especies presentes en Colombia The genus Morpho in Colombia: II.Taxonomic key for the species from Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodríguez Claudia Luz

    1996-06-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta una clave dicotómica para determinar las diferentes especies de mariposas del género Morpho que habitan en Colombia, con ilustraciones sobre las genitalias de los principales subgéneros y fotografías (dorsal y ventral de los adultos más representativos de ambos sexos. Para la determinación taxonómica de las especies, se siguieron los parámetros propuestos por Clarke (1941 con algunas modificaciones que simplifican la utilización de esta técnica. También, se tuvieron en cuenta aspectos morfométricos alares, patrones de coloración alar y características de las genitalias de los machos; en
    algunos casos, se recurrió a la consulta de la literatura de referencia (Le Moult y Real, 1962; Blandin, 1984.A dichotomous key is provided for determining the different species of butterflies of the genus Morpho from Colombia, with
    ilustrations of the male genitalia and dorsal and ventral pictures of representative males and females of the main subgenera. For the study of the taxonomic characteristics of the species, the parameters given by Clarke (1941 were followed with some modifications that simplified the use of this technique. Wing
    morphometrics and coloration patterns and mal e genitalia features were also included, in some cases, references of the literature were given (Le Moult & Real, 1962; Blandin, 1984.

  12. Drugs and Insurgents in Colombia: A Regional Conundrum

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    2001-01-01

    Drug trafficking and political insurgency in Colombia could well confront the United States with the most serious security challenge in the Western Hemisphere since the Central American wars of the 1980s...

  13. Understanding Maternal Mortality in Colombia : the Influence of ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Understanding Maternal Mortality in Colombia : the Influence of Health Insurance ... a mandatory social insurance program based on contributions from employees ... of maternal mortality such as socioeconomic status, physical access to care, ...

  14. Mobbing o acoso laboral. Revisión del tema en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José G. Carvajal Oroz

    2013-06-01

    Full Text Available El mobbing se reconoce como una línea de trabajo promisoria y de alto impacto sobre el hombre, las organizaciones y la sociedad. En Latinoamérica y en específico en Colombia, se identifica poco desarrollo de la temática, lo que constituye una debilidad frente a las posibilidades de conocer e intervenir sobre ésta, que se acepta como una realidad creciente en el mundo. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de la revisión y el análisis del tema del mobbing para Colombia. El documento se divide en cuatro partes. En la primera se sintetizan los principales elementos teóricos de la discusión alrededor del mobbing. En la segunda, se revisa la legislación sobre mobbing en Colombia. En la tercera parte, se presenta el análisis de los trabajos que han realizado las comunidades académicas del país sobre el tema. Para terminar, se argumenta sobre el poco desarrollo del tema en Colombia, el predominio de los trabajos teóricos y desde áreas no administrativas. También se encuentra que la heterogeneidad y el bajo número de los trabajos dificulta su comparación, sin embargo, ellos comparten un similar marco de referencia conceptual, empírico y legal

  15. First approach to molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jimena Jojoa-Jojoa

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available Objective. To investigate the presence of Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium species in samples of cattle and buffalo in Colombia, to start the molecular characterization of M. bovis in the country. Material and methods. 492 samples were collected from herds identified with the presence of infected animals through the PPD, by the Group of Bovine Tuberculosis ICA Colombian Agricultural Institute in eight departments of Colombia. Lymph nodes of head, thorax and abdomen, gross lesions of tissues with tuberculosis, nasal swabs, milk, blood and fresh cheeses were included. Samples were subjected to detection of Mycobacterium bovis and other mycobacteria by conventional microbiological analysis and PCR-6110 and spoligotyping molecular assays. Results. In the samples analyzed especially in lymph nodes, Mycobacterium bovis was demonstrated with genotypes reported and not previously reported in the world, as well as M. tuberculosis in Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Magdalena departments. Conclusions. In Colombia there are at least 7 genotypes of M. bovis that are infected and sick cattle and buffalo from four different departments becoming serious threat to public health.

  16. A New Species of Geotrigona(Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini, with Comments on the Genus in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Victor H. Gonzalez

    2007-08-01

    Full Text Available We describe the stingless bee Geotrigona kaba sp. nov. from the cordillera Central of Colombia. We also provide new geographical records and comments on the other two species of the genus that occur in Colombia.

  17. How does network structure affect partnerships for promoting physical activity? Evidence from Brazil and Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Parra, Diana C; Dauti, Marsela; Harris, Jenine K; Reyes, Lissette; Malta, Deborah C; Brownson, Ross C; Quintero, Mario A; Pratt, Michael

    2011-11-01

    The objective of this study was to describe the network structure and factors associated with collaboration in two networks that promote physical activity (PA) in Brazil and Colombia. Organizations that focus on studying and promoting PA in Brazil (35) and Colombia (53) were identified using a modified one-step reputational snowball sampling process. Participants completed an on-line survey between December 2008 and March 2009 for the Brazil network, and between April and June 2009 for the Colombia network. Network stochastic modeling was used to investigate the likelihood of reported inter-organizational collaboration. While structural features of networks were significant predictors of collaboration within each network, the coefficients and other network characteristics differed. Brazil's PA network was decentralized with a larger number of shared partnerships. Colombia's PA network was centralized and collaboration was influenced by perceived importance of peer organizations. On average, organizations in the PA network of Colombia reported facing more barriers (1.5 vs. 2.5 barriers) for collaboration. Future studies should focus on how these different network structures affect the implementation and uptake of evidence-based PA interventions. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  18. [Characterisation of Suicide in Colombia, 2000 2010].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cardona Arango, Doris; Medina-Pérez, Óscar Adolfo; Cardona Duque, Deisy Viviana

    2016-01-01

    Suicide is a serious public health problem worldwide, affecting all population groups, regardless of age, gender, or area of residence. The aim of this investigation was to characterise the recorded suicides in Colombia, between the years 2000 and 2010, according to the variables of the person, time and place. Descriptive quantitative study with information from secondary sources, from the death certificates of deceased people by suicide registered with the National Bureau of Statistics. The behaviour of the deaths and mortality, were determined using the denominator population projections of Colombia and the Amazon, Andean, Atlantic Coast, Eastern Plains and Pacific regions. Descriptive measurements and mortality rates were calculated using these. A total of 24,882 suicides were recorded in the eleven years studied, with a mean of 6.2 people per day, which increased to 8.0 during holidays The mean age of death was 34.5 years (men 36.4, women 27.7), with male deaths (78.1%) and urban areas (66%) predominating. The greatest risk of dying from this cause was recorded in the Eastern Plains, in young adults and seniors, and residents in rural areas. Suicide rates in Colombia show a downward trend, with a mean of 5.3/100,000 inhabitants, and with an increased risk in men (3.7 times the risk in women, in young adults (9/100,000). A higher death rate was recorded in single people in the months of December and January, and at weekends. Copyright © 2015 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España. All rights reserved.

  19. Land and Peace in Colombia: FFP Methodology for Field Data Collection and Data Handling

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Molendijk, M.; Santos Dukon, T.; Lemmen, C.H.J.; Morales Guarin, J.M.; Endo, V.; Restrepo Rodriguez, S.; Gonzalez Dueñas, J.F.; Matiz Sanchez, I.E.; Spijkers, P.; Unger, E.M.; Moreno Horta, Ivonne Astrid

    2018-01-01

    Effective land administration is an essential step on the road to peace in Colombia. The Colombian government plans to have a complete nation-wide land tenure coverage within seven years. The traditional approach to land administration in Colombia is not up to this policy challenge: the pace is too

  20. Las serpientes en colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Daniel, H.

    2012-01-01

    El estudio de las serpientes en Colombia no deja de tener su particular interés; existe una inmensa variedad de especies que se escalonan desde los valles ardientes hasta alturas relativamente considerables; en estos últimos puntos disminuye notablemente la variedad de formas y de modo especial las especies provistas de veneno. Hacer una distinción entre las especies venenosas y las inofensivas, resulta un tanto difícil; en algunos textos se dan unas cuántas reglas, pero la mayor parte d...

  1. Characterization of cigarrete smuggling distribution in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Blanca Llorente

    2018-03-01

    Changes along the distribution chain are bringing new risks and opportunities for an effective control of illicit trade flows. It is necessary to explore interventions that address institutional weaknesses, and the circumstances of vulnerable actors to develop sustainable policies to eliminate illicit trade in Colombia.

  2. Clave para la determinación de malezas ciperáceas asociadas con el cultivo del arroz en Colombia Key for identification of cyperaceae weds associated with rice fields in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fuentes Cilia Leonor

    2001-12-01

    Full Text Available Las ciperáceas constituyen, después de las gramíneas, el segundo grupo más importante de plantas adventicias asociadas
    con la producción de arroz en Colombia. Se ha podido
    observar diferencias en la respuesta a los herbicidas entre las
    especies de ciperáceas, de ahí la necesidad de reconocer las
    diferentes especies de esta familia que infestan los arrozales
    de Colombia. Se realizó una intensiva colecta botánica de estas
    especies en las principales zonas arroceras de Colombia:
    Tolima, Huila, Meta, Córdoba, Cesar, Santander y Valle del
    Cauca. Un total de 25 especies pertenecientes a nueve géneros,
    fueron reconocidas. Se elaboraron claves para la separación
    de géneros y especies.Cyperaceae constitute after the gramineous the second most
    important weed group associated with rice production in Colombia. There are sorne differences in herbicide response among cyperaceae species, therefore there is a need to recognize the different species ofthis family that infest Colombian rice fields. An intensive botanical collection of these species was done in the main rice production areas ofColombia: Tolima, Huila, Meta, Córdoba, Cesar, Santander and Valle del Cauca. A total of 25 species belonging to nine genus were identified. Keys were made to separate genera and species.

  3. A Comparison of the Democratic Security Policy in Colombia and Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Iraq

    Science.gov (United States)

    2009-09-01

    program. Republica de Colombia. Departamento Nacional de Planeacion , Porgrama de Desarrollo Alternativo, Documento CONPES 2734-DNP-UDA-UJS, Bogotá...Ministry of Defense, 2003. Republica de Colombia. “Departmento Nacional de Planeacion , Porgrama de Desarrollo Alternativo, Documento CONPES 2734-DNP

  4. A new species and new records of Cryptodacus (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Colombia, Bolivia and Peru

    Science.gov (United States)

    Cryptodacus bernardoi Rodriguez & Rodriguez, new species, is described from Colombia. It was reared from fruits of Phoradendron sp. near piperoides (Kunth) Trel. New distribution records are reported for Cryptodacus ornatus Norrbom from Colombia and Peru, for Cryptodacus trinotatus Norrbom & Korytko...

  5. Apuntes para la historia del paludismo en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Facultad de Medicina Revista

    1943-08-01

    Full Text Available La Revista viene publicando trabajos sobre paludismo realizados últimamente, unos bajo los auspicios del Ministerio de Higiene y lso más, del Departamento Tropical de la Facultad de Medicina. En este mismo número aparece el interesante y utilísimo estudio "Biología y distribución geográfica de los mosquitos anofelinos de Colombia", hecho por el doctor Augusto Gast de la Sección de Estudios Especiales y uno de los médicos más enterados en el problema del paludismo. En desarrollo del tema y por sugestión del doctor Gast, apuntamos unos pocos datos que se nos vienen a la mente sobre tentativas de investigación y esbozos de lucha antipalúdica en Colombia.

  6. Male-only clinics: a success story in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Goldman, R

    1987-04-01

    2 male-only reproductive health clinics in Colombia are refuting the stereotype that Latin American men reject vasectomy as a threat to their machismo image and consider birth control to be a woman's responsibility. Over 1000 vasectomies were performed in the 2 clinics in Bogota and Medellin in 1986. The clinics are operated by PROFAMILIA and supported by the Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception. Information about these male-only clinics is dispersed through radio announcements, magazine advertisements, and newspaper articles. The cost of services at these clinics is 50% less than services provided at other family facilities. These clinics demonstrate that Colombian men are willing to share family planning responsibilities if services are offered in a manner respectful of their needs. 3 additional male-only clinics are scheduled to open in Colombia in 1987.

  7. Vegetation, population and ecological track as sustainability indicators in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Marquez Calle, German

    2000-01-01

    Biophysical sustainability, namely natural capabilities to sustain human development in Colombia, is explored through environmental indicators based on land cover and demographic variables. Remnant vegetation index (IVR in Spanish) uses cover as a measure of ecosystem functionality. Population pressure index (IPD) applies population density to environmental demand analysis. Footprint index (IHE) relates the inverse of density with sustainability. Environmental criticality index combines IVR and IPD to detect offer/demand unbalances. Results suggest Colombia is sustainable although many places in it could be in danger; this could be related with social and economical features of the country

  8. Descriptive Study of the Presentation of Human Brucellosis in Colombia (2000-2012

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Patricia Lopez Guarnizo

    2014-07-01

    Full Text Available This research aims to conduct a descriptive study of the occurrence of human brucellosis in Colombia between 2000 and 2012, and, based on previous studies, to determine the prevalence and incidence of the disease, and the limitations for its timely diagnosis and recognition by the Colombian labor system. The research consisted of searching for and analyzing articles on human brucellosis published between 2000 and 2012 in Colombia. It included a phase of information gathering and unstructured interviews with representatives of brucellosis control programs and experienced professionals. We analyzed 17 studies of human brucellosis cases in personnel at risk in slaughterhouses, retailers and vaccinators for animal brucellosis programs: 10 of them reported prevalences between 0.14% and 10.4%, and seven evidenced seropositivity. Information revealed the limitations of the diagnosis, and it demonstrated the little knowledge of the medical community about this disease. In Colombia, there is no clear policy regarding this occupational zoonosis. Brucellosis is mentioned only in Decree 2566 of 2009, in which the new table of occupational diseases is established. The paper concludes that human brucellosis in Colombia is an underdiagnosed, and therefore underreported, disease since there is no mandatory reporting system on the subject.

  9. Inflation Targeting: El Proceso de Reducción de La Inflación en Colombia Inflation Targeting: El Proceso de Reducción de La Inflación en Colombia.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Isabel Cristina Montoya Osorio

    2003-06-01

    Full Text Available El esquema de Inflación Objetivo o Inflation Targeting  es un instrumento de políticamonetaria para disminuir la inflación y mantenerla en niveles bajos y estables.  Este régimen ha sido implementado con éxito por muchos países alrededor del mundo entre los cualesestá incluído Colombia, que luego de veinticinco años de tener una inflación moderada ha logrado niveles sostenidos de un digito desde 1999, disminuyendo la incertidumbre de losagentes económicos e incrementando la credibilidad en el banco central. En este artículo se exponen las características principales del régimen de inflación Objetivo,el proceso de implementación en Colombia y la importancia de la publicación de los pronósticos de inflación para el logro de la meta inflacionaria propuesta.Inflation targeting is a monetary policy rule which aims to diminish inflation and keep it atstable low levels.  This rule has been successfully implemented by many countries amongwhich is Colombia.  After twenty-five years of moderate inflation,  Colombia has managedto keep inflation at a one digit level since 1999, reducing uncertainty and increasing thecredibility of the Central Bank.This paper describes the main characteristics of the inflation targeting rule, its process ofimplementation in Colombia and the importance of providing adequate information aboutthe seasonal forecast in order to achieve the aimed inflation target.

  10. FRONTERAS SIMBÓLICAS ENTRE EXPERTOS Y VÍCTIMAS DE LA GUERRA EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ANGÉLICA FRANCO GAMBOA

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available In this article, I question the rationalities and sensitivities with which those implementing the Law of Victims in Colombia consider the subjects of their intervention. The article is divided into four parts. First, I present empirical elements that show the discrepancies between law, expert knowledge, and situated needs in bureaucratic contexts. Second, I analyze the social production of discordant notes in bureaucratic spheres. Third, I explore the relationship established between science as a distancing device in Colombia and the epistemic fissures underlying the law and the action of professional experts. Fourth, I present guidelines to contribute to destabilizing the westernist outlook of those who, under the authority of Law and Science, impact the life of war victims in Colombia.

  11. Rafael Maldonado Tapias: un símbolo de la arquitectura escolar en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Camilo Augusto Muñoz Cadena

    2012-12-01

    Full Text Available Rafael Maldonado Tapias: architect and graduate of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and lecturer in Architectural Design. He completed his postgraduate degree in school architecture and wrote his dissertation on Buildings for primary school teaching in Colombia, which turned out to lay the foundations for a career that has been dedicated to, above all, the study of school architecture. This led to his undertaking of the prize-winning research History of school architecture in Colombia, which is used as reference for both architects and researchers. He has developed several educational projects over the duration of his career in institutions such as the Centro Educativo Integral Colsubsidio in Bogotá, the Instituto Caldas, and the Universidad Autónoma in Bucaramanga.

  12. Civil Information Management in Support of Counterinsurgency Operations: A Case for the Use of Geospatial Information Systems in Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    2006-05-25

    desempeño económico en las áreas rurales. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia & Fondo Financiero de Proyectos de Desarrollo. 1997. Bilyeu, Elisabeth...Ediciones B Colombia, S.A.. 2004. Presidencia República de Colombia. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2002-2006: Hacia un Estado Comunitario. Bogotá

  13. Lista preliminar de las heliconias de Colombia y cinco especies nuevas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Kress W. Jhon

    1993-12-01

    Full Text Available A preliminary check list of the 93 species of Heliconia currently recognized from Colombia is provided. Five new species of subgen. Griggsia (H. arrecta, H. donstonea, H. gigantea, H.terciopete y H. titanum from that country are also described, ilustrated, and discussed.Se proporciona una lista preliminar de las 93 especies de Heliconia reconocidas para Colombia. Además se describen, ilustran y comentan cinco especies nuevas pertenecientes al subgénero Griggsia (H. arrecta, H. donstonea, H. gigantea, H. terciopela y H. titanum.

  14. All projects related to Colombia | Page 6 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Topic: DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, SOCIAL ... by indigenous women based on gender, class and ethnic aspects of their identity. ... Region: Colombia, South America, North and Central America, Spain.

  15. Delegation of Externado University Of Colombia Visits China

    Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)

    2009-01-01

    <正>Invited by the CPAFFC, a 67-member delegation orga- nized and sent by the Externado University of Colombia visited Beijing, Xi’an, Shanghai, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong from June 29 to July 16. In

  16. 78 FR 18877 - Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: New Free Trade Agreement With Colombia (DFARS...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-03-28

    ... Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: New Free Trade Agreement With Colombia (DFARS Case 2012-D032... Regulation Supplement (DFARS) to implement the United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement. This Trade Promotion Agreement is a free trade agreement that provides for mutually non-discriminatory treatment of...

  17. Los hongos de Colombia - V: Laternea Triscapa y Calostoma Cinnabarina en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dumont Kent P.

    1978-12-01

    Full Text Available En desarrollo de un programa conjunto del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, el Instituto Coiombiano Agropecuario y el Jardín Botánico de Nueva York, se han realizado colecciones micológicas en diversos sitios de Colombia. Como resultado de recientes viajes fueron halladas dos raras e interesantes especies(por lo menos para los trópicos de Gasteromycetes, que constituyen un primer registro para el país. Por lo cual el presente artículo hace referencia a estas colecciones y a su ubicación general dentro de la Clase.

  18. War Without Borders: The Colombia-Ecuador Crisis of 2008

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Marcella, Gabriel

    2008-01-01

    .... For Colombia, the attack demonstrated the new professionalism of its armed forces and police and the continuing success of the strategy of democratic security enunciated by President Alvaro Uribe...

  19. Colombia's Conflicts: The Spillover Effects of a Wider War

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Millett, Richard

    2002-01-01

    ...." This similar but different series begins a transition of focus from Colombia's specific crises to broader regional and global security concerns, and the upcoming conference in March 2003 entitled...

  20. Colombia's Libraries: Modernizing amidst a Drug War.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Chepesiuk, Ron

    1991-01-01

    Describes the impact that the war on drugs in Colombia has had on their library services and on the lives of professional librarians. Topics discussed include political, staffing, budget, resource, and physical plant problems; the serious shortage of professional librarians; and extending library service to rural areas. (LRW)

  1. Nuevas nociones sobre el género Ficus en Colombia, IV

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dugand Armando

    1944-12-01

    Full Text Available En el curso de mi estudio del genero Ficus en Colombia, había pospuesto exprofeso el examen crítico del grupo de Ficus glabrata H. B. K. esperando reunir mayor cantidad de material para tratar de resolver las diferencias que presentan algunos ejemplares colombianos de esta especie, la cual es una de las cinco o seis diferentes, Ilamadas vulgarmente "Higuerones", que se explotan en Colombia por las propiedades antihelminticas de su látex, conocido en la farmacopea popular con el nombre de "Ieche de higueron".

  2. Analysis of Dynamic Complexity of the Cyber Security Ecosystem of Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Angélica Flórez

    2016-07-01

    Full Text Available This paper presents two proposals for the analysis of the complexity of the Cyber security Ecosystem of Colombia (CEC. This analysis shows the available knowledge about entities engaged in cyber security in Colombia and the relationships between them, which allow an understanding of the synergy between the different existing components. The complexity of the CEC is detailed from the view of the Influence Diagram of System Dynamics and the Domain Diagram of Software Engineering. The resulting model makes cyber security evident as a strategic component of national security.

  3. Observatorio de Discapacidad de Colombia / The Colombian Observatory of Disability

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Liliana Y. Gómez-Aristizábal

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available Resumen La Dirección de Epidemiología y Demografía (ded y la Oficina de Promoción Social del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (msps, dando cumplimiento a las competencias y obligaciones de seguimiento, evaluación y gestión del conocimiento establecidas para el sector salud y desde el rol de esta cartera como rector del Sistema Nacional de Discapacidad (snd, ha priorizado el Observatorio de Discapacidad de Colombia como un instrumento técnico para la formulación, desarrollo y evaluación de acciones de inclusión social para la población con discapacidad en el marco del Sistema Nacional de la Discapacidad y el cumplimiento de la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad. El propósito de este artículo es describir la experiencia del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social en la implementación del Observatorio de Discapacidad de Colombia, describiendo las actividades de planeación, mejoramiento y estructuración requeridas, así como la recolección sistemática, el análisis e interpretación de datos e información sobre la situación de discapacidad en el país. / Abstract The Direction of Epidemiology and Demography (ded and the Social Promotion Office of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, in compliance with the responsibilities and duties of monitoring, assessing and managing the knowledge in the health sector and as the Director of the National System of Disability (snd, has prioritized the Observatory of Disability of Colombia as a technical instrument for the formulation, development and assessment of the actions of social inclusion for people with disabilities within the framework of the National System of Disability and in compliance with the Convention on the Rights of people with Disabilities. The purpose of this article is to describe the experience of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection while implementing the Observatory of Disability of Colombia, describing the planning

  4. Gasohol : un combustible limpio para Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Ocampo González, Aquiles

    1998-01-01

    Se describe un estudio sobre las posibilidades reales que tiene Colombia de establecer un programa masivo para utilizar mezclas de etanol y gasolina como combustible automotor, teniendo en cuenta que la materia prima más probable deberá ser la caña de azúcar. Se discuten los efectos ambientales, socioeconómicos y técnicos de dicho programa.

  5. [Association between inequality and suicide rate in Colombia (1994-2013)].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Campo-Arias, Adalberto; Herazo, Edwin

    2015-01-01

    Income inequality is directly related to the mental health of the population. However, the relationship between income inequality and suicide rates in Colombia has still not been explored. To estimate the relationship between inequality and suicide rates in Colombia from 1994 to 2013. An ecological study was conducted, in which the correlation was estimated (Spearman) between inequality (Gini coefficient) and suicide rate between 1994 and 2013, according to official information available from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), and the National Institute of Forensic Science and Forensic Medicine. A Gini coefficient between 0.53 and 0.60 (median, 0.65 [interquartile range, 0.54-0.57]) was observed, and suicide rates were between 3.84 and 5.26 (median, 4.20 [4.08-4.86]). The correlation between inequality and suicide rates was positive and statistically significant (r=.70; p<.001). There is a positive association between economic inequality and suicide rate in Colombia. It is important to achieve greater equity in the distribution of income to reduce suicide rate in the country. Copyright © 2014 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría. Publicado por Elsevier España. All rights reserved.

  6. CONTRIBUTIONS TO RICKETTSIOSES RESEARCH IN COLOMBIA (1917-1943), LUIS B. PATIÑO CAMARGO

    Science.gov (United States)

    FACCINI-MARTÍNEZ, Álvaro A.; BOTERO-GARCÍA, Carlos A.; HIDALGO, Marylin

    2016-01-01

    Colombian physician Luis Benigno Patiño Camargo was one of the pioneers in the study of rickettsioses in South America, demonstrating for the first time in Colombia the presence of Rickettsia rickettsii as the etiological agent of a highly deadly exanthematic febrile syndrome in the 1930s. However, Patiño-Camargo performed other investigations from 1917-1943, which represent the first descriptions and scientific evidence of the presence of R. prowazekii and R. typhi in Colombia. Almost 60 years after the latest research conducted by Dr. Patiño-Camargo, rickettsioses were again a matter of interest and research. In the last decade over 20 research studies have been published, showing new endemic areas for R. rickettsii, as well as the description of new rickettsial species in Colombia. PMID:27074327

  7. All projects related to colombia | Page 8 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Ongoing trade reforms and economic restructuring in Latin America have implications for gender ... Region: Argentina, South America, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, North and Central America, Uruguay. Program: Employment and Growth.

  8. Armed Conflict in Colombia : Different Resources Different Conflicts ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Most research on armed conflict in Colombia has focused on the narcotics trade. Little attention has been ... From “gender as usual” to “gender as transformative” ... IDRC invites applications for the IDRC Doctoral Research Awards. IDRC is ...

  9. Contribuciones al estudio de la Parasitología en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Uribe-Piedrahita César

    1947-12-01

    Full Text Available 1- Myxobolidae parasito de la vesícula biliar de una Rana de los Llanos Orientales (Resumen: Se observó un Myxobolidae, Myxobolus pfeitteri, parásito de la vesícula biliar de Rana palmipes, habitante de los Llanos orientales de Colombia. Se destaca su papel patógeno.  Creemos que es el primer Myxobolidae descrito en Colombia. / 2- Observaciones sobre un Trichomonas sp. (Resumen: Aechmea bromeliaefolia / Greigia Danielii / Guzmania costaricensis / Guzmania diffusa / Guzmania glomerata / Guzmania minor Mez var / Flammea / Pitcairnia Bakeri / Pitcairnia Barrigae / Pitcairnia costata / Pitcairnia diffusa / Pitcairnia excerta / Pitcairnia lepidopetalon / Pitcairnia squarrosa / Pitcairnia squarrosa var. Colorata / Tillandsia hospitalis / Tillandsia pulchella / Vriesia Hodgei.

  10. Retos logísticos en Ssangyong Motor Colombia S.A.

    OpenAIRE

    CARLOS ENRIQUE RAMÍREZ R.; JULIÁN ANDRÉS PAREDES G.; JOHANNA CARMONA; MARIO ANDRÉS GIL A.

    2008-01-01

    La revaluación del peso frente al dólar y el importante crecimiento que tuvo la economía colombiana en los años 2005 y 2006, dispararon las ventas de vehículos en Colombia. Para poder aprovechar ese importante aumento de la demanda, SsangYong Motor Colombia S.A., empresa especializada en la importación y comercialización de vehículos diésel de última generación, se enfrentó a grandes retos logísticos, que se presentaron porque a mediados del año 2007 se elevaron los precios de los fl etes mar...

  11. A regulations’ survey for the wireless telecommunications deployment in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Gustavo Morales-Guarín

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available This paper describes the current wireless telecommunications infrastructure deployment regulations in Colombia. It also refers to the possible effects that this infrastructure could cause to the country`s health and environment. similarly, the results obtained show a comparison between the Argentina’s current regulations, one of the most relevant researches carried out and the Colombian case. finally, some recommendations are proposed that can be considered in the project of regulations applicable in Colombia for the ensuring purpose that the non-ionizing radiation generated by wireless communications systems do not have effects on health and the environment.

  12. Estrategia para el fortalecimiento del Sistema de Indicadores Ambientales Marinos y Costeros de Colombia Proyecto SPINCAM Colombia.

    OpenAIRE

    2011-01-01

    Establecer un marco de referencias de Indicadores para el Manejo Integrado de Áreas Costeras (MIZC) en cada país de la región del Pacífico Sureste (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá y Perú), enfocado en las condiciones ambientales, socioeconómicas y de gobernabilidad en el contexto de desarrollo sostenible y manejo integrado del área costera.

  13. Astroparticle physics at the Eastern Colombia region

    Science.gov (United States)

    Asorey, Hernán; Núñez, Luis A.

    2015-12-01

    We present the emerging panorama of Astroparticle Physics at the Eastern Colombia region, and describe several ongoing projects, most of them related to the Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) Project. This research work is carried out at the Grupo de Investigaciones en Relatividad y Gravitacin of Universidad Industrial de Santander.

  14. Sequencing: Targeting Insurgents and Drugs in Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    2007-03-01

    p. 73. 24 initiated by previous administrations coupled with declining prices in the late 1990s for coffee and oil—two of Colombia’s major...whose involvement in the illicit drug industry gained them notoriety in the 1970s with the production of cannabis . In the 1980s, Colombia became the

  15. All projects related to Colombia | Page 5 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Region: Brazil, South America, Colombia, Haiti, North and Central America, Mexico ... complex knowledge economy demands economic, social and environmental data ... The research network on global administrative law (GAL network) was ...

  16. La industria maltera en colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Parra Restrepo, Bernardo

    2011-01-01

    Este artículo estudia la industria maltera de Colombia, su origen, evolución y el estado en que se encuentra. Presenta cifras respecto al comportamiento de la producción y ventas. Muestra las relaciones de propiedad y describe la importancia relativa de la empresa con las otras subsidiarias del grupo económico al que pertenece. De otra parte analiza las relaciones obrero/patronales en el contexto actual y las relaciones con la agroindustria colombiana.

  17. Notas sobre el género Anetanthus hieron. ex Benth. (Gesneriaceae en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernández Alonso José Luis

    1995-06-01

    Full Text Available The distribution in Colombia of Anetanthus (Gesneriaceae at one species with two subspecies in its territory is presented. One of this, new subspecies, is described and illustrated in this note.Se presenta la distribución en Colombia del género Anetanthus (Gesneriaceae, representado en el territorio por una especie con dos subespecies. Una de ellas, subespecie nueva, se describe e ilustra en esta nota.

  18. Diversity of Stingless Bees (Hymenoptera:Meliponini) Used in Meliponiculture in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Nates Parra, Guiomar; Rosso Londono, Juan Manuel

    2013-01-01

    There are close to 120 species of native stingless bees in Colombia, many of them with important uses and meanings for diverse social and cultural groups. The stingless beekeeping (meliponiculture) is an activity in process of growth and technification in Latin America and other regions, but there are a little information about their characteristics and development in Colombia. Through information collected by interviews to 75 stingless beekeepers of 16 departments of Colombia, 25 species of stingless bees were identified, grouped in 12 genera. Approximately nine more uncertain species were also found, four new records for the country are presented, and geographical distribution, urban beekeeping and vernacular names reported. The characteristics of most common cultivated genera (Tetragonisca, Melipona, Paratrigona, Scaptotrigona and Nannotrigona) are presented, and the importance of the link between biological and cultural diversity revealed in vernacular names, are discussed. Facing a growing of meliponiculture in the world, some research needs and risks for the conservation and management of the diversity of stingless bees and related knowledge are remarked.

  19. Forecasting of Average Monthly River Flows in Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mesa, O. J.; Poveda, G.

    2006-05-01

    The last two decades have witnessed a marked increase in our knowledge of the causes of interannual hydroclimatic variability and our ability to make predictions. Colombia, located near the seat of the ENSO phenomenon, has been shown to experience negative (positive) anomalies in precipitation in concert with El Niño (La Niña). In general besides the Pacific Ocean, Colombia has climatic influences from the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea through the tropical forest of the Amazon basin and the savannas of the Orinoco River, in top of the orographic and hydro-climatic effects introduced by the Andes. As in various other countries of the region, hydro-electric power contributes a large proportion (75 %) of the total electricity generation in Colombia. Also, most agriculture is rain-fed dependant, and domestic water supply relies mainly on surface waters from creeks and rivers. Besides, various vector borne tropical diseases intensify in response to rain and temperature changes. Therefore, there is a direct connection between climatic fluctuations and national and regional economies. This talk specifically presents different forecasts of average monthly stream flows for the inflow into the largest reservoir used for hydropower generation in Colombia, and illustrates the potential economic savings of such forecasts. Because of planning of the reservoir operation, the most appropriated time scale for this application is the annual to interannual. Fortunately, this corresponds to the scale at which hydroclimate variability understanding has improved significantly. Among the different possibilities we have explored: traditional statistical ARIMA models, multiple linear regression, natural and constructed analogue models, the linear inverse model, neural network models, the non-parametric regression splines (MARS) model, regime dependant Markovian models and one we termed PREBEO, which is based on spectral bands decomposition using wavelets. Most of the methods make

  20. CATÁLOGO DE LA FAMILIA POACEAE EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diego Giraldo-Cañas

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta un inventario de las especies de Poaceae de Colombia junto con un análisis de la diversidad específica de esta familia según las regiones naturales colombianas, los gradientes de altitud y de precipitaciones, y la distribución sistemática. Se realizaron 96 expediciones de campo a las diez grandes regiones naturales de Colombia (Amazonia, Andes, Caribe, Chocó Biogeográfico, Guayana, islas caribeñas, Orinoquia, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, valle del río Cauca y valle del río Magdalena con un muestreo total de alrededor de 5800 ejemplares. Además, se consultaron colecciones de los herbarios CAUP, COAH, COL, CUVC, CHOCO, HFAB, HUA, HUQ, JAUM, MEDEL, MEXU, MO, NY, PSO, RSA, SI, UDBC, UIS, US, VALLE y VEN, y se realizó una investigación bibliográfica exhaustiva. Las Poaceae están representadas en Colombia por 840 especies y 173 géneros. Se reconocieron 74 especies y un género (Agrostopoa endémicos. Por otra parte, se documentaron 83 especies introducidas-naturalizadas y 50 introducidas-cultivadas. Los géneros más ricos en especies son Paspalum (89 especies, Panicum (42, Festuca (36, Eragrostis (29, Calamagrostis (25, Chusquea (25, Digitaria (24, Axonopus (21, Setaria (20, Cenchrus (18, Poa (17, Muhlenbergia (16, Andropogon (15, Aristida (15, Agrostis (14, Lasiacis (12, Urochloa (12, Pariana (11, Sporobolus (11, Arthrostylidium (10, Cortaderia (10, Nassella (10, Neurolepis (10 y Schizachyrium (10. Durante el desarrollo de esta investigación, se descubrieron 10 nuevos registros para la flora colombiana. La regiones Andina, Orinocense, Caribe y Guayanesa son las más ricas en especies, con 583, 233, 186 y 179 especies, respectivamente. La Región Andina presenta el mayor número de especies endémicas (57 especies. Los gradientes altitudinales más diversos corresponden a los de las tierras bajas (por debajo de 1200 m s.m.. Al igual que en otras áreas tropicales, en Colombia las subfamilias de Poaceae muestran una

  1. Elements for a Geopolitics of Infrastructure Megaprojects in Latin America and Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fabio Vladimir Sánchez Calderón

    2008-01-01

    Full Text Available This paper develops a critical approach to projects and initiatives of supranational physical connection through infrastructure improvement for transport and energy, regarding specifically their socio-spatial implications at the national and local levels. With this purpose, we examined how infrastructure projects in Colombia are linked to two sub-continental initiatives that seek to build a physical platform for the region: the Plan Puebla Panama (PPP for Central America (including Colombia, and the Initiative for Regional Integration of South America (IIRSA.

  2. Healthier, more nutritious potatoes improve food security in Colombia

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    2016-04-26

    Apr 26, 2016 ... Healthier, more nutritious potatoes improve food security in Colombia ... farmers, have high commercial potential, and are popular with consumers. ... children and adolescents is an alarming trend throughout the Caribbean.

  3. Acarus of agricultural importance in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Mesa, Nora Cristina

    1999-01-01

    Mite study in Colombia has evidently contributed to the knowledge of the diversity of species. In this field the investigators have also developed studies on evaluation and handling of the phytophagous acarus, the advances have been important in the works on those depredators species. One can affirm that the country has basic and applied information on the acarus, but it is needed to deepen in some topics

  4. Los diálogos de la habana y las perspectivas de una paz duradera en Colombia (Talks with havana and the perspectives of a lasting peace in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Oto Higuita

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN Este artículo de investigación, presenta rutas de análisis histórico en torno a los alcances y falencias que dejaron los diálogos de Paz en Colombia entre las Frac-Ep y el Gobierno Nacional durante el siglo XX, el papel que han jugado los medios de comunicación en dichos procesos y una descripción analítica de los discursos de Oslo y la Habana, que dan inicio al actual proceso de Negociación en la Habana; se resalta el profundo alcance que este proceso de negociaciones marca en la última década en Colombia, en lo que concierne a la posible terminación del conflicto armado y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera. ABSTRACT This research article presents routes of historical analysis over the scope and shortcomings left by the talks of peace in Colombia between FARC-EP and the National government during the twentieth century, as well as the role played by the mass media in those processes and an analytical description of the discourses in Oslo and Havana, initiating the current process of negotiations at Havana; the deep scope of this process of negotiations marks in the last decade in Colombia, is highlighted with regard to the possible termination of the armed conflict and the construction of a stable and lasting peace.

  5. Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia: a Darwin Core alternative to the updating problem

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos DoNascimiento

    2017-10-01

    Full Text Available The present work is part of a process to create a Catalogue of the Freshwater Fishes of Colombia and consisted in the depuration and updating of the taxonomic and geographic components of the checklist of the freshwater fishes of Colombia. An exhaustive revision of the 1435 species recorded in 2008 was necessary to: 1. Add new species described since 2009 and species originally described from Colombia but inadvertently omitted in 2008; 2. Add new records of already described species; 3. Delete species whose presence in Colombia was not supported by voucher specimens in ichthyological collections; and 4. Revise the geographic distribution of the species listed in 2008. This process resulted in the following numbers: 1. Total number of freshwater fish species in Colombia: 1494; 2. Number of species recorded by hydrographic region - Amazon: 706, Orinoco: 663, Caribbean: 223, Magdalena-Cauca: 220, Pacific: 130; and 3. Number of endemic species: 374 (76% from the trans-Andean region. Updating the current checklist is a fundamental requirement to ensure its incorporation in the decision-making process with regard to the conservation of Colombian aquatic species and ecosystems, which are facing transformation processes as a result of activities such as mining, construction of hydroelectric plants, expansion of the agricultural frontier and subsequent deforestation, industrial and domestic pollution, development of waterways, introduction of exotic species, and climate change.

  6. Metropolizaciones Colombia-Chile: Experiencias de Bogotá, Medellín, Santiago y Concepción

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luz Ángela Silva Álvarez

    2016-08-01

    Full Text Available El libro Metropolizaciones Colombia-Chile: Experiencias de Bogotá, Medellín, Santiago y Concepción surge en el marco de la alianza entre dos grupos de investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia: el Grupo de Estudios sobre la Problemática Urbano-Regional en Colombia (Geourbe del Departamento de Geografía, sede Bogotá; y el de Dinámicas Urbano-Regionales de la Facultad de Arquitectura, sede Medellín. Posteriormente, la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile se sumó a la alianza con la organización del seminario Dinámicas Metropolitanas Colombia-Chile, diálogo entre Bogotá, Medellín, Santiago y Concepción, en noviembre de 2012 en la ciudad de Santiago. Los trabajos allí presentados fueron la base para la edición y materialización de esta interesante obra que contiene diecisiete textos, en los que se examina el proceso de metropolización en cuatro ciudades de Colombia y Chile desde diferentes perspectivas, donde el término ‘metropolizaciones’, en plural, sugiere la riqueza de aportes y enfoques tanto teóricos como metodológicos, expuestos para estudiar las metrópolis en cuanto a sus particularidades, formas y dinámicas resultantes.

  7. El Sistema de patentes en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rafael Viana Barceló

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available En este documento se realiza un análisis económico del Sistema de Patentes de Colombia. Para ello, se establece el efecto que tienen las patentes concedidas a los inventores foráneos sobre la Inversión Extranjera Directa y el Producto Interno Bruto Nacional, a través de la técnica de regresión de data panel. De igual manera, se identifican los sectores económicos que registran mayores tasas de innovación por parte de los inventores nacionales y extranjeros. Se muestra que el sistema nacional de propiedad intelectual tiene un grado de fortaleza acorde con el resto de países latinoamericanos; para ello, se construye un índice de grado de fortalecimiento de sistema de patente nacional que luego será comparado con el de otros países latinos.Palabras Clave: Sistema de Patentes; Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual; Inversión Directa extranjera; Producto Interno Bruto e innovación tecnológica. The system of patents in ColombiaAbstractIn this document an economic analysis of the System of Patents of Colombia is made. For it, the effect that has the patents granted to the foreign inventors on the Direct Foreign Investment and the Internal Product Gross National, through the technique of regression of data settles down panel. Of equal way, the economic sectors are identified that register greater rates of innovation on the part of the national and foreign inventors.Sample that the national system of intellectual property has a degree of agreed strength with the rest of Latin American countries; for it, an index of degree of fortification of system of national patent is constructed that soon will be compared with the one of other Latin countries.Keywords: System Patent; Rights of Intellectual Property; Foreign Direct Investment; Gross Domestic Product and Technology Innovation.

  8. Condicionantes económicas de Colombia y la Alianza del Pacífico

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Giovanni Reyes

    2017-02-01

    Full Text Available La principal finalidad de este estudio es presentar una visión actualizada y genérica respecto a las condicionantes económicas de Colombia en particular y las relacionadas con el conjunto de países que conforman la Alianza del Pacífico en general –Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Se trata de un estudio no experimental, descriptivo-interpretativo con énfasis en la revisión de datos. Entre las conclusiones más importantes se destacan los niveles de crecimiento económico con mayor estabilidad que presentan Chile y Perú, una dependencia comercial exterior de México hacia Estados Unidos y en Colombia se tiene el caso de que el aumento de producción que se hace evidente no impacta tanto como era de esperarse, en la variable empleo.

  9. [Tobacco control: an intersectorial experience in Tunja (Colombia)].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Panader-Torres, Adriana; Agudelo-Cely, Nancy Aurora; Bolívar-Suárez, Yolima; Cárdenas-Cárdenas, Luz Mery

    2014-01-01

    Tobacco control in Colombia is regulated by Law 1335 of 2009. The implementation and monitoring of the provisions of this law require strengthening of intersectorial work at the local level. This field note presents an intersectorial work experience that was carried out in the municipality of Tunja (Colombia) to improve tobacco control. The Respirarte Group was established. This group consists of an intersectorial team composed of 15 institutions. The Respirarte Group achieved the following political and community actions: signing of an agreement on tobacco control by government actors, expedition of a local decree to comply with Law 1335 in the municipality, provision of information and communication, and social mobilization and monitoring. This experience serves as a national and international reference and its lessons could be used in the approach to other public health problems. Copyright © 2014 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

  10. Gases emissions of Green house Effect in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Gonzalez B, Fabio

    1999-01-01

    Colombia when signing the agreement mark of the united nations for the global change in 1992 and to ratify it in 1996 committed, together with the other signatory countries, to elaborate and to publish national inventories of anthropogenic emissions of green house gases and plans for its reduction and control. In this reference mark a group of professionals inside the Colombian academy of exact, physical and natural sciences, began in July of 1995, the national inventory of greenhouse gases for Colombia, having the approval of the ministry of the environment, the financial support of the organization of German technical cooperation GTZ and the technical consultantship of the work group that it is carrying out the study in the case of Venezuela. This article presents a summary of the results of the project, making emphasis in the main anthropogenic activities responsible for these emissions, especially those related with the energetic sector

  11. Los desafíos actuales para consolidar la paz en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo

    2017-01-01

    El 2 de octubre de 2016 se votó en Colombia el plebiscito para ratificar el «Acuerdo final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera», firmado días antes en una ceremonia en la ciudad de Cartagena entre el presidente Juan Manuel Santos y el máximo dirigente de las FARC, Rodrigo Londoño, «Timochenko». Pero para sorpresa tanto de la comunidad nacional como internacional, el NO triunfó por una ventaja mínima. Colombia enfrentó, entonces, una situación muy ...

  12. Sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis in a Cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in central Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    López, Y; Osorio, L; Alvarez, G; Rojas, J; Jiménez, F; Gómez, C; Ferro, C

    1996-01-01

    Lutzomyia longipalpis, 15 other species of the genus Lutzomyia, and one species of Brumptomyia were collected in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a river canyon 450 m above sea-level, in Rio Claro, Antioquia, Colombia. The presence of Lu. longipalpis is associated with the destruction of the primary forest and the development of new farmland and rural settlement in this region. The composition of species identified a different habitat for Lu. longipalpis in Colombia. Lu. yuilli and Lu. longipalpis were predominant (68.26%) followed by Lu. trapidoi, Lu. hartmani, Lu. triramula, Lu. panamensis, Lu. gomezi.

  13. Blood parasites in birds of the eastern planes of Colombia (Villavicencio y San Miguel, Meta - Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Oscar Andrés Rodríguez Fandiño

    2000-01-01

    Full Text Available The study was carried out in the eastern plains from June to September 1999. The material wascollected in Villavicencio and San Miguel (Meta - Colombia. A total of 315 birds representing74 species of 23 families were examined for haematozoa. 50 birds harboured blood parasites.These included: Microfilariae(8.25%; Haemoproteus(6.67%; Plasmodiumand Trypanosoma(0.95% and Hepatozoon(0.32%. The prevalence of infection is this sample is low in comparisonto that recorded for Neartic birds as reported by Greiner et al. (1975; but higher than therecorded for neotropical region by White and coworkers (1978. The most striking aspect ofthis survey, is the high prevalence of Microfilariaecompared to that recorded elsewhere in theworld, almost 50% of the total infection. We hypothesize that microfilariaeare transmitted bya vector that is not utilized by either the haemoproteids or the plasmodiids. Finally 8 specieswere examined for blood parasites for the first time, 15 new host-parasite records for the worldand 15 new for Colombia were established from this sample. This survey and other similarstudies, clearly indicate that research on this topic is urgently required, particularly since thereare direct correlations between stress (e.g. from habitat destruction and pathogenicity ofhaematozoa to their bird hosts.

  14. All projects related to Colombia | Page 7 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Most research on armed conflict in Colombia has focused on the narcotics trade. ... Topic: METHODOLOGY, Evaluation, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, HEALTH ... Open business is a different way of doing business related to information, ...

  15. Revisión de los Uredinales colectados sobre Cordia (Boraginaceae) en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Gómez Correa, Juan Camilo; Buriticá Céspedes, Pablo; Salazar Yepes, Mauricio

    2012-01-01

    Se hace una revisión de los Uredinales (royas) colectados en Colombia parasitando el género Cordia L. (Boraginaceae) depositados en el Museo Micológico de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín (MMUNM). Este trabajo actualiza los registros para el país, y se reconoce la presencia de cuatro especies de royas. Se propone a Puccinia cordiarum como especie nueva para el orden Uredinales, siendo la fase teliomorfica de Uredo cordiarum. Las nuevas colecciones realizadas en diferentes de...

  16. La industria maltera en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Bernardo Parra Restrepo

    2002-06-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo estudia la industria maltera de Colombia, su origen, evolución y el estado en que se encuentra. Presenta cifras respecto al comportamiento de la producción y ventas. Muestra las relaciones de propiedad y describe la importancia relativa de la empresa con las otras subsidiarias del grupo económico al que pertenece. De otra parte analiza las relaciones obrero/patronales en el contexto actual y las relaciones con la agroindustria colombiana.

  17. Seroconversion for west Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses among sentinel horses in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Salim Mattar

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available We prospectively sampled flavivirus-naïve horses in northern Colombia to detect West Nile virus (WNV and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV seroconversion events, which would indicate the current circulation of these viruses. Overall, 331 (34.1% of the 971 horses screened were positive for past infection with flaviviruses upon initial sampling in July 2006. During the 12-month study from July 2006-June 2007, 33 WNV seroconversions and 14 SLEV seroconversions were detected, most of which occurred in the department of Bolivar. The seroconversion rates of horses in Bolivar for the period of March-June 2007 reached 12.4% for WNV and 6.7% for SLEV. These results comprise the first serologic evidence of SLEV circulation in Colombia. None of the horses sampled developed symptoms of encephalitis within three years of initial sampling. Using seroconversions in sentinel horses, we demonstrated an active circulation of WNV and SLEV in northern Colombia, particularly in the department of Bolivar. The absence of WNV-attributed equine or human disease in Colombia and elsewhere in the Caribbean Basin remains a topic of debate and speculation.

  18. Impuestos y demanda de cigarrillos en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Norman Maldonado

    Full Text Available RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar elasticidades precio e ingreso de la demanda agregada de cigarrillos para Colombia mediante el control de cambios estructurales en el mercado desde finales de los años 90, para identificar espacios de política de impuestos que mejoren la salud pública y aumenten los recaudos fiscales. Métodos La medición de la demanda agregada de cigarrillos utiliza los ingresos brutos reportados en la declaración del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA a la Dirección de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales de Colombia (DIAN por la industria de fabricación de productos de tabaco, con descuento de las exportaciones. Se obtuvo una serie de tiempo trimestral para el período 1994–2014. La estimación econométrica por mínimos cuadrados en dos etapas (2SLS controla por la endogeneidad del precio y utiliza un conjunto de variables dummy para controlar por cambios estructurales en el mercado y en su regulación. Resultados La demanda es, desde el punto de vista estadístico, sensible al precio y al ingreso. La elasticidad precio de la demanda es -0,78 y la elasticidad ingreso es 0,61. Conclusiones La demanda inelástica implica que es posible, a través de impuestos al consumo de cigarrillo, alcanzar metas de salud pública y aumentar el recaudo de manera simultánea. Los resultados también sugieren que el aumento considerable del ingreso de los hogares de Colombia en la primera década del siglo xxi generó aumento del poder de compra. Este, al no ir acompañado de un aumento en el impuesto, impulsó el consumo de cigarrillo, con efectos negativos en salud pública, y se desperdició una oportunidad para aumentar el recaudo fiscal.

  19. Rice peasants and rice research in Colombia

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Spijkers, P.A.N.M.

    1983-01-01

    Rice has been grown as a food crop in Latin America from early colonial times. In Colombia rice became a prominent subsistence crop especially on the north coast where it has been grown since the 17th century, sometimes also as a commercial crop. During the last twenty years there has been a sharp

  20. Tragedia humanitaria del desplazamiento forzado en Colombia The Humanitarian Tragedy of Forced Displacement in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Jorge Garay Salamanca

    2009-07-01

    Full Text Available El artículo presenta un diagnóstico de la situación de la población desplazada en Colombia, a partir de los resultados de la II Encuesta Nacional de Verificación de la Comisión de Seguimiento a la Política Pública sobre Desplazamiento Forzado, realizada en 2008. Factores de vulnerabilidad en materia de salud, educación, seguridad alimentaria, vivienda, informalidad laboral, generación de ingresos, entre otros, revelan una situación de extrema precariedad que está lejos todavía del goce efectivo de derechos por parte de la población en situación de desplazamiento, la cual sintetiza la gravedad de la crisis humanitaria que padece el país.This article presents a diagnosis of the situation of the population of displaced persons in Colombia, from the results of the Second National Verification Survey of the Monitoring Commission of Public Policies on Forced Displacement carried out in 2008. Factors of vulnerability in the areas of health, education, food security, housing, informal labor, generation of incomes, among others, reveal a situation of extreme precariousness that is still far away from the effective enjoyment of rights on the part of populations in situations of forced displacement, which synthesizes the gravity of the humanitarian crisis from which the country suffers.

  1. Land Restitution and Prevention of Forced Displacement in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Felipe Gómez-Isa

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available The armed conflict in Colombia, which has generated over three million internally displaced persons, has dramatic humanitarian consequences and raises serious issues regarding the protection of displaced peoples’ rights. The underlying reasons for the displacement often lie in the dynamics associated with territorial control and land seizures undertaken for strategic, military or purely economic purposes. Domestic and international legal provisions have established the victims’ right to the restitution of their homes and property as the “preferred remedy” in cases of displacement. However, policies dealing with displacement, both those of the Colombian government and of several international institutions, fail to take this sufficiently into account. A comprehensive reparation policy for victims must necessarily entail the reversion of lands, territories and goods seized in Colombia under the pretext of the internal armed conflict.

  2. Primer Registro de Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae en Colombia Record of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Everth Emilio Ebratt Ravelo

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Tamarixia radiata es un ectoparasitoide idiobionte de Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae; la especie fue descrita a partir de material recogido en la India. Ha sido introducida en muchas regiones intencional o accidentalmente para el control biológico de D. citri, incluyendo algunos países asiáticos. Se sabe de su presencia en el sur de África y las Américas. En Suramérica, se reportó en Brasil, Argentina y ahora en Colombia.Tamarixia radiata is an ectoparasitoid idiobionte of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae; the species was described from material collected in India. It has been introduced in many regions intentionally or accidentally, to biological control of D. citri, including some Asian countries. It is know about its presence in southern Africa and the Americas. In South America, it is present in Brazil, Argentina and now in Colombia.

  3. Apuntamientos sobre el género Rauvolfia en Colombia - II

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Fernández Pérez Alvaro

    1960-12-01

    Full Text Available En el número 23 de la revista «Universidad Nacional de Colombia» (1959, publiqué un trabajo intitulado «Apuntamientos sobre el Género Rauvolfia en Colombia». Como en el citado trabajo se omitieron involuntariamente algunos términos de la clave para identificar las especies y también el resultado del análisis químico de las raíces de Rauvolfia leptophylla, especie colombiana descrita recientemente, he considerado necesario reproducir aquellas partes del primer trabajo en las cuales se hicieron dichas omisiones.  Además aprovecho la ocasión para incluir en las claves otra especie colombiana de Rauvolfia que ha sido determinada recientemente.

  4. Mining: An excellent option to invest in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Diaz Orozco, Maria Claudia

    2006-01-01

    The paper mentions the geologic-miner potential that has Colombia, their geographical localization, modern mining legislation, a stable economy and in expansion and a regime of special of foreign investment and incentives that make of the mining an excellent investment option in the country

  5. [Differences and similarities in approach of integrated strategy for dengue prevention and control between Colombia and Peru].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Castro-Orozco, Raimundo; Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson; Gómez-Arias, Rubén

    2015-10-01

    We analyzed and compared two Integrated Management Strategies for Dengue Prevention and Control (IMS-dengue Colombia and IMS-dengue Peru), through a narrative review of available literature, in order to identify common and dissimilar patterns in two Andean countries with epidemiological differences in the context of dengue disease. We were able to identify differences related to: formal assessment of problem, formation of groups of actors, and quantitative information provided by performance indicators. These limitations identified in IMS-dengue Colombia 2006-2010 were overcome in a new version of the strategy (IMS-dengue Colombia 2012-2021). We were able to document an epidemiological impact of implementation of IMS-dengue Colombia 2006-2010. Additionally, a gradual increase was observed in incidence rates of dengue cases that could be related to the strengthening of surveillance system of IMS- dengue Peru.

  6. Morphology and conservation of the mesoamerican slider (Trachemys venusta, Emydidae) from the Atrato River Basin, Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Ceballos, Claudia P; Brand, William A

    2014-01-01

    The phylogenetic relationships of the mesoamerican slider, Trachemys venusta that inhabits the Atrato River Basin of Colombia have been controversial as three different names have been proposed during the last 12 years: T. v. venusta, T. v. uhrigi, and T. ornate venusta. Using a group of sliders that was confiscated by the regional authority we compared the morphology of T venusta distributed in the Atrato River with the morphology of the subspecies putatively distributed in Colombia. We found that the Colombian mesoamerican slider has an overall smaller size, different plastral inter-scute seam formula, and different head, carapace and plastron coloration patterns. In addition, we also report the poor health condition of these individuals that have endured this illegal trade. We underscore an urgent need for further studies of individuals indigenous to Colombia to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of T. venusta throughout its distributional range, along with a more effective control of the illegal turtle trade in the Uraba Region of Colombia.

  7. Internally displaced "victims of armed conflict" in Colombia: the trajectory and trauma signature of forced migration.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shultz, James M; Garfin, Dana Rose; Espinel, Zelde; Araya, Ricardo; Oquendo, Maria A; Wainberg, Milton L; Chaskel, Roberto; Gaviria, Silvia L; Ordóñez, Anna E; Espinola, Maria; Wilson, Fiona E; Muñoz García, Natalia; Gómez Ceballos, Angela Milena; Garcia-Barcena, Yanira; Verdeli, Helen; Neria, Yuval

    2014-10-01

    While conflict-induced forced migration is a global phenomenon, the situation in Colombia, South America, is distinctive. Colombia has ranked either first or second in the number of internally displaced persons for 10 years, a consequence of decades of armed conflict compounded by high prevalence of drug trafficking. The displacement trajectory for displaced persons in Colombia proceeds through a sequence of stages: (1) pre-expulsion threats and vulnerability, (2) expulsion, (3) migration, (4) initial adaptation to relocation, (5) protracted resettlement (the end point for most forced migrants), and, rarely, (6) return to the community of origin. Trauma signature analysis, an evidence-based method that elucidates the physical and psychological consequences associated with exposures to harm and loss during disasters and complex emergencies, was used to identify the psychological risk factors and potentially traumatic events experienced by conflict-displaced persons in Colombia, stratified across the phases of displacement. Trauma and loss are experienced differentially throughout the pathway of displacement.

  8. All projects related to Colombia | Page 3 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, ... Violence in three Latin American cities: A comparative study between Bogota, Lima, ... Topic: Natural disasters, CLIMATOLOGY, Economic and social development, ... SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, CASE STUDIES, RESEARCH NETWORKS, ...

  9. All projects related to colombia | Page 3 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    This project aims to study the impacts of reforms to increase participation ... The coastal area of Cartagena, an important tourist destination in Colombia, ... Exploring the Political Economy of Violence in the Border Regions of Latin America.

  10. All projects related to Colombia | Page 8 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    ... knowledge and culture, in which intellectual property does not play the role of ... Region: Argentina, South America, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, North and ... This project aims to facilitate poor people's access to insurance products and ...

  11. Unlocking the Future of Education in Colombia | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    This project will address the problem in Colombia by supporting research that helps scale up educational innovations to improve teaching and learning. ... In the last decade, a number of innovations based on information and communication ...

  12. Cost-of-illness study of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Colombia Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia: costo de la enfermedad

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Camilo González

    2009-07-01

    Full Text Available OBJECTIVE: To determine the per patient and overall cost of illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM in Colombia from Ministry of Health and societal perspectives. METHODS: A published Markov transition model was adapted for Colombia, using the clinical expertise of a Colombian endocrinologist. Transition probabilities for the model were derived from an international literature review. A model was run for a time horizon of 42 years. Direct resources (drugs, laboratory, medical, hospital, other health care were identified and cost was ascertained by using national price lists, international health care guidelines, and other Colombian studies or data from other countries. Indirect costs (work time lost were calculated by using the human capital approach. Annual and lifetime direct and indirect costs, in 2007 U.S. dollars with a 5% discount rate, were determined on a per patient basis and projected to the overall Colombian population. Costs were clustered according to treatments and outcomes. RESULTS: The estimated annual cost was $2.7 billion from the societal perspective and $921 million from the Ministry of Health perspective. The annual direct cost per patient was $288, and the indirect cost was $559 (total = $847. This cost was distributed across disease outcomes as follows: diabetes treatment (drugs, 47%; cardiac and coronary disease, 24%; stroke, 15%; amputation, 9%; nephropathy, 3%; retinopathy, 2%. Macrovascular complications made up 86% of the annual direct costs and 95% of the annual indirect costs of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: We estimated the annual cost of T2DM for Colombia from societal, Ministry of Health, and Colombian Health System perspectives. We also estimated annual direct cost per patient and the cost of treating diabetes and macrovascular complications. The economic burden is substantial and comparable to results for other countries. The model showed a logical disease progression.OBJETIVO: Determinar el costo de la enfermedad

  13. Molecular Identification of Microorganisms Associated to the Rhizosphere of Vanilla Plants in Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Claudia Lucía Álvarez López; Nelson Walter Osorio Vega; Mauricio Alejandro Marín Montoya

    2013-01-01

    The cultivation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) is highly promising in Colombia, but more research is needed on its agronomical management and beneficial microorganisms that grow associated to its rhizosphere, on which the plant depends for its nutrition and growth. This study involved the identification of microorganisms associated to the rhizosphere of vanilla plants in a crop located in Sopetrán, Colombia. The microbes were isolated in selective media for functional groups such as cellulol...

  14. Catálisis en Colombia: Estado actual y oportunidades para el futuro

    OpenAIRE

    Henao López, Juan David; Montes de Correa, Consuelo

    2002-01-01

    En este artículo se hace una revisión del estado actual de la catálisis en Colombia. Se empieza con una reseña sobre las tendencias mundiales en aspectos relacionados con la química y el medio ambiente, mostrando cómo dichas tendencias han influido en la investigación sobre Catálisis que se realiza en Colombia. Luego se plantean algunos retos que surgen de las necesidades de la industria nacional resaltando una serie de oportunidades, previamente identificadas, para el desarrollo de tecnologí...

  15. Sistemas operativos móviles: funcionalidades, efectividad y aplicaciones útiles en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    2011-01-01

    Sistemas operativos móviles más utilizados actualmente con sus funcionalidades, características y descripciones generales, efectividad y análisis realizado a 2 aplicaciones de uso masivo en Colombia. La situación planteada según las investigaciones iniciales, dan a conocer que a pesar de la gran acogida que han tenido el ingreso de los sistemas operativos móviles en Colombia (que ha sido de gran impacto en el mercado mundial) los usuarios no pueden explotar al máximo sus capacidades, debido p...

  16. The History of Eudoro Galarza Ossa, the first journalist assassinated in Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Villegas Botero, Adriana

    2017-01-01

    The assassination of journalist Eudoro Galarza Ossa is a symbolic case inColombia. He was the founder and director of ‘La Voz de Caldas’, a newspaperthat circulated in Manizales for 13 years and 3 months. The case of GalarzaOssa is emblematic for two reasons. The primary one is that he was the firstjournalist killed in Colombia (on October 12, 1938) for doing his job. The secondreason is that the Justice Department declared Lieutenant Jesús MaríaCortés Poveda innocent for the homicide of Gala...

  17. Financial planning in exporting SMEs in Antioquia, Colombia Planificación financiera en las pyme exportadoras. Caso de Antioquia, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Raúl Armando Cardona Montoya

    2010-06-01

    Full Text Available SMEs constitute an important basis for economic growth, entrepreneurial network creationand employment generation in any country. From the onset of the twenty-first century, severalinstitutional policy amendments have been consolidated in Colombia to strengthen the SMEssector and to integrate it to the export competitiveness and growth goals.The objective of this research was to determine how exporting SMEs from Antioquia havestructured proper planning and financial management processes that could provide solid basisfor entrepreneurial growth. An empirical approach was applied to study 39 regional enterprises,the results allow concluding that the so analyzed enterprises are still characterized by theirchallenges in financial decision making related to investment, financing sources and profitdistribution.Las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pyme constituyen una base muy importante para el crecimiento económico, la creación del tejido empresarial y la generación de empleo de cualquier país. En Colombia, desde el inicio del siglo XXI, se han consolidado varias reformas institucionales para fortalecer el sector e integrarlo a las metas de aumento en competitividad y en crecimiento de exportaciones. La investigación que se expone tuvo como objetivo central determinar cómo las pyme exportadoras de Antioquia, Colombia, han estructurado los procesos de planeación y gestión financiera, dada la importancia de éstos para proporcionar bases solidas al crecimiento empresarial. Se realizó un estudio empírico en 39 empresas de la región. Sus resultados permiten concluir que las organizaciones analizadas siguen caracterizándose por su debilidad en la forma como se planean las decisiones financieras correspondientes a la inversión, financiación y reparto de utilidades.   ABSTRACT SMEs constitute an important basis for economic growth, entrepreneurial network creation and employment generation in any country. From the onset of the twenty

  18. Periodismo y moral - Una aproximación al discurso de prensa sobre el narcotráfico en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dra. Catalina González Quintero

    1998-01-01

    Full Text Available Colombia es un país violento: este estereotipo, generalizado tanto entre los colombianos como en otros países del mundo, encuentra parte de su razón de ser en el predominio de la temática violenta ligada al narcotráfico cuando se tratan noticias sobre Colombia en la prensa extranjera. Para adentramos al estudio de este estereotipo, tendremos en cuenta, primero, algunas consideraciones generales sobre la representación mediática de la violencia, y segundo, los resultados un análisis las noticias sobre Colombia aparecidas en el diario El País, de España. Este análisis hizo parte de la investigación -tendiente a tesis doctoral- que realicé recientemente sobre el cubrimiento de Colombia en la prensa extranjera. El periódico El País, de España, fue escogido para realizar el estudio, dada su importancia en el contexto europeo, pues se trata del diario de habla hispana más importante de dicho continente. La muestra observada corresponde a las noticias sobre Colombia aparecidas en El País durante 1988 y 1989, tiempo en el que se desarrolló en Colombia el 'narcoterrorismo', enfrentamiento entre el llamado cartel de Medellín y el gobierno Colombiano, que dejó muchas víctimas en la población civil.

  19. Land holds promise of peace in Colombia | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    2011-11-08

    Nov 8, 2011 ... Land Seizures in Northern Colombia and their Effect on the Peasant Movement ... demand attention and a meaningful response from the society around them. ... With funding from IDRC, the Historical Memory Group's work on ...

  20. Undifferentiated tropical febrile illness in Cordoba, Colombia: Not everything is dengue

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Salim Mattar

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available Summary: In Colombia, undifferentiated tropical febrile illness (UTFI are frequent and of considerable concern. They also share many clinical features. Between 2012 and 2013 in an endemic tropical area of Cordoba, Colombia, we conducted a prospective study to establish an etiological diagnosis of UTFI. Using diagnostic tests for dengue, leptospirosis, hantavirus, malaria, rickettsia, brucellosis, hepatitis A and B on 100 patients recruited for the study. We identified 69 patients with presumed UTFI: leptospirosis (n = 27, dengue (n = 26, hantavirus infection (n = 4, malaria (n = 4, rickettsial infection (n = 2, hepatitis A (n = 1, and brucellosis (n = 1; no hepatitis B cases were detected. Co-infections with malaria and leptospirosis (n = 1, hepatitis A and dengue (n = 1, hantavirus and dengue (n = 1, hantavirus, dengue, and leptospirosis (n = 1 were also identified. No etiologic agent was identified for 31 patients. We conclude that other etiologic agents besides dengue virus deserve greater attention by physicians and public health authorities in tropical area of Colombia. Keywords: Leptospirosis, Hantaviruses, Malaria, Vector-borne diseases, Zoonotic diseases

  1. África fuera de África: apuntes para pensar el africanismo en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Martín Kalulambi Pongo

    2005-06-01

    Full Text Available From the generic notion of Africanism, understood like the set of "social and human sciences applied to Africa", the author makes a balance on the African studies in Colombia, especially in anthropology and history. He sustains that African studies do not have to loose their specificity before the height of afro Colombian studies. As objectives one sets out: a To explain the genesis of the different writings of the black Colombias and Africa; b to discuss the emptiness and the present dilemmas of African studies and c to indicate the susceptible perspective to position the African studies in the Colombian average where the knowledge take place.//Desde la noción genérica de africanismo, entendida como el "conjunto de ciencias sociales y humanas aplicadas al África", el autor realiza un balance sobre los estudios africanos en Colombia, especialmente en antropología y en historia. Sostiene que los estudios africanistas no deben perder su especificidad ante el auge de los estudios afro-co��lombianos. Como objetivos se propone: a explicar la génesis de Ias distintas escrituras sobre las Colombias negras y el África; b discutir las lagunas y los dilemas actuales de los estudios africanos y c señalar las perspectivas susceptibles de posicionar los estudios africanos en los medios colombianos donde se producen los conocimientos.

  2. Colombia's laptop warrior — connectivity for peace and progress ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    2011-02-03

    Feb 3, 2011 ... Vilma Almendra, a 23-year-old Paez Indian from Colombia, seems to fit ... not live on reserves administered under the Indian Act. "Our people are all over .... donor agencies, and human rights and environmental organizations.

  3. Asuntos del clima en Colombia vistos desde El Niño

    OpenAIRE

    Duque Escobar, Gonzalo; Bernal González, Antonio; Torres Arango, Claudia

    2010-01-01

    Previsiones sobre El Niño para el 2010, y medidas para la zona andina de Colombia donde el clima cambia con los solsticios y los equinoccios. Mientras el Niño y La Niña no son desastres sino fenómenos naturales, sí es un desastre natural la alteración antrópica de la máquina atmosférica, causa de la actual crisis del agua. Se señalan medidas urgentes e inaplazables para Colombia, útiles para enfrentar la amenaza climática del calentamiento global, dado que a las sequías intensas le suceden in...

  4. Retos Logísticos En Ssangyong Motor Colombia S.A.1

    OpenAIRE

    Carlos Enrique Ramírez R

    2008-01-01

    La revaluación del peso frente al dólar y el importante crecimiento que tuvo la economía colombiana en los años 2005 y 2006, dispararon las ventas de vehículos en Colombia. Para poder aprovechar ese importante aumento de la demanda, SsangYong Motor Colombia S.A., empresa especializada en la importación y comercialización de vehículos diésel de última generación, se enfrentó a grandes retos logísticos, que se presentaron porque a mediados del año 2007 se elevaron los precios de los fletes marí...

  5. MODELOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO EN INSTITUCIONES DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR EN COLOMBIA: EL CASO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL NORTE EN LA REGIÓN CARIBE DE COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Raimundo Abello Llanos

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available La idea central de este artículo es identificar los patrones de gestión de la investigación universitaria de acuerdo con los modelos más sobresalientes que caracterizan las estructuras de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D en universidades de Colombia. En él se analizan las formas de administración de investigación más características de países de baja absorción científica, y se hace énfasis en el caso de la Universidad del Norte, ubicada en Barranquilla (Colombia.

  6. FIRST RECORD OF THE AMAZON LILY Eucharis sanderi (AMARYLLIDACEAE) FOR ISLA GORGONA, COLOMBIA

    OpenAIRE

    Yusti-Muñoz, Ana Paola; Velandia-Perilla, Jorge H.

    2013-01-01

    The amazon lily Eucharis sanderi is a rare species endemic to western Colombia, with few locality records known. We documented the occurrence of the species for the first time on Isla Gorgona, near the Pacific coast of Colombia, based on a specimen collected in May, 2011. Isla Gorgona is an important protected area for the conservation of threatened species such as E. sanderi. We recommend that research be conducted to determine the conservation status of the population of this species on the...

  7. Clave ilustrada para la identificación de géneros de escarabajos coprófagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Medina Claudia Alejandra

    2000-12-01

    Full Text Available In Colombia the dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are represented by approximately 34 genera and 380 species. Although this group of insects is the subject of numerous ecological studies in Colombia, there is no appropriate literature for the identification of the included taxa. An illustrated key for the identification of the genera of dung beetles known from Colombia is presented.En Colombia los escarabajos coprófagos de la subfamilia Scarabaeinae están representados por aproximadamente 34 géneros y 380 especies. A pesar de que este grupo de insectos está siendo objeto de múltiples estudios ecológicos en el país, no se cuenta con literatura apropiada para la identificación de los taxones incluidos. Este trabajo presenta una clave ilustrada para la identificación de los géneros de escarabajos coprófagos presentes en Colombia.

  8. POLÍTICAS Y SUJETOS DEL SIDA en Brasil y Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    César Ernesto Abadía-Barrero

    2004-01-01

    Full Text Available BASADO EN DATOS HISTÓRICOS Y DE INVESTIGACIONES ETNOGRÁFICAS, Y EN UNA SERIE de entrevistas a profundidad, este artículo analiza las respuestas exitosas de Brasil y muy deficientes de Colombia frente a la epidemia del sida, y propone vínculos entre estas respuestas, los sujetos que las han liderado y las reformas en salud en marcha en los dos países. Los datos sugieren que existe retroalimentación entre las políticas en salud, las respuestas frente al sida y lo que piensan los actores involucrados en los procesos, y que ésta se relaciona con el momento histórico de ideologías de izquierda en Brasil y de derecha en Colombia.

  9. Derecho Electoral en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos Ariel Sanchez-Torres

    2010-03-01

    Full Text Available El artículo quiere demostrar que la afirmación y profundización de las normas electorales, en orden a la democracia y su progreso, han constituido en Colombia una forma institucional de cambio.  Si bien es cierto que no puede desconocerse el paréntesis del Frente Nacional que limitó el libre juego de las fuentes políticas, la legislación en temas como financiación política, publicidad y encuestas de opinión actualmente vigentes, son vitales para  que la democracia  y las normas electorales sean el camino Institucional  del cambio.

  10. Silenced Fighters: Identity, Language and Thought of the Nasa People in Bilingual Contexts of Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wilder Yesid Escobar Alméciga

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available This article is the result of a theoretical investigation and a reflection guided by a revision of literature and a set of interviews conducted of two members of the Nasa community: Adonias and Sindy Perdomo, father and daughter who belong to a Nasa sub-community located in Tierradentro, Cauca, southwestern Colombia. The article addresses three major factors. Firstly, it depicts identity processes that are constructed and constituted through language. Secondly, it explores the power structures perceived by two Nasa people, one of Colombia's minority groups. Finally, it identifies and connects correlating dots between the literature, the testimonies of Adonias and Sindy Perdomo and the teaching practices, approaches and beliefs in the area of ELT (English Language Teaching in Colombia.

  11. All projects related to Colombia | Page 4 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Region: Colombia, South America, Far East Asia, Indonesia, Nepal, Sudan, El Salvador, ... SECTOR, PUBLIC SECTOR, POLICY MAKING, RESEARCH NETWORKS ... Topic: WATER CONSUMPTION, POPULATION GROWTH, ECONOMIC ... and drug trafficking in urban centres in three Latin American countries: Brazil (Rio ...

  12. Conflicto y paz en Colombia. Significados en organizaciones defensoras de los derechos humanos

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Xavier Minguez Alcaide

    2015-06-01

    Full Text Available El artículo presenta un estudio cualitativo sobre los significados del conflicto y la paz en Colombia, desarrollado a partir de seis entrevistas en profundidad con líderes de organizaciones colombianas de derechos humanos. Mediante un análisis de narrativas se establecieron dos grupos de categorías emergentes sobre el conflicto y la paz en Colombia respectivamente. En relación al conflicto, los significados hacen referencia a la tierra, la pobreza y la exclusión, la influencia internacional, el paramilitarismo, el narcotráfico, y a cuestiones culturales. Sobre la paz, éstos se refieren a cuestiones generales, reformas estructurales, participación política, participación ciudadana para la paz, reparación integral de las víctimas, y reconciliación. El artículo concluye con una reflexión general sobre el conflicto y la paz en Colombia tomando como punto de partida los significados aportados. 

  13. Seasonality of Lutzomyia fairtigi (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), a species endemic to Eastern Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Molina, Jorge Alberto; Ortiz, Mario Iván; Guhl, Felipe

    2008-08-01

    The bionomics of sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) was studied monthly for two consecutive years in alluvial gallery forests in the department of Casanare, Northeastern Colombia. A total of 2,365 specimens and 10 species were captured using CDC light traps and Shannon traps, and from diurnal resting places, and human landing collections. Lutzomyia fairtigi Martins (55%), Lutzomyia micropyga (Mangabeira) (20.9%), and Lutzomyia antunesi (Coutinho) (13.5%) were the predominant species in the region. Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and Lutzomyia panamensis, potential vectors of Leishmania in Colombia and neighboring countries, were also collected, but in low numbers. Lu. fairtigi is an endemic species to Colombia, and minimal data are available on its biology and distribution. The present study provides additional information about Lu. fairtigi, such as the diurnal activity displayed by females on cloudy days, the greater density during the rainy season (April to October), marked anthropophilia, and the presence of flagellates in the midgut of one female.

  14. Sustainable Colombia : A Comprehensive Colombian Footprint Review

    OpenAIRE

    Brad Ewing

    2010-01-01

    During the past several months, the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development of Colombia has been researching potential indicators that would be useful to assess and possibly adopt among which included the ecological footprint. This work was commissioned in order to provide the Ministry with a deeper understanding of the ecological footprint and to train a number of its...

  15. El voto electrónico en Colombia: análisis de viabilidad de su implementación

    OpenAIRE

    Mendoza Suarez, Carmen Rosa

    2016-01-01

    La implementación del voto electrónico en Colombia, mandato legal originado en la Ley 892 de 2004 en desarrollo del artículo 258 de la Constitución Política de Colombia, es el tema del presente trabajo, en el cual se hace un compendio histórico de la evolución del voto en Colombia, pasando a establecer los avances en el cumplimiento de la llamada por muchos “Ley de Voto Electrónico”, haciendo un recorrido por las actividades realizadas por la Organización Electoral, en especial, por la Regis...

  16. Reflexiones sobre una etnografía feminista del Software Libre en Colombia Insights on a feminist ethnography of the Free Software community in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Tania Pérez Bustos

    2010-08-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo muestra las reflexiones etnográficas de una investigadora que indaga sobre el rol de un grupo de mujeres dentro de la comunidad del Software Libre en Colombia. Particularmente se problematizan las maneras en que la práctica etnográfica, desde las perspectivas feministas, contribuye en la (reconstrucción del género como una categoría analítica en las realidades sociales que estudia.The article presents the ethnographic insights of a woman researcher that investigates the role of a group of women inside the Free Software community in Colombia. Particularly the article questions how the ethnographic practice, from a feminist perspective, contributes to the (reconstruction of gender as an analytical category on the social realities it studies.

  17. Arbitrage with ADRs: a sectorial case study for companies in Colombia, Mexico, Brazil and Chile Arbitraje con ADRs: un estudio de caso sectorial para empresas de Colombia, México, Brasil y Chile

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Andrés Mauricio Mora

    2011-10-01

    Full Text Available This research continues the paper “Generalidades de los ADRs: Un estudio de casosectorial para empresas de Colombia, Mexico, Brasil y Chile” [ADRs generalities: a sectorial case study for companies in Colombia, Mexico, Brazil and Chile]. It is organizedin two sections. The first one covers the unique price theory and the efficient markets hypothesis. In the second one, arbitrage conditions with ADRs are empirically evaluated. The objective is to prove the existence of price differentials between stocks and ADRs, which would allow investors to obtain a risk free return.El presente artículo es la continuación del artículo “Generalidades de los ADRs: Un estudio de caso sectorial para empresas de Colombia, México, Brasil y Chile” y al igual que este, es un subproducto de la investigación “Arbitraje con ADRs: Un estudio de caso sectorial para empresas de Colombia, México, Brasil y Chile”. El artículo se divide en dos partes, en la primera se trata la teoría sobre la ley del precio único y la hipótesis de los mercados eficientes, y en la segunda parte se abarca el tema de arbitraje con activos financieros desde la práctica, haciendo un ejercicio econométrico de arbitraje con ADRs. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar la existencia de diferenciales de precio entre las acciones y sus respectivos ADRs, lo que permitiría a los inversionistas obtener una ganancia libre de riesgo.Abstract This research continues the paper “Generalidades de los ADRs: Un estudio de caso sectorial para empresas de Colombia, Mexico, Brasil y Chile” [ADRs generalities: a sectorial case study for companies in Colombia, Mexico, Brazil and Chile]. It is organized in two sections. The first one covers the unique price theory and the efficient markets hypothesis. In the second one, arbitrage conditions with ADRs are empirically evaluated. The objective is to prove the existence of price differentials between stocks and ADRs, which would allow

  18. Food Innocuousness: Prospect In Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ana Elvira Ortiz Amaya

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Food innocuousness, on all over the world, is receiving more attention due to the increment in the incidence of food borne diseases (ETAs, the worry about emergent known dangers and the globalization of trade. Consequently, this literature review shows the progress in relation to this thematic, in Colombia. It covers topics as the relation between food innocuousness and safety, the international and national organizations involved, the developments, in legislation, the system of epidemiological surveillance of ETAs and their perspectives, as cornerstones to ensure food quality

  19. PERFIL DE LA NEUROCIRUGÍA EN COLOMBIA: 2015

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Remberto Burgos de la Espriella

    2015-12-01

    Full Text Available

    Este artículo de reflexión tiene un propósito: construir un marco de referencia que nos permita un diagnóstico moderno de nuestra disciplina. Con esta información acumulada trazar metas colectivas y que la Academia Nacional de Medicina guarde en sus archivos proyectos comunes y sueños de integración. En este ejercicio utilicé mis publicaciones de los últimos 25 años sobre el tema, partiendo del concepto macro de Recursos Humanos en Salud. Teniendo en cuenta la oferta y la demanda, construimos este escenario de la Neurocirugía en Colombia. Esta publicación condensa pensamientos previos, artículos ya publicados y vistas hoy con la óptica de quien se acerca ya a treinta años de una práctica integral y muy activa en neurocirugía: académica, asistencial y gremial. Estas son las tres aristas que articulan el contenido social de nuestra especialidad. Más que publicación original, es un ensayo reposado de quien ha disfrutado con pasión el ejercicio de la reina de las especialidades médicas: la neurocirugía.

    PROFILE OF NEUROSURGERY IN COLOMBIA 2015

    ABSTRACT

    This reflection paper has a goal: to build a reference mark that let us have a modern diagnosis of our specialty. Once all this information has been gathered, we should delineate collective goals to allow National Academy of Medicine of Colombia to file common projects and integration dreams. I used my last 25 years publications on the subject, doing this exersice, starting with the macro concept de human health resources. Having in mind offer and demand, we built this scenario of neurosurgery in Colombia. This paper summarizes previous thoughts, that are seen today with the lenses of a neurosurgeon with almost 30 years of experience with an integral practice, very active in academic, caregiving and gremial neurosurgery. These are the 3 corners characterizing social content of our specialty. More than being an

  20. Gas associated to coal in Colombia. An energetic alternative of non-conventional gas fields

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Garcia Gonzalez, Mario

    2005-01-01

    Colombia possesses the biggest coal reserves of Latin America, in such a way that the potential reserves of Gas Associated to the Coal (GAC) they are of great magnitude; the paper includes topics like the generation of the gas associated to the coal, geologic factors that control the gas occurrence, development of the gas associated to the coal in the world, and potential reserves of gas associated to the coal in Colombia

  1. El empleo y los salarios públicos en Colombia Employment and public wages in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carrero Noel Antonio

    1996-06-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo estudia la evolución y determinación del empleo y los salarios públicos en Colombia emtre 1970 y 1994, y busca establecer si sus comportamientos obedecieron a factores políticos o económicos. Para los años noventa, evalúa hasta que punto se cumplieron los objetivos de gobierno en cuanto a la reorientación del factor humano hacia las áreas donde se supone imprescindible la intervensión estatal, a la descentralización del empleo público y a la profesionalización de la planta de personal. También analiza el papel de los salarios públicos como instrumento para suavizar los ciclos de la economía y alcanzar el equilibrio en la finanzas públicas.This article studies the evolution and determination of employment and public wages in Colombia between 1970 and 1994, and seeks to establish if their behavior responded to political or economic factors. For the 1990s, it evaluates up to what point the government 'sobjectives were fulfilled with respect to the reorientation of thehuman factor towards the areas where state intervention is assumed tobe essential: the decentralization of public employment and the professionalization of its personnel. It also analyzes the role of pubic wages as an instrument for smoothing the cycles of the economyand achieving equilibrium in public finances.

  2. Colombia: Gateway to Defeating Transnational Hell in the Western Hemisphere

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Weiler, Stephen

    2004-01-01

    .... These transnational threats cannot be neutralized without U.S. assistance. The United States has a national interest in Colombia because the illicit drugs from there are destroying large numbers of U.S...

  3. Colombia y Haití: historia de un desencuentro (1819-1831 Colombia and Haití: History of a Misunderstanding (1819-1831

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel Gutiérrez Ardila

    2011-12-01

    Full Text Available Entre la República de Colombia (1819-1831 y los gobiernos revolucionarios de Haití no existieron propiamente relaciones que puedan llamarse diplomáticas. Por ello, más que reconstruir los pormenores de aquellos vínculos difusos, este artículo busca explicar una lejanía que puede resultar a primera vista incomprensible. Para lograrlo, se analiza comparativamente la naturaleza de ambas revoluciones, así como las estrategias empleadas por uno y otro régimen en la búsqueda del reconocimiento de Estados Unidos y las potencias europeas.Relations between the Republic of Colombia (1819-1831 and the revolutionary governments of Haiti were not precisely diplomatic. Therefore, rather than reconstructing the details of those diffuse links, this article seeks to explain a distance that might seem incomprehensible at first sight. To this end, it compares the nature of the two revolutions, as well as the strategies employed by the two regimes in the search for recognition by the United States and the European powers.

  4. Balancing the Societal Dimensions of Venezuela and Colombia through the Amnesty, Reconciliation, and Reintegration (AR2) Process

    Science.gov (United States)

    2008-05-22

    reason these groups traditionally hold the most power is that economically, Colombia has historically been an agricultural-based economy with coffee ...as its major crop until oil replaced it as the nation’s leading legal export. Colombia, however, is also known for its production of heroin, cannabis

  5. Entre negación y reconocimiento. Estudios sobre “homosexualidad” en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    José Fernando Serrano A.

    1997-04-01

    Full Text Available A Ebel Botero, pionero de los estudios sobre homosexualidad en Colombia¿Qué se ha escrito en Colombia sobre la “homosexualidad”? ¿Existen estudios desde las ciencias sociales y humanas sobre las personas “homosexuales” en el país? Con este par de preguntas el autor presenta un recorrido inicial por algunos textos de autores colombianos al respecto y señala la necesidad de abordar la construcción de conocimiento especializado que ahonde en la comprensión de las diversas formas en que se expresan las sexualidades.

  6. Health Status and Experience of the Migrant Workers Returned from Spain to Colombia: A Qualitative Approach.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Zapata-Villa, Carolina; Agudelo-Suárez, Andrés A; Cardona-Arango, Doris; Ronda-Pérez, Elena

    2017-12-14

    This study aims to understand the migratory experience and the employment, work and health conditions of the returned migrants from Spain to Colombia. A qualitative study was conducted by means of 23 semi-structured interviews with Colombian returned migrant workers. Qualitative narrative content analysis was performed using Atlas.Ti software. Main findings are represented by nine categories emerged from the participants' discourses: (1) impact of the economic crisis on work and employment conditions in Spain, (2) economic crisis and return, (3) characteristics of returnees, (4) perception of the returnees about Colombia, (5) the role of social support networks, (6) employment and working conditions in Colombia, (7) health and wellbeing, (8) future plans and expectations, (9) the experience of being immigrant. Adjustment difficulties in participants are evidenced by the return migration process and the conditions of the social, political and economic system in Colombia. Return migration represents the reconfiguration of personal and working lives of this population. This situation requires the development of global policies and strategies in public health to facilitate the adaptation of these people.

  7. Internally Displaced “Victims of Armed Conflict” in Colombia: The Trajectory and Trauma Signature of Forced Migration

    Science.gov (United States)

    Shultz, James M.; Garfin, Dana Rose; Espinel, Zelde; Araya, Ricardo; Oquendo, Maria A.; Wainberg, Milton L.; Chaskel, Roberto; Gaviria, Silvia L.; Ordóñez, Anna E.; Espinola, Maria; Wilson, Fiona E.; García, Natalia Muñoz; Ceballos, Ángela Milena Gómez; Garcia-Barcena, Yanira; Verdeli, Helen; Neria, Yuval

    2016-01-01

    While conflict-induced forced migration is a global phenomenon, the situation in Colombia, South America, is distinctive. Colombia has ranked either first or second in the number of internally displaced persons for 10 years, a consequence of decades of armed conflict compounded by high prevalence of drug trafficking. The displacement trajectory for displaced persons in Colombia proceeds through a sequence of stages: (1) pre-expulsion threats and vulnerability, (2) expulsion, (3) migration, (4) initial adaptation to relocation, (5) protracted resettlement (the end point for most forced migrants), and, rarely, (6) return to the community of origin. Trauma signature analysis, an evidence-based method that elucidates the physical and psychological consequences associated with exposures to harm and loss during disasters and complex emergencies, was used to identify the psychological risk factors and potentially traumatic events experienced by conflict-displaced persons in Colombia, stratified across the phases of displacement. Trauma and loss are experienced differentially throughout the pathway of displacement. PMID:25135775

  8. Convenios y Recomendaciones de la OIT y su Incidencia en las Relaciones Obrero-Patronales en Colombia (2002-2014)

    OpenAIRE

    Alferez Restrepo, Francilena

    2015-01-01

    El prop?sito de este trabajo es investigar los efectos de los convenios de la Organizaci?n Internacional del Trabajo, en concreto 087 y 098, que protegen el derecho de asociaci?n y las relaciones laborales en Colombia en el per?odo 2002-2014. Inicia con la historia de los derechos laborales y la sindicalizaci?n y, los efectos de la Revoluci?n Industrial, se expone la historia de la mano de obra y los sindicatos en Colombia; de particular importancia dada la historia de Colombia con los malos ...

  9. Fuerza pública, negociaciones de paz y posacuerdo en Colombia, de E. Cruz Rodríguez

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Roland Marcelo Franco Grisales

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available En este texto, el politólogo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y magíster en Análisis de Problemas Políticos, Económicos e Internacionales Contemporáneos, Edwin Cruz Rodríguez, presenta una reflexión inicial acerca de la función de la fuerza pública colombiana (FP —compuesta por los cuerpos de Ejército y Policía Nacional— en un posible escenario de posacuerdo, de cara a los diálogos de paz que se desarrollaron en La Habana, Cuba, entre el Gobierno nacional de Colombia y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC-EP.

  10. Persistentorganic pollutants in Colombia: quantificationand diagnosisfororganochlorine pesticides

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    César Augusto García Ubaque

    2015-01-01

    Full Text Available To meet Colombia commitments with Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs, the country carried out identification and quantification of organochlorine pesticide stocks, in order to update and consolidate information on storage sites and contaminated soils. Methodology proposed by the United Nations program for development (UNDP was used and covered the following stages: (a consultation of secondary information available in previous inventories, (b review activities related to these products life cycle, (c location of warehouses and sites of destruction or burial and (d visit a sample of identified sites. Colombia has 159 812 kg of DDT in stock and it was estimated 88 629 m3 of contaminated soil by POPs pesticides. It were unable to identify a vast underreporting quantities of pesticides used and contaminated sites, not only in the country, but in inventories in other countries of the region; reflecting that the reported results are partial and contamination from unidentified sources may occur. It is important to intensify activities of research and innovation not only for wastes and contaminated soils treatment, but for agricultural production and crop protection.

  11. International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) orientation phase mission report: Colombia. February - March 1980

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cameron, J.; Meunier, A.R.; Tauchid, M.

    1980-01-01

    The basic objective of IUREP is to 'review the present body of knowledge pertinent to the existence of uranium resources, to review and evaluate the potential for discovery of additional uranium resources, and to suggest new exploration efforts which might be carried out in promising new areas in collaboration with the countries concerned'. Following the initial bibliographic study, which formed Phase I of IUREP, it was envisaged that a further assessment in co-operation with the country in question would lead to a better delineation of areas of high potential and a more reliable estimate as to the degree of favourability for the discovery of additional uranium resources. It was planned that such work would be accomplished through field missions to the country and that these field missions and the resulting report would constitute the IUREP Orientation Phase. The purpose of the Orientation Mission to Colombia was (i) to develop a better understanding of the uranium potential of the country, (ii) to delineate areas favourable for the discovery of speculative uranium resources, (iii) to make recommendations, as appropriate, on the best methods for evaluating the favourable areas, operating procedures and estimated possible costs, (iv) to develop the logistical data required to carry out any possible further work, and (v) to compile a report that would be immediately available to the Colombian authorities. Uranium exploration in Colombia is of very recent date, with the majority of activities getting under way only after 1970. In spite of the limited work that has been done, however, over 1300 radioactive anomalies have been recorded. The total number of uranium mineral occurrences resulting from follow-up work is still very small, and some are unusual in world terms. Topographic and geographic conditions in Colombia make geological and exploration work very difficult and costly, especially in the Cordilleras and the Interior Zone (Llanos Orientales). There are, at

  12. All projects related to colombia | Page 6 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Longer life expectancy and lower fertility rates have accelerated the ageing of the ... Topic: DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION, ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS, SOCIAL ... Land Seizures in Northern Colombia and their effect on the Peasant Movement ... This project aims to build telecentre networks that are financially sustainable ...

  13. New Records of Bee Genera (Hymenoptera: Apoidea from Colombia

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    Víctor H. González

    2006-07-01

    Full Text Available The solitary bee genera Lophothygater Moure y Michener (Apidae, Eucerini and Tapinotaspoides Moure (Apidae, Tapinotaspidini are reported from northern Colombia for the first time. These genera were previously known from the central Brazilian Amazonian and Argentina and Paraguay, respectively.

  14. Enhanced Orographic Tropical Rainfall: An Study of the Colombia's rainfall

    Science.gov (United States)

    Peñaranda, V. M.; Hoyos Ortiz, C. D.; Mesa, O. J.

    2015-12-01

    Convection in tropical regions may be enhanced by orographic barriers. The orographic enhancement is an intensification of rain rates caused by the forced lifting of air over a mountainous structure. Orographic heavy rainfall events, occasionally, comes along by flooding, debris flow and substantial amount of looses, either economics or human lives. Most of the heavy convective rainfall events, occurred in Colombia, have left a lot of victims and material damages by flash flooding. An urgent action is required by either scientific communities or society, helping to find preventive solutions against these kind of events. Various scientific literature reports address the feedback process between the convection and the local orographic structures. The orographic enhancement could arise by several physical mechanism: precipitation transport on leeward side, convection triggered by the forcing of air over topography, the seeder-feeder mechanism, among others. The identification of the physical mechanisms for orographic enhancement of rainfall has not been studied over Colombia. As far as we know, orographic convective tropical rainfall is just the main factor for the altitudinal belt of maximum precipitation, but the lack of detailed hydro-meteorological measurements have precluded a complete understanding of the tropical rainfall in Colombia and its complex terrain. The emergence of the multifractal theory for rainfall has opened a field of research which builds a framework for parsimonious modeling of physical process. Studies about the scaling behavior of orographic rainfall have found some modulating functions between the rainfall intensity probability distribution and the terrain elevation. The overall objective is to advance in the understanding of the orographic influence over the Colombian tropical rainfall based on observations and scaling-analysis techniques. We use rainfall maps, weather radars scans and ground-based rainfall data. The research strategy is

  15. The costs of preventing and treating chagas disease in Colombia.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marianela Castillo-Riquelme

    Full Text Available The objective of this study is to report the costs of Chagas disease in Colombia, in terms of vector disease control programmes and the costs of providing care to chronic Chagas disease patients with cardiomyopathy.Data were collected from Colombia in 2004. A retrospective review of costs for vector control programmes carried out in rural areas included 3,084 houses surveyed for infestation with triatomine bugs and 3,305 houses sprayed with insecticide. A total of 63 patient records from 3 different hospitals were selected for a retrospective review of resource use. Consensus methodology with local experts was used to estimate care seeking behaviour and to complement observed data on utilisation.The mean cost per house per entomological survey was $4.4 (in US$ of 2004, whereas the mean cost of spraying a house with insecticide was $27. The main cost driver of spraying was the price of the insecticide, which varied greatly. Treatment of a chronic Chagas disease patient costs between $46.4 and $7,981 per year in Colombia, depending on severity and the level of care used. Combining cost and utilisation estimates the expected cost of treatment per patient-year is $1,028, whereas lifetime costs averaged $11,619 per patient. Chronic Chagas disease patients have limited access to healthcare, with an estimated 22% of patients never seeking care.Chagas disease is a preventable condition that affects mostly poor populations living in rural areas. The mean costs of surveying houses for infestation and spraying infested houses were low in comparison to other studies and in line with treatment costs. Care seeking behaviour and the type of insurance affiliation seem to play a role in the facilities and type of care that patients use, thus raising concerns about equitable access to care. Preventing Chagas disease in Colombia would be cost-effective and could contribute to prevent inequalities in health and healthcare.

  16. Achieving CO2 reductions in Colombia: Effects of carbon taxes and abatement targets

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Calderón, Silvia; Alvarez, Andrés Camilo; Loboguerrero, Ana María; Arango, Santiago; Calvin, Katherine; Kober, Tom; Daenzer, Kathryn; Fisher-Vanden, Karen

    2016-01-01

    In this paper we investigate CO 2 emission scenarios for Colombia and the effects of implementing carbon taxes and abatement targets on the energy system. By comparing baseline and policy scenario results from two integrated assessment partial equilibrium models TIAM-ECN and GCAM and two general equilibrium models Phoenix and MEG4C, we provide an indication of future developments and dynamics in the Colombian energy system. Currently, the carbon intensity of the energy system in Colombia is low compared to other countries in Latin America. However, this trend may change given the projected rapid growth of the economy and the potential increase in the use of carbon-based technologies. Climate policy in Colombia is under development and has yet to consider economic instruments such as taxes and abatement targets. This paper shows how taxes or abatement targets can achieve significant CO 2 reductions in Colombia. Though abatement may be achieved through different pathways, taxes and targets promote the entry of cleaner energy sources into the market and reduce final energy demand through energy efficiency improvements and other demand-side responses. The electric power sector plays an important role in achieving CO 2 emission reductions in Colombia, through the increase of hydropower, the introduction of wind technologies, and the deployment of biomass, coal and natural gas with CO 2 capture and storage (CCS). Uncertainty over the prevailing mitigation pathway reinforces the importance of climate policy to guide sectors toward low-carbon technologies. This paper also assesses the economy-wide implications of mitigation policies such as potential losses in GDP and consumption. An assessment of the legal, institutional, social and environmental barriers to economy-wide mitigation policies is critical yet beyond the scope of this paper. - Highlights: • Four energy and economy-wide models under carbon mitigation scenarios are compared. • Baseline results show that CO

  17. The constitutional control system in Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Luis Javier Moreno Ortiz

    2010-01-01

    The system of constitutional control in Colombia designed in the Legislative Act n.º 3 of 1910 is a milestone in a long and fruitful political and constitutional tradition owes much to his Hispanic roots and its American developments. Both the public action of unconstitutionality as the plea of unconstitutionality have clear precedents in the constitutionalism of Spain and the Colony were prepared by a Constituent Assembly acted with knowledge and faithfulness to that tradition and have been ...

  18. Succession pattern of carrion-feeding insects in Paramo, Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Martinez, Efrain; Duque, Patricia; Wolff, Marta

    2007-03-02

    The minimum postmortem interval can be estimated based on knowledge of the pattern of insect succession on a corpse. To use this approach requires that we take into account the rates of insect development associated with particular climatological conditions of the region. This study is the first to look at insect succession on decomposing carcasses in the high altitude plains (Paramo) in Colombia, at 3035 m above sea level. Five stages of decomposition were designated with indicator species identified for each stage: Callíphora nigribasis at the fresh stage; Compsomyiops verena at the bloated stage; Compsomyiops boliviana during active decay; Stearibia nigriceps and Hydrotaea sp. during advanced decay and Leptocera sp. for dry remains. A succession table is presented for carrion-associated species of the region, which can be used for estimating time since death in similar areas. Compsomyiops boliviana is reported for the first time in Colombia.

  19. Natural radioactivity measurements in the central region of Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Cortes, M. L.; Mendoza, E. F.; Cristancho, F.

    2009-01-01

    The natural radionuclides 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K are the most important γ ray emitters present in the earth crust and its concentration depends mainly on the processes of mineralization and geological formation that occur in nature. The determination of such concentrations is important because it allow us to know the radiation exposure of human beings in different regions and thus monitor the dose levels received by the population. In this work the concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K for two different places in the central region of Colombia are presented. The obtained values for 238 U concentration are between 20 and 30 ppm, for 232 Th between 70 and 130 ppm and for 40 K between 5 - 7 %. These values are comparable with other works, but further measurements are needed to characterize the radionuclides concentrations in Colombia. (Author)

  20. LA CARRERA ADMINISTRATIVA EN COLOMBIA: 70 AÑOS DE FICCIÓN

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Edgar Enrique Martínez Cárdenas

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available El ensayo que se presenta pretende explicar por qué la carrera administrativa en Colombia, a pesar de siete décadas de vigencia normativa, sigue siendo una ficción en la gestión pública del país. Para ello, inicialmente se presenta una conceptualización básica, para seguidamente describir los principales antecedentes que han caracterizado este proceso en el país, aspectos que resultan esenciales para abordar el acápite central, en donde se clasifican las apreciaciones realizadas por los expertos entrevistados a profundidad con el fin de establecer qué factores han impedido en Colombia la plena vigencia de la carrera administrativa.

  1. Determinantes de la multilocalizaciónde empresas exportadoras de manufacturasen Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mónica María Sinisterra

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este artículo es investigar los determinantes de la multilocalización intrarregional de empresas exportadoras de manufacturas en Colombia para el año 2007. Para ello se utiliza un conjunto de datos de empresas, tomados de las bases de Proexport y la Superintendencia de Sociedades; asimismo se estima un modelo logit bivariado, que permite encontrar las características de las empresas exportadoras de manufacturas localizadas en más de un lugar del territorio nacional. Los resultados empíricos evidencian que las empresas exportadoras con mayor probabilidad de multilocalizarse en Colombia son las empresas grandes, no intensivas en capital, con altas ventas y un alto leverage.

  2. Bee pathogens found in Bombus atratus from Colombia: A case study.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gamboa, Viviana; Ravoet, Jorgen; Brunain, Marleen; Smagghe, Guy; Meeus, Ivan; Figueroa, Judith; Riaño, Diego; de Graaf, Dirk C

    2015-07-01

    Bombus atratus bumblebees from Colombia that were caught in the wild and from breeding programs were screened for a broad set of bee pathogens. We discovered for the first time Lake Sinai Virus and confirmed the infection by other common viruses. The prevalence of Apicystis bombi, Crithidia bombi and Nosema ceranae was remarkably high. According to other studies the former two could have been co-introduced in South America with exotic bumble bees as Bombus terrestris or Bombus ruderatus. Given the fact that none of these species occur in Colombia, our data puts a new light on the spread of these pathogens over the South American continent. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  3. Eye of them: perceptions of History colombia 1920-1950, From the stories three women American

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jane Meyer Rausch

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available The purpose of this essay is to review books written by three North American women who traveled to Colombia between 1920 and 1950 in order to assess their potential value as a source of information for historians of the irst half of the twentieth century. The three authors and their books are: Blair Niles, Colombia: Land of Miracles (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1939, Virginia Paxton, Penthouse in Bogotá (New York: Reynal &, Hitchcock, 1943, and Nancy Bell Bates, East of the Andes and West of Nowhere: A Naturalist’s Wife in Colombia New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1947. After examining the books, the essay concludes that although the authors did not always understand what they observed, they each recorded valuable data that might otherwise have been lost.

  4. Uso de animales de laboratorio en colombia: reflexiones sobre aspectos normativos y éticos

    OpenAIRE

    Botero, L.; Gómez, R. M.

    2013-01-01

    El uso de modelos animales para la experimentación se ha incrementado considerablementeen Colombia. Mientras en países desarrollados estos animales se producen enambientes controlados bajo normas estrictas que garantizan la validez de los resultadosde investigación, en Colombia la normatividad al respecto es precaria e imprecisa lo queha llevado a que pocas instituciones mantengan los animales con los estándares requeridospara obtener resultados de investigación con el rigor que la comunidad ...

  5. The judicialization of territorial politics in Brazil, Colombia and Spain

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Helder Ferreira do Vale

    2013-08-01

    Full Text Available This article explains how judicial review influences intergovernmental political dynamics in Brazil, Colombia and Spain. The argument is developed in light of two questions: how supreme courts have established themselves as pivotal institutions for settling vertical intergovernmental disputes, and how national and subnational politicians use judicial review in order to enhance their own interests. A comparison between the judicial review processes in federal Brazil, quasi-federal Spain, and unitary Colombia provides an answer to these questions. Accounting for the differences in the territorial organization and systems of government among these countries, the article assesses the patterns of judicial review originating from the subnational level. Findings suggest that courts affect the interaction between national and subnational politicians in the three country-cases, but through different patterns of judicialization of territorial politics.

  6. The Sabethines of Northern Andean Coffee-Growing Regions of Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Suaza-Vasco, Juan; López-Rubio, Andrés; Galeano, Juan; Uribe, Sandra; Vélez, Iván; Porter, Charles

    2015-06-01

    Sampling for sabethine mosquitoes occurred intermittently from September 2007 to April 2013 in 17 municipalities, located in 5 departments (divisions) in the northern Andean coffee-growing regions of Colombia. Of the 9 genera within the Sabethini tribe known to occur in the Neotropical region, 6 were encountered including 15 species: Jonhbelkinia ulopus, Limatus durhamii, Sabethes ignotus, Sa. luxodens, Sa. undosus, Shannoniana fluviatilis, Trichoprosopon compressum, Tr. digitatum, Tr. evansae, Tr. pallidiventer s.l., Tr. pallidiventer s.s., Wyeomyia arthrostigma, Wy. oblita, Wy. ulocoma, and Wy. undulata. The species Sa. luxodens and Wy. undulata constitute new records for Colombia. These records broaden the knowledge of this important group that includes some important species related to the arbovirus transmission. Records are from the northern Colombian Andes, a region noted for coffee cultivation and ecotourism.

  7. Reforma sanitaria, equidad y derecho a la salud en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Hernández Mario

    2002-01-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta una visión de largo plazo para la valoración de los avances en la equidad y en el derecho a la salud de la reforma del sistema de salud en Colombia. En medio de un sistema político restringido, los actores del campo de la salud en Colombia han construido opciones de tipo individualista que tienden a legalizar las desigualdades ligadas a la capacidad de pago de las personas. A pesar de los complejos mecanismos de regulación establecidos en el nuevo Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, la tendencia apunta hacia una consolidación de las mismas desigualdades tradicionales y al distanciamiento de una garantía plena, equitativa y universal del derecho a la salud.

  8. Smokefree implementation in Colombia: Monitoring, outside funding, and business support

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Randy Uang

    2017-03-01

    Full Text Available Objective. To analyze successful national smokefree policy implementation in Colombia, a middle income country. Materials and methods. Key informants at the national and local levels were interviewed and news sources and government ministry resolutions were reviewed. Results.Colombia’s Ministry of Health coordinated local implementation practices, which were strongest in larger cities with supportive leadership. Nongovernmental organizations provided technical assistance and highlighted noncompliance. Organizations outside Colombia funded some of these efforts. The bar owners’ association provided concerted education campaigns. Tobacco interests did not openly challenge implementation. Conclusions. Health organization monitoring, external funding, and hospitality industry support contributed to effective implementation, and could be cultivated in other low and middle income countries.

  9. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroups in 1526 unrelated individuals from 11 Departments of Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan J. Yunis

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available The frequencies of four mitochondrial Native American DNA haplogroups were determined in 1526 unrelated individuals from 11 Departments of Colombia and compared to the frequencies previously obtained for Amerindian and Afro-Colombian populations. Amerindian mtDNA haplogroups ranged from 74% to 97%. The lowest frequencies were found in Departments on the Caribbean coast and in the Pacific region, where the frequency of Afro-Colombians is higher, while the highest mtDNA Amerindian haplogroup frequencies were found in Departments that historically have a strong Amerindian heritage. Interestingly, all four mtDNA haplogroups were found in all Departments, in contrast to the complete absence of haplogroup D and high frequencies of haplogroup A in Amerindian populations in the Caribbean region of Colombia. Our results indicate that all four Native American mtDNA haplogroups were widely distributed in Colombia at the time of the Spanish conquest.

  10. Street-weary in Bogota. Voices of girls 3: Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ross, T

    1998-01-01

    In Colombia, people displaced by rural violence have crowded Bogota's slums, where inhabitants are plagued by alcoholism, drug dependency, and violence. Violence against children is epidemic in Colombia, and education, which is supposed to be free, is in reality so expensive that over a third of children fail to complete primary school. Street culture beckons children, and one agency has identified 7454 girl prostitutes in Bogota and believes there are another 1000 who have not yet been contacted. Most of these girls are from low-income families residing in inner-city slums, and many were sexually abused at an early age by a male relative. Almost all start using drugs, and more than 80% are infected with sexually transmitted diseases, including 15% who have HIV/AIDS. Even efforts to help these children can go astray, as some learn deviant behavior from fellow residents of children's homes. The biggest danger faced by girls and boys alike on the street is rape, and some children report being raped by policemen. The Renacer Foundation is working to rehabilitate children in its residential units and has achieved success in some cases. In other cases, success is slow to achieve and hard to maintain because it is difficult, if not impossible, for the children to recover from early abuse. Colombia lacks a nationwide needs assessment or primary intervention program to prevent early abuse and to help vulnerable girls. The only programs available to help the children already in trouble use outdated methods and are severely overcrowded.

  11. Estado, Estado de Derecho y Violencia Armada en Colombia (2000-2011

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jerónimo Ríos Sierra

    2013-03-01

    Full Text Available Para la superación sostenible de la violencia armada en Colombia, con o sin negociaciones, la noción de “paz positiva” es imprescindible. El  éxito militar muestra su precariedad frente al necesario fortalecimiento del Estado de Derecho en un escenario de urgencias sociales, políticas y económicas. Durante la última década, tanto la Política de Seguridad Democrática como el Plan Colombia han priorizado el fortalecimiento del Estado en términos de seguridad, control territorial y fortaleza militar. Ello se debe a la idea de concebir la superación de la violencia armada en términos de ausencia de conflicto.Problemas tales como inequidad social, pobreza, parapolítica, connivencias de sectores políticos y del Estado con narcotráfico y actores armados, persistencia de la violencia guerrillera, paramilitarismo creciente, violaciones a los Derechos Humanos (DDHH y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH y/o desplazamiento forzado, tal y como se pondrá de manifiesto, persisten como desafíos por superar, más allá de la seguridad, si se pretende aspirar a una verdadera consecución de la paz en Colombia.

  12. LA "PREHISTORIA" DE LA MARIHUANA EN COLOMBIA: CONSUMO Y CULTIVOS ENTRE LOS AÑOS 30 Y 60

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sáenz Rovner Eduardo

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available El consumo de marihuana en Colombia no se extendió como un simple resultado del aumento en su uso, en el counterculture norteamericano de los años 60. Aunque los cultivos aumentarían, vertiginosamente, para satisfacer la demanda norteamericana a finales de la década de los 60 y comienzos de los 70, ya existía un mercado importante para el consumo doméstico en Colombia. De otra parte, se cuestiona la literatura académica “exculpatoria” que tiende a ver a países como Colombia, en tanto que “víctimas” pasivas de fenómenos inducidos desde afuera.

  13. Percentiles de salto con contramovimiento en escolares de Bogotá, Colombia: Estudio FUPRECOL

    OpenAIRE

    Ferro Vargas, Martha

    2016-01-01

    Objetivo: Determinar la distribución por percentiles de salto con contramovimiento (CMJ) en una población escolar de Bogotá, Colombia, perteneciente al estudio Fuprecol. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado entre 2846 niños y 2754 adolescentes, entre 9 a 17 años de edad, pertenecientes a 18 instituciones educativas oficiales de Bogotá, Colombia. Se evaluó el CMJ, de acuerdo, con lo establecido por la batería de condición física, Fuprecol. Se calcularon, los percentiles (P3, P...

  14. TLC Estados Unidos – Colombia: oportunidades de negocio en el sector cervecero colombiano

    OpenAIRE

    Loaiza Saa, Isabella; Hernández Rojas, Gustavo Andrés

    2014-01-01

    El presente trabajo analiza el sector cervecero colombiano y las oportunidades de importación de cerveza artesanal generadas por el TLC Estados Unidos- Colombia. También se describe la relación comercial entre Colombia y Estados Unidos durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2000 y 2013 junto con la inflación y la tasa de desempleo. Para finalizar se realiza un pronóstico de la demanda y un modelo de inventarios para el posible importador y se brindan sugerencias en cuanto a la distribu...

  15. La regeneración en Antioquia, Colombia 1880-1903 : aspectos políticos

    OpenAIRE

    Ortiz Mesa, Luis Javier

    1986-01-01

    El presente trabajo pretende ofrecer un análisis particular de las principales transformaciones políticas de la región antioqueña durante el período 1.880-1.903. Este estudio impone para su desarrollo abordar un conjunto de factores ecoromicos, políticos y sociales del proceso general del país Colombiaro y de Antioquia durante el siglo XIX. Los estudios mas recientes sobre la Colombia del siglo pasado consideran que el siglo XIX fué una larga y perosa transición al capitalismo en Colombia, y ...

  16. Una guía sobre las aves de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Jorge E. Orejuela G.

    1988-10-01

    Full Text Available A guide to the birds of Colombia. Steven L. Hilty y William L. Browm. Ilustrador principal: Guy Tudor, con planchas de H. W. Trimm. J. Gwynne, J. Yrizarry y P. Prall. Dibujos de M. Kleinbaunm. Princenton University Press, Princenton (Nueva Jersey, 1986.

  17. Fatal septicemia caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in a child from Colombia Septicemia mortal causada por Chromobacterium violaceum en una paciente pediátrica de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Pedro Martinez

    2007-12-01

    Full Text Available A 4-year old child living in Colombia presented with a history of fever and severe abdominal pain for four days. The patient developed pneumonia, septic shock, multiple organ failure and died on the fifth day of hospitalization. Chromobacterium violaceum was isolated from admission blood cultures and was resistant to ampicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides.Una niña de 4 años que vivía en Colombia presentó historia de fiebre y dolor abdominal severo por cuatro días. La paciente desarrollo neumonía, shock séptico, múltiple falla de órganos y muerte el quinto día de hospitalización. Chromobacterium violaceum fue aislado de cultivos de sangre y mostró resistencia a ampicilina, cefalosporinas, carbapenems y aminoglicosidos.

  18. Presencia de Aedes albopictus en Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Iván Darío Vélez

    1998-09-01

    Full Text Available La especie Aedes albopictus es un eficiente vector del dengue en Asia y, posiblemente, de otros arbovirus incluyendo la fiebre amarilla y la encefalitis. En la ultima década se ha extendido la distribución de A. albopictus a las Américas. En la ciudad de Tabatinga, Brasil, muy cerceide la frontera con Colombia, se ha informado la presencia de esta especie en 1996 y, posteriormente, en octubre de 1997. En marzo de 1998, en desarrollo de un e&udio sobre enfermedades tropicales realizado por el Programa de Estudio y Cotítrol de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, de la Universidad de Antioquia y la secretaría de Salud del Amazonas, se capturaron 8 ejemplares adultos de A. albopictus en la ciudad de Leticia, departamento del Amazonas, siendo éste el primer hallazgo de esta especie en Colombia. La presencia en Colombia de A. albopictus vuelve más complejo el problema del dengue por la mayor adaptación de este vector a climas más fríos, la capacidad de transmisión transovariana, la buena capacidad vectorial para transmitir los cuatro serotipos del virus y la mayor dificultad para su control dado que sus criaderos están en áreas peridomésticas y rurales. La distribución de esta especie tanto en zonas selváticas como rurales y urbanas presenta un peligro potencial de urbanizar la transmisión de la fiebre amarilla. Se presenta el plan de contingencia que se debe implementar por parte de la Secretaría de Salud del Amazonas con miras a evitar la propagación de este vector a otras regiones del país.

  19. Feminicidio en Colombia: reconocimiento de fenómeno social a delito

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Omar Huertas Díaz

    2016-01-01

    Full Text Available Resumen El presente artículo tiene como finalidad evidenciar el desarrollo y construcción del término feminicidio en Colombia, a través de la descripción de sus antecedentes, hasta el momento que inicia su consolidación gracias a la motivación de los movimientos feministas, así como de mujeres en Latinoamérica, dando paso al uso del término en Colombia por parte de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, entidad que lo emplea en una sentencia que dirime un recurso de apelación. Finalmente se realiza la descripción del feminicidio como un delito autónomo, pues Colombia para el mes de Julio de 2015 sanciono la norma que lo contempla como tal. Palabras clave: Feminicidio, Fenómeno social, Delito. Abstract This article aims to show the development of the notion of femicide in Colombia. This document outlines its historical background by analyzing how the empowerment feminist movements have made the society aware of this phenomenon. It was the Supreme Court, the highest judicial body that used this notion to give a decision on an appeal. Finally the description of femicide as a separate offense was enacted as law in July, 2015, in Colombia. Key words: Femicide, Social phenomenon, Criminal offence. Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar o desenvolvimento e construção do feminicídio na Colômbia, através da descrição de sua história, iniciando sua consolidação graças à motivação do movimento feminista e de mulheres na América Latina, dando passo para o uso do termo na Colômbia pelo Supremo Tribunal de Justiça, uma organização que utilizou o termo em uma sentença a um recurso de apelação. Finalmente, se efetua a descrição do feminicídio como uma infracção autônoma para a Colômbia no mês de julho de 2015 que sancionou a norma validando o termo. Palavras-chave: Femicídio, Fenômeno social, Crime. 

  20. Abundance, composition and natural infection of Anopheles mosquitoes from two malaria-endemic regions of Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Carolina Montoya; Priscila Bascuñán; Julián Rodríguez-Zabala; Margarita M. Correa

    2017-01-01

    Introduction: In Colombia there are three Anopheles species implicated in malaria transmission as primary vectors; however, the local role of some Anopheles species must still be defined. Objective: To determine the abundance, composition and natural infection rates for Anopheles mosquitoes with Plasmodium spp. in two malaria-endemic regions of Colombia. Materials and methods: Anopheles mosquitoes were collected using the human-landing catches and while resting in livestock corrals in n...

  1. Guerra prolongada, negociaciones inciertas en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    2000-01-01

    Full Text Available GUERRE PROLONGÉE ET NÉGOCIATIONS DE PAIX INCERTAINES EN COLOMBIE. Cet article s’attache aux transformations de la violence en Colombie au cours des années 1990. Il montre combien les phénomènes de violence sont devenus complexes et inextricables avec des dimensions à la fois nationales et internationales. En dépit de son acuité et de son caractère diffus, il estime que la violence peut trouver une solution pacifique et négociée. Este artículo, destaca las transformaciones de la violencia en Colombia durante la década de los 90s. Muestra lo compleja e inmanejable que se ha vuelto, cómo ha pasado a ser hoy un fenómeno no simplemente nacional sino internacional, y cómo, a pesar de todos los obstáculos, puede ser superada. PROTACTED WAR, NEVER-ENDING NEGOTIATIONS IN COLOMBIA Abstract This chapter assesses how the phenomenon of the violence has changed during the decade of the 1990s. It shows how complex and intractable the violence has become, how it is now an international problem, not simply a national one, and how, despite all the obstacles, it might be overcome. It pays special attention to the psychological and cultural implications of the violence.

  2. Theoretical and practice formation in oncological infirmary for pre graduate students in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Chalela, S; Orduz, G; Almenares C

    1999-01-01

    The cancer appears in Colombia like one of the first three causes of mortality, with growing projection from 1991. To know the reality on the teaching of the oncology in the levels of pre-graduate formation in infirmary, it is the fundamental objective of the present work, to determine the theoretical contained and the practices activities that it has more than enough the topic they become trained at the moment in the country and in a same way to establish basic limits of the duty to belong to the nurse in this area. The present study is of traverse descriptive type, and it was developed in two phases. The first of quantitative type, directed to all the academic units of Colombia with pre-graduate formation in infirmary that they had a graduated promotion at least. The total was of 21 universities, 18 of those, which the surveys responded, that included the identification of the academic unit and the hours assigned for each one of the oncology topics, in theoretical contents and activities practice. The second phase, of qualitative type, was developed using the consent Delphi methodology, with selection of a group of experts (for the study they were 11 nurses of the whole country) that had pos-grade in oncology infirmary or at least 5 years of professional experience in the oncology area. Each one qualified the importance of each oncology topic and it expressed their approach about hours in theoretical contents and in activities practice that they should become trained to the infirmary students in the pre-graduate; of the 18 analyzed academic units, 13 considered as insufficient the contents that it has more than enough oncology, this at the moment teaching to the pre-graduate students in Colombia. The work concludes with the description of the topics that at the moment they are teaching the academic units in Colombia and with the basic limits that it has more than enough oncology, the experts consider necessary for the formation in the infirmary pre-graduate in

  3. Sertula Florae Colombiae, II

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Uribe Uribe Lorenzo

    1955-08-01

    Full Text Available En el presente artículo el autor registra como nuevas para Colombia varias especies pertenecientes a las Familias botánicas Aristolochiaceae, Passifloraceae y Solanaceae; provee de una diagnosis latina a Aristolochia argyroneura con el fin de revalidar ese binomio empleado irreglamentariamente desde hace medio siglo por carecer de la debida descripción; y discute brevemente el problema suscitado en torno al género Dilkea (de las Pasifloráceas, al cual se han atribuido varias especies por algunos botánicos, mientras otros sospechan que se trata de simples formas de una misma entidad específica por lo cual el genero debe ser considerado como monotípico.

  4. Proyectos educativos: estudio comparativo entre Venezuela y Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mineira Finol

    2005-09-01

    Full Text Available El Proyecto Educativo Integral Comunitario (PEIC y el Proyecto Educativo Institucional constituyen la categoría de comparación entre Venezuela y Colombia; a tal fin, este estudio de tipo comparativo-documental se centró en determinar congruencias y discrepancias entre PEIC y PEI, utilizando el método comparativo estructurado en cuatro fases: descripción, interpretación, yuxtaposición y comparación, propuesto por Hilker y Bereday (1972 Entre los resultados se tienen: congruencias en cuanto surgen sobre las bases de diagnóstico externos efectuados por organismos internacionales UNESCO, CEPAL ante la inefectividad y baja productividad de ambos países; a nivel interno responden a políticas educativas reformadoras de currículum y leyes,. Discrepancias referidas al tiempo de implementación; en Venezuela a partir de 1996; Colombia en 1992; este último, consolidó las bases para la participación a través del gobierno escolar y de un sistema de evaluación institucional, muy incipiente en Venezuela.

  5. Design and implementation of the web Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Rocha S., Luz Angela; Bonilla, Johnatan; Bernal, Julio; Duarte, Catherine; Rodriguez, Alejandro

    2018-05-01

    The Atlas Lingüístico y Etnográfico de Colombia (Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Colombia), known by "ALEC" is a compilation of popular speaking Spanish of the populations of Colombia; such research was carried out for more than fifty years. The result of this work is a collection of thematic maps organized in six volumes and its supplements in analog format. In that sense was created the project entitles "Interactive ALEC" which main objective is to develop a digital and interactive web version of the ethnographic and Linguistic Atlas of Colombia (1983) and its supplements. In this way the Corpus linguistics research group belonging to the Institute Caro y Cuervo and the research group NIDE of the Universidad Distrital "Francisco José de Caldas" have been working together in the design and development of the Atlas Web, that allows the visualization and consulting of the spatial information contained in the volume III of the analog ALEC Atlas, applying concepts of Geographical Information Systems and web cartography. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to show the process of design and development of the web prototype of the ALEC as a collection of static and dynamic maps, which show spatial information, combined with multimedia content, taking into account that in addition to all maps, the total compendium includes images, illustrations, photographs, audio and text comments. Likewise, the interactive ALEC is a good example of how to use geo-technology tools nowadays, because they are essential for the dissemination of geo linguistic information through internet, achieving more access and distribution of the Atlas web.

  6. Epidemiological Trends of Dengue Disease in Colombia (2000-2011): A Systematic Review

    Science.gov (United States)

    Villar, Luis Angel; Rojas, Diana Patricia; Besada-Lombana, Sandra; Sarti, Elsa

    2015-01-01

    A systematic literature review was conducted to describe the epidemiology of dengue disease in Colombia. Searches of published literature in epidemiological studies of dengue disease encompassing the terms “dengue”, “epidemiology,” and “Colombia” were conducted. Studies in English or Spanish published between 1 January 2000 and 23 February 2012 were included. The searches identified 225 relevant citations, 30 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria defined in the review protocol. The epidemiology of dengue disease in Colombia was characterized by a stable “baseline” annual number of dengue fever cases, with major outbreaks in 2001–2003 and 2010. The geographical spread of dengue disease cases showed a steady increase, with most of the country affected by the 2010 outbreak. The majority of dengue disease recorded during the review period was among those dengue disease in Colombia may provide several avenues for future research, namely studies of asymptomatic dengue virus infection, primary versus secondary infections, and under-reporting of the disease. Improved understanding of the factors that determine disease expression and enable improvement in disease control and management is also important. PMID:25790245

  7. El futuro de las revistas de ciencias económicas en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Joan Miguel Tejedor Estupiñán

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available En un contexto en el que la ciencia y el conocimiento no son ajenos al proceso multidimensional llamado globalización, debemos plantearnos inquietudes como estas: ¿cuáles deben ser los principios de la política de I+D y de ciencia y tecnología en Colombia?, ¿quiénes son los actores que deben participar en la construcción de estas políticas?, ¿cuál es el nivel de recursos económicos, humanos y físicos que debe invertir un país y sus instituciones de investigación y desarrollo con miras a alcanzar los estándares de los países desarrollados en esta materia?, ¿cuáles son las políticas y los instrumentos que garantizarían la efectividad y eficiencia de estos recursos? Estas y muchas otras inquietudes están llamadas a ser resueltas de manera política desde comunidades que conforman las instituciones de investigación y desarrollo en Colombia, con el fin de garantizar un futuro sustentable y sostenible para la I+D en Colombia.

  8. National spatial and temporal patterns of notified dengue cases, Colombia 2007-2010.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Restrepo, Angela Cadavid; Baker, Peter; Clements, Archie C A

    2014-07-01

    To explore the variation in the spatial distribution of notified dengue cases in Colombia from January 2007 to December 2010 and examine associations between the disease and selected environmental risk factors. Data on the number of notified dengue cases in Colombia were obtained from the National Institute of Health (Instituto Nacional de Salud - INS) for the period 1 January 2007 through 31 December 2010. Data on environmental factors were collected from the Worldclim website. A Bayesian spatio-temporal conditional autoregressive model was used to quantify the relationship between monthly dengue cases and temperature, precipitation and elevation. Monthly dengue counts decreased by 18% (95% credible interval (CrI): 17-19%) in 2008 and increased by 30% (95% CrI: 28-31%) and 326% (95% CrI: 322-331%) in 2009 and 2010, respectively, compared to 2007. Additionally, there was a significant, nonlinear effect of monthly average precipitation. The results highlight the role of environmental risk factors in determining the spatial of dengue and show how these factors can be used to develop and refine preventive approaches for dengue in Colombia. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

  9. Resistencia a fármacos en pacientes en tratamiento antirretroviral, Cali, Colombia, 2008-2010

    OpenAIRE

    Jorge L. Martínez-Cajas; Héctor F. Mueses-Marín; Pablo Galindo-Orrego; Juan F. Agudelo; Jaime Galindo-Quintero

    2013-01-01

    Introducción. En Colombia se ha publicado poco sobre farmacorresistencia del VIH en pacientes que toman tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR). Las guías de VIH de Colombia de 2006 no recomiendan el uso de los estudios genotípicos de resistencia (EGR) en pacientes nunca expuestos a medicamentos antirretrovirales ni después del primer fracaso terapéutico. Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de mutaciones de resistencia y el grado de susceptibilidad/resistencia del VIH a los antirretrovirales en...

  10. Boom de commodities y enfermedad holandesa en Colombia ¿importa la cuenta de capitales?

    OpenAIRE

    Gaviria Agudelo, Natalia

    2015-01-01

    Este trabajo analiza el impacto de los precios internacionales de commodities y la apertura financiera sobre el proceso de industrialización en Colombia durante el periodo 1960 – 2013, extendiendo el concepto de enfermedad holandesa para incluir un posible efecto de “sobrevaloración” de la TCR ligada a una entrada de capitales paralela a este fenómeno -- Los resultados encontrados refuerzan la idea que Colombia ha vivido un proceso de recomposición sectorial persistente producto de las bonanz...

  11. U.S. Military Interventiuon in Colombia: Strategic and Operational Planning Considerations

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Hernandez, Bryan

    2003-01-01

    Colombia is on the verge of collapse because of the instability generated by leftist guerrilla groups, drug traffickers, and right-wing paramilitaries against the Colombian government and its ability...

  12. The Peace Processes of Colombia and El Salvador: A Comparative Study

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Gantiva, Diego

    1997-01-01

    Colombia and El Salvador, two Latin American countries, have developed similar counterinsurgency processes and started similar processes of peace negotiations between the insurgent armies and the forces of order...

  13. Implicaciones jurídicas de los alimentos transgénicos en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mario Ernesto García Martínez

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available Las implicaciones juridicas de los alimentos transgénicos en Colombia demuestra que es necesario que se establezca un marco legal de Bioseguridad sólido. Es imperativo que la autoridad medioambiental, entendiendo por éstá no sólo el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente sino también, el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Agricultura, el lCA y ellNVlMA, desarrollen una política integral de Bioseguridad y Biotecnología, y como consecuencia de ello presenten cuanto antes un proyecto de Ley Marco que se encargue de regular la Biotecnología en Colombia

  14. Control y simulación de tráfico urbano en Colombia: Estado del arte

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel Robles

    2009-05-01

    Full Text Available Las condiciones actuales de la movilidad en Colombia generan interrogantes acerca de qué tan apropiadas son las estrategias de control de tráfico aplicadas en las redes urbanas del país. Con esto en mente, se plantea una revisión de las estrategias de control y plataformas de simulación de sistemas de tráfico más utilizadas en Colombia y en otras partes del mundo; con el propósito de caracterizar el nivel de desarrollo del país en el estudio e implementación de estrategias de control de tráfico urbano y, posteriormente, formular propuestas orientadas hacia la mejora de la movilidad urbana en el país./ The current mobility conditions in Colombia give place to questions about the suitability of the traffic control strategies applied on the Colombian urban networks. Therefore, a review of the control strategies and simulation platforms used in Colombia and around the world is shown. This is done to characterize the level of development of the country, in terms of research and implementation of such control strategies and, furthermore, to formulate proposals oriented towards the improvement of the Colombian urban mobility.

  15. SABE Colombia: Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Colombia—Study Design and Protocol

    Science.gov (United States)

    Corchuelo, Jairo; Curcio, Carmen-Lucia; Calzada, Maria-Teresa; Mendez, Fabian

    2016-01-01

    Objective. To describe the design of the SABE Colombia study. The major health study of the old people in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in LAC, SABE (from initials in Spanish: SAlud, Bienestar & Envejecimiento). Methods. The SABE Colombia is a population-based cross-sectional study on health, aging, and well-being of elderly individuals aged at least 60 years focusing attention on social determinants of health inequities. Methods and design were similar to original LAC SABE. The total sample size of the study at the urban and rural research sites (244 municipalities) was 23.694 elderly Colombians representative of the total population. The study had three components: (1) a questionnaire covering active aging determinants including anthropometry, blood pressure measurement, physical function, and biochemical and hematological measures; (2) a subsample survey among family caregivers; (3) a qualitative study with gender and cultural perspectives of quality of life to understand different dimensions of people meanings. Conclusions. The SABE Colombia is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of the elderly with respect to active aging determinants. The results of this study are intended to inform public policies aimed at tackling health inequalities for the aging society in Colombia. PMID:27956896

  16. Historia del paramilitarismo en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Rivera,Edgar de Jesús Velásquez

    2007-01-01

    En Colombia, desde la década de los años ochenta del siglo XX tomó fuerza el paramilitarismo como estrategia contrainsurgente, política que no ha sido reconocida como tal por parte de los distintos gobiernos y se expresa como terrorismo de Estado. Incidió en el surgimiento de tal fenómeno, la ideología anticomunista que profesan la mayoría de miembros de las fuerzas armadas, la cultura política derivada de la violencia, la corrupción y el clientelismo, así como el narcotráfico, al igual que l...

  17. Los desequilibrios territoriales en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Alfonso Roa, Óscar A.; A. Alfonso R., Óscar; Revéiz Roldán, Édgar

    2016-01-01

    Colombia es un país de regiones metropolitanas. Si a cada región que es habitada por una población le es inmanente un gobierno, las formas de ocupación territorial por la población y las actividades humanas deberían contar con la forma de gobierno más pertinente. Por tanto, un nuevo modelo territorial de Estado tendrá que organizarse en torno a gobiernos metropolitanos cuyas funciones de alcance supralocal se construirían con base en las que ya poseen las jurisdicciones involucradas en el pol...

  18. Dos especies nuevas de Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae de Colombia Dos especies nuevas de Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sastre C.

    1986-12-01

    Full Text Available Two new colombian species of Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae are described. Relationships are established with O. gigantophylla (Erhard Engler and O. macrophylla van Tieghem.   Entre el material de Ouratea Aublet (Ochnaceae recolectado recientemente en Colombia, no he podido referir tres especímenes a las especies ya descritas.  Estas plantas pertenecen a dos especies nuevas, sistemáticamente cercanas a O. gigantophylla (Erhard Engler y a O. macrophylla van Tieghem.

  19. Particulate matter characterization of Cauca River water in Colombia

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Gutierrez Marin, Juan Pablo; van Halem, D.; Rietveld, L.C.

    2016-01-01

    The particulate matter composition in the Upper Cauca River section was studied, considering the importance of this river for the water supply of Cali, Colombia, and the implications that the turbidity of this water source has had for the city's water treatment. Additionally, the upstream Palo River

  20. Eight new species of Gomphichis (Orchidaceae, Spiranthoideae) from Colombia

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Nowak, S.; Szlachetko, D.L.; Mytnik-Ejsmont, J.; Cleef, A.M.

    2014-01-01

    Eight new species of the genus Gomphichis from Colombia are described. Each species is illustrated, and detailed habitat and distribution data are provided. A distribution map of the new species is presented. A dichotomous key for determination of the Gomphichis species in northern South America is

  1. All projects related to colombia | Page 2 | IDRC - International ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    This project aims to support policies and programs that create greater opportunities and improve the well-being of 900,000 people living in poverty in the rural-urban territories of Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. Topic: ECONOMIC GROWTH, RURAL AREAS, EMPLOYMENT, LATIN AMERICA, FOOD, POLICY MAKING. Region: ...

  2. The marine and coastal environmental quality in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    2005-01-01

    An analysis of the problem is made, generated by the contamination in the sea and coasts of Colombia, an inventory and characterization of sources of contamination, state of the chemical and sanitary quality of the marine and coastal waters, effects of the contamination about the ecosystems and the life quality in the coastal and marine areas

  3. Web-based asynchronous teleconsulting for consumers in Colombia: a 2-year follow up.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Valenzuela, José Ignacio; López, Catalina; Guzmán, Yuli; Fajardo, Roosevelt

    2010-01-01

    Remote consultation was implemented in 2006 in our institution, through an open-access Web-based Teleconsulting service: Doctor Chat. This tool was created with the aim of improving access to health care services in Colombia, especially in underserved areas. The aim of this paper is to report our experience with the free Web-based application for teleconsultation. After validating the tool, we analyzed the queries submitted between May 2007 and June 2009. Requests were classified into three axes: purpose of the query, specialty, and geographic area of origin. Descriptive statistics were gathered for each category (name, email, city, country, age, gender). We received 1624 consultations, with an average of 59 requests per month. 52.7% of the users were aged 18 to 29 years. Users asked mainly about sexual and reproductive health issues. 79.2% of consultations came from Colombia and 32.91% of the users were students. Doctor Chat is an innovative tool to deliver health care information, but advertising, preventive and technical strategies must be implemented to improve its impact on Colombia's health system.

  4. Taxation and lack of legitimacy in Colombia Tributación y falta de legitimidad en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    López Héctor F.

    1998-06-01

    Full Text Available This paper attempts to establish the links between tax administration and lack of legitimacy in the context of the socio-cultural evolution of Colombia. It tries to demonstrate that the great ethical confusions of the nation transmigrate to the inside of the tax administration and determine its evolution. The practices of tax evasion and elusion, administrative corruption, and contraband constitute the major obstacles to tributary modernization. The policy strategies which would tend to eradicate these evils don't find an effective voice in the
    dominion of social integration; thus, the synthesis tends to come by way of fraud and not through the internalization of the law.El presente trabajo intenta establecer los nexos entre administración tributaria y falta de legitimidad en el contexto de la evolución socio-cultural de Colombia. Se intenta mostrar que los grandes desarreglos éticos de la nación transmigran al interior de la administración tributaria y determinan su evolución. Las prácticas de evasión y elusión de impuestos, corrupción administrativa y contrabando constituyen las principales trabas de la modernización tributaria. Las estrategias de política tendientes a erradicar estos males no encuentran interlocutor efectivo en el domino de integración social; así, la sintesis tiende a darse por vía del fraude y no por la interiorización de la ley.

  5. Impact and environmental handling of the coal in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Garcia Lozada, Hector

    1999-01-01

    The coal is a natural resource of great strategic importance for Colombia, in virtue not only of the magnitude of the reserves that possesses the country, but also of its physical-chemistry characteristic, which make it very attractive for the energy generation mainly in European countries and in United States, for the environmental advantages that it offers to consume a coal with contained low percentage of sulfur (maximum 1%) and high heating power. In this chapter a general vision of the Colombian carboniferous sector is presented, followed by a discussion on the environmental impacts of more relevance, associated to the industry and the carboniferous mining that happen in the country. Finally activities and projects of environmental administration are commented, that are in Colombia, with the object to improve the environmental administration of this mineral resource, from the institutional perspective of the participation of the economic agents of the sector, in the solution of the environmental conflicts

  6. CHARACTERIZATION OF SUICIDE IN ARMENIA, COLOMBIA, 2004 – 2008

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Oscar Medina Pérez

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available This paper describes trends in mortality from suicide and its main features in the city of Armenia, Colombia, in the period 2004-2008. The suicide figures have been provided by the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences and population projections are taken from the National Bureau of Statistics (DANE. The results indicate a municipal rate of 8.2 for the five years, falling 64% higher than the rest of the country. A total of 116 suicides were reported during the study period, in the distribution by sex and age groups, the highest rates were found in men aged 70-79 years, with 31.5 cases/100.000 hab.; In female population figure corresponded to the range of 10-19 years, with a rate of 8.6. In general, rates are high compared with other  parts of Colombia. It further identifies the urgency of this public health problem locally, closely related to social factors.

  7. Brief history of curriculum and teacher training in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gerardo Bazante Caldas

    2006-02-01

    Full Text Available The following text, which is a short review of the history of education in Colombia, emphasizes the relationship that exists between curriculum and teacher training. It also presents curriculum in its precarious conception which binds it to the syllabus and to some not-well-defined purposes that are due to the evolution of a history full of turbulence in which the war has been the major figure and the governors have resorted to occasional resources more related to improvisation rather than economical and political development of Colombia.The rapid progression of globalization has led to preserve the same course of improvisations which change in accordance with the administrator of the moment that reaches the Government and whose shape is given in accordance with the foreign interests that hinder the possibility of a more suitable development for colombian interests.The last part of the text calls for the teachers to construct their own history and recover the role they have in the society and culture.

  8. Condensed Matter Physics in Colombia is in its forties

    Science.gov (United States)

    Camacho, Angela

    2015-03-01

    Physics in Colombia started to develop in the 70's as a research part of basic sciences with the acquisition, at that time, of large research equipments such as x-rays and EPR. Experimental work was soon supplemented by theoretical investigations, which led to the formation of research groups in condensed matter. In the early 80's existed such groups in five universities. In this report we present, after a short history of the main steps that guided the initial research subjects, the major areas already developed and the minor research groups that are in the stage of consolidation. Currently this type of work is done at least in 20 universities. We also show the actual numbers of researchers, publications, PhD students and laboratories discriminated in gender to complete an overview of Condensed Matter Physics in Colombia. Finally, we present a short review of the main theoretical issues that have been worked in the last decade focusing on low dimensional systems, their structural and optical properties

  9. Mercury in Pelecanus occidentalis of the Cispata bay, Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Saudith Burgos N.

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available Objective. Assessment the total concentration of mercury in the liver and feathers of Pelecanus occidentalis of the Cispata bay, Colombia. Materials and methods. Mercury concentrations in liver and feather of Pelecanus occidentalis residents in the Cispata bay – Colombia were evaluated by digestion with an acidic mixture of H2SO4–HNO3 and KMnO4 to eliminate organic matter. The concentration of mercury was determined by the Atomic Absorption - Cold Vapor method (CVAAS. Results. Total mercury levels found in this study were higher in feathers (0.31-9.17 mgHg/kg than in the liver (0.63–6.29 mgHg/kg, being higher than those reported in other seabirds studies. Conclusions. The high levels of total mercury in feathers and liver can be explained by the feeding habits of the organisms under study, showing the utility of feathers as a potential non-invasive tool for the monitoring of the ecosystem and thereby preventing the sacrifice of specimens.

  10. Estimations of the relationship a dimensional budyko in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Arias GomezPaula Andrea; Poveda Jaramillo, German

    2007-01-01

    Water and energy budgets in river basins are a condition for terrain forms growing and spatial distribution and productivity of vegetation. The Budyko non-dimensional number is defined as the relationship between mean annual precipitation (P) and mean annual evapotranspiration (PET), B = P/PET, in river basins. this non-dimensional number is defined as the ratio between available water (P) and available energy (PET), and has been employed for identifying water storage at vegetation, dryness, and net primary production in ecosystems. Literature reports have found that at B = 1 condition, denominated Budyko critical condition, B c , there exist particular climate, geomorphologic and biodiversity conditions which make that this number becomes from particular interest on hydro climatology and ecology fields. Budyko number maps with a spatial resolution of 5 arcmin cell size for Colombia extent, and other with 30 seconds cell size for Antioquia extent are presented. Many non-direct methods for potential evapotranspiration estimation have been employed. It concludes that Colombia is characterized by energy limited vegetation

  11. Diatoms from lentic and lotic systems in Antioquia, Choco and Santander Departments in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Sala, Silvia E.; Ramirez, John J.; Plata, Yasmin

    2008-01-01

    In the tropical and subtropical regions, there is a large number of species which has not been yet described. The high possibility of extinction makes their inventory a priority. 23 diatoms taxa from Andean lotic systems and lentic waterbodies localized in the Departments of Antioquia, Santander and Choco, Colombia, are analyzed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Each taxon is described and information about environmental characteristic of the sites where they were collected and distribution in Colombia is given. The studied taxa belong to the orders Thalassiosirales (1), Aulacoseirales (1), Fragilariales (4), Cymbellales (7), Achnanthales (2), Naviculales (7), and Thalassiophysales (1). Fifteen of them are recorded for the first time in Colombia and Encyonema jemtlandicum in America del Sur. A comparison with the diatom flora of the Colombian Amazonia showed that there were only three taxa in common to these two equatorial regions probably due to the influence of altitudinal gradient. (author)

  12. Paramilitarism in a Post-Demobilization Context? Insights from the Department of Antioquia in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sandra Wienand

    2017-02-01

    Full Text Available Despite efforts employed by the Colombian state to demobilize paramilitary groups and to tackle organized crime structures since 2003, Colombia today remains characterized by a repressive apparatus of social control by paramilitary successor groups in certain sectors of the population. Drawing on information from Colombia’s second-largest city – Medellín – and various rural areas of the Department of Antioquia, this work offers a characterization of the legacies of the paramilitary phenomenon, and its continuities and transformations in relation to one particular paramilitary confederation, the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC. In many regions, the AUC gained territorial, economic, and social control by managing the illegal drug economy and perpetrating political violence against leftist parties and social organizations. Paramilitaries have thus exerted what we refer to as status quo-oriented violence. As we illustrate for the case of Medellín, mechanisms of territorial, economic, and social control, as well as the particular manifestations of violence related to these mechanisms, have been transferred to paramilitary successor groups. The findings are mainly based on the outcomes of qualitative field research carried out in Medellín in mid-2015. Keywords: Medellín, Department of Antioquia, social, economic, and territorial control, paramilitary successor groups, organized crime, Colombia. Resumen: Paramilitarismo en un contexto post-desmovilización? Perspectivas desde el Departamento de Antioquia en ColombiaA pesar de los esfuerzos desplegados desde el año 2003 por el Estado colombiano para desmovilizar a los grupos paramilitares y hacer frente a las estructuras de crimen organizado, la Colombia de hoy sigue estando caracterizada por la existencia de un aparato represivo de control social ejercido por los grupos sucesores del paramilitarismo sobre ciertos sectores de la población. Partiendo de fuentes informativas procedentes

  13. Microgeographic Genetic Variation of the Malaria Vector Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae) from Córdoba and Antioquia, Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gutiérrez, Lina A.; Gómez, Giovan F.; González, John J.; Castro, Martha I.; Luckhart, Shirley; Conn, Jan E.; Correa, Margarita M.

    2010-01-01

    Anopheles darlingi is an important vector of Plasmodium spp. in several malaria-endemic regions of Colombia. This study was conducted to test genetic variation of An. darlingi at a microgeographic scale (approximately 100 km) from localities in Córdoba and Antioquia states, in western Colombia, to better understand the potential contribution of population genetics to local malaria control programs. Microsatellite loci: nuclear white and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences were analyzed. The northern white gene lineage was exclusively distributed in Córdoba and Antioquia and shared COI haplotypes were highly represented in mosquitoes from both states. COI analyses showed these An. darlingi are genetically closer to Central American populations than southern South American populations. Overall microsatellites and COI analysis showed low to moderate genetic differentiation among populations in northwestern Colombia. Given the existence of high gene flow between An. darlingi populations of Córdoba and Antioquia, integrated vector control strategies could be developed in this region of Colombia. PMID:20595475

  14. Criterios para identificar patolog?as de alto costo en Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Cuenta de alto costo, MinSalud

    2010-01-01

    Al identificar posibles pacientes de alto costo se debe definir si existen caracter?sticas que determinan su comportamiento como pacientes de alto costo, para definir si dicha patolog?a puede considerarse como Enfermedad de Alto Costo en Colombia.

  15. ANÁLISIS DEL COMERCIO DE GAS ENTRE COLOMBIA Y VENEZUELA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    SEBASTIÁN OSORIO RUIZ

    2011-01-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo se analizan las oportunidades de intercambio de gas natural de Colombia con otros mercados regionales. Para dicho análisis, se propone un modelo del mercado de gas natural en Colombia, el cual incluye la oferta, la demanda, y las restricciones de transporte, así como las importaciones y exportaciones. El modelo se basa en la representación del comportamiento de los productores y su efecto en el mercado. Ya en este mercado la oferta es un oligopolio y el modelo es un modelo de equilibrio espacial con competencia a la Cournot. Los fl ujos resultantes del modelo indican que el impacto inicial de las exportaciones a Venezuela sobre el mercado Colombiano es bajo, y que las importaciones desde Venezuela mejoran la seguridad del suministro de gas al mercado y aumentan la competencia entre los productores.

  16. Uso de los resultados de investigacion en salud en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Adalberto Campo-Arias

    2013-10-01

    Full Text Available En los países en vía de desarrollo, como Colombia, la investigación en todas las áreas del conocimiento debe ayudar a comprender la situación de los ciudadanos. Este es el comienzo para el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención para mejorar la calidad de vida de la población. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos la producción de investigación es incipiente. Latinoamérica da cuenta de sólo el 1% o menos de la producción en investigación en los cinco continentes. Y Colombia es responsable de algo menos de una vigésima parte de la producción científica de la región1.

  17. Análisis del comportamiento en Colombia: Antecedentes y perspectivas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wilson López López

    2006-01-01

    Full Text Available En el presente artículo se muestra una revisión de los eventos significativos relacionadoscon el origen y establecimiento del análisis del comportamiento en Colombia: el impacto queha tenido, su desarrollo medido a partir de la presencia del enfoque en los currículos de lasuniversidades, la existencia de laboratorios y grupos de investigación, las publicaciones ypresentaciones en eventos y, a partir de allí, se presentan las perspectivas locales de estacorriente. Para tal fin, se llevó a cabo una revisión de algunos de los textos y artículos que hansido publicados; además, se realizaron entrevistas a académicos cuya producción intelectualha contribuido al desarrollo y mantenimiento del análisis conductual como ciencia teórica,básica y aplicada en Colombia.

  18. Evidence of active management of private voluntary pension funds in Colombia: a performance analysis using proxy ETFs

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Edgardo Cayón Fallón

    2010-04-01

    Full Text Available The purpose of this study is to find evidence that shows that either active management of private pension funds in Colombia actually adds value to the investors or, on the contrary, investors would achieve better results if they invested in passively managed products such as, for example, an ETF (Exchange Trade Fund. After conducting a review of data available from 30 different private pension funds in Colombia and 30 ETFs that had similar investment goals to these portfolios, our findings reveal that, using common performance indicators, a Colombian investor would have a better ROI by investing in passively managed products (ETFs than in portfolios currently offered by voluntary pension funds in Colombia

  19. EL MAESTRO JOSÉ FÉLIX DE RESTREPO, EL EDUCADOR DE LA GENERACIÓN DE INDEPENDENCIA DE COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Javier Ocampo López

    2010-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo de investigación es un estudio sobre la vida y el pensamiento educativo del Dr. José Félix de Restrepo, el Maestro de la Generación de Independencia de Colombia, quien desde Popayán, Antioquia y Bogotá formó numerosos políticos de la Primera República Granadina y la Gran Colombia. Su filosofía educativa y sus ideas sobre la educación primaria, secundaria y universitaria fueron las bases estructurales para la organización y consolidación de la educación en Colombia. En la misma forma, destacamos su lucha constante por la libertad de los esclavos.

  20. Colombia's War on Drugs: Can Peru Provide the Recipe for Success

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Hobaugh, Michael

    2000-01-01

    This thesis examines counternarcotics strategies of interdiction, eradication, and alternative development used in Peru during the 199Os to determine if Peru's success can provide the recipe for success in Colombia...

  1. Education, Conflict and Social (In)Justice: Insights from Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Novelli, Mario

    2010-01-01

    This paper explores the dynamics of repression and resistance within the Colombian education system through exploring human rights violations against educators. Drawing on the findings of several fieldwork visits carried out since 2005 across Colombia, the paper focuses on the darker side of the education/conflict relationship, demonstrating…

  2. Perfil logístico de Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Cardozo Maglioni, María Victoria; Lozano Suarez, María Goretty

    2012-01-01

    El presente documento ofrece un estudio del perfil logístico de Colombia con la finalidad de dar a conocer el estado de arte de las ciudades, puertos e infraestructura principal para facilitar la toma de decisiones de los empresarios. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se determinaron a partir de un análisis competitivo del país; las principales ciudades y puertos; logrando establecer un inventario de maquinaria y equipo e infraestructura logística; enmarcados en retos ya establecidos en las ...

  3. Colombia : tous les projets | Page 5 | CRDI - Centre de recherches ...

    International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)

    Sujet: YOUTH, ADOLESCENTS, VIOLENCE, JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE, CRIME PREVENTION. Région: North and Central America, South America, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico. Programme: Gouvernance et justice. Financement total : CA$ 415,900.00. Données ouvertes aux fins ...

  4. Characterization of Phytophthora infestans populations in Colombia: first report of the A2 mating type.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vargas, Angela M; Quesada Ocampo, Lina M; Céspedes, Maria Catalina; Carreño, Natalia; González, Adriana; Rojas, Alejandro; Zuluaga, A Paola; Myers, Kevin; Fry, William E; Jiménez, Pedro; Bernal, Adriana J; Restrepo, Silvia

    2009-01-01

    Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight in crops of the Solanaceae family, is one of the most important plant pathogens in Colombia. Not only are Solanum lycopersicum, and S. tuberosum at risk, but also several other solanaceous hosts (Physalis peruviana, S. betaceum, S. phureja, and S. quitoense) that have recently gained importance as new crops in Colombia may be at risk. Because little is known about the population structure of Phytophthora infestans in Colombia, we report here the phenotypic and molecular characterization of 97 isolates collected from these six different solanaceous plants in Colombia. All the isolates were analyzed for mating type, mitochondrial haplotypes, genotype for several microsatellites, and sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. This characterization identified a single individual of A2 mating type (from Physalis peruviana) for the first time in Colombia. All isolates had an ITS sequence that was at least 97% identical to the consensus sequence. Of the 97 isolates, 96 were mitochondrial haplotype IIa, with the single A2 isolate being Ia. All isolates were invariant for the microsatellites. Additionally, isolates collected from S. tuberosum and P. peruviana (64 isolates) were tested for: aggressiveness on both hosts, genotype for the isozymes (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase), and restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprint pattern as detected by RG57. Isolates from S. tuberosum were preferentially pathogenic on S. tuberosum, and isolates from P. peruviana were preferentially pathogenic on P. peruviana. The population from these two hosts was dominated by a single clonal lineage (59 of 64 individuals assayed), previously identified from Ecuador and Peru as EC-1. This lineage was mating type A1, IIa for mitochondrial DNA, invariant for two microsatellites, and invariant for both isozymes. The remaining four A1 isolates were in lineages very closely related to EC-1 (named EC-1.1, CO

  5. Las Serpientes en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Daniel H.

    1949-12-01

    Full Text Available El estudio de las serpientes en Colombia no deja de tener su particular interés; existe una inmensa variedad de especies que se escalonan desde los valles ardientes hasta alturas relativamente considerables; en estos últimos puntos disminuye notablemente la variedad de formas y de modo especial las especies provistas de veneno. Hacer una distinción entre las especies venenosas y las inofensivas, resulta un tanto difícil; en algunos textos se dan unas cuántas reglas, pero la mayor parte de ellas sólo tienen aplicación con especies exóticas ya que la mayor parte de esas distinciones se han tomado de obras que hacen referencia a la fauna europea.

  6. Population differentiation of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) from Colombia and Venezuela.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Monsalve, Yoman; Panzera, Francisco; Herrera, Leidi; Triana-Chávez, Omar; Gómez-Palacio, Andrés

    2016-06-01

    The emerging vector of Chagas disease, Triatoma maculata (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), is one of the most widely distributed Triatoma species in northern South America. Despite its increasing relevance as a vector, no consistent picture of the magnitude of genetic and phenetic diversity has yet been developed. Here, several populations of T. maculata from eleven Colombia and Venezuela localities were analyzed based on the morphometry of wings and the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) gene sequences. Our results showed clear morphometric and genetic differences among Colombian and Venezuelan populations, indicating high intraspecific diversity. Inter-population divergence is suggested related to East Cordillera in Colombia. Analyses of other populations from Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil from distinct eco-geographic regions are still needed to understand its systematics and phylogeography as well as its actual role as a vector of Chagas disease. © 2016 The Society for Vector Ecology.

  7. ESPECIES DE DRYOPHTHORINAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE ASOCIADAS A PLÁTANO Y BANANO (Musa spp. EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    JOSE RUBIO-GOMEZ

    2009-05-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN Se presenta una sinopsis de los escarabajos de la subfamilia Dryophthorinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae asociados a cultivos de plátano y banano en Colombia. Adicionalmente se ofrecen claves ilustradas para las especies del país. Se registran seis especies asociadas a dichos cultivos: Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824, Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus, 1758, Metamasius hebetatus (Gyllenhal, 1838, Metamasius submaculatus Champion, 1910, Rhyncophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758 y Polytus mellerborgii (Boheman, 1838. Palabras clave: picudos, plátano, banano, Polytus, Colombia. ABSTRACT This synopsis is about beetle’s subfamily Dryophthorinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae associated to plantain and banana crops. Additionally keys illustrated for the species of the country are offered. Six species associated to these cultures are registered: Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar, 1824, Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus, 1758, Metamasius hebetatus (Gyllenhal, 1838, Metamasius submaculatus Champion, 1910, Rhyncophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758 y Polytus mellerborgii (Boheman, 1838. Key words: weevils, plantain, banana, Polytus, Colombia.

  8. [International reference prices and cost minimization analysis for the regulation of medicine prices in Colombia].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vacca, Caludia; Acosta, Angela; Rodriguez, Ivan

    2011-01-01

    To suggest a scheme of decision making on pricing for medicines that are part of Free Regulated Regime, a regulation way of the pharmaceutical pricing policy in Colombia. It includes two regulation tools: international reference prices and a cost minimization analysis methodology. Following the current pricing policy, international reference prices were built with data from five countries for selected medicines, which are under Free Regulated Regime. The cost minimization analysis methodology includes selection of those medicines under Free Regulated Regime with possible comparable medicines, selection of comparable medicines, and treatment costs evaluation. As a result of the estimate of International Reference Prices, four medicines showed in the domestic pharmaceutical market a bigger price than the Reference Price. A scheme of decision-making was design containing two possible regulation tools for medicines that are part of Free Regulated Regime: estimate of international reference prices and cost minimization analysis methodology. This diagram would be useful to assist the pricing regulation of Free Regulated Regime in Colombia. As present results shows, international reference prices make clear when domestic prices are higher than those of reference countries. In the current regulation of pharmaceutical prices in Colombia, the international reference price has been applied for four medicines. Would be suitable to extend this methodology to other medicines of high impact on the pharmaceutical expenditure, in particular those covered by public funding. The availability of primary sources about treatment costs in Colombia needs to be improved as a requirement to develop pharmaco-economic evidence. SISMED is an official database that represents an important primary source of medicines prices in Colombia. Nevertheless, having into account that SISMED represents an important advantage of transparency in medicines prices, it needs to be improved in quality and data

  9. Silencios. Visual memory of the Holocaust in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Lorena Cardona González

    2017-01-01

    complexity to produce an image in a context of pain; the second, taking into account the work of Michael Pollak, focuses on how memory becomes an essential component of identity, and although this is traumatic, their times, enunciations and hearings suffer postponements, suppression and concealments. These components enable a regard toward the memory of the Holocaust in Colombia

  10. Snakes from the Leeward Group, Venezuela and eastern Colombia

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Brongersma, L.D.

    1940-01-01

    Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck entrusted me with the study of the snakes, which he collected during his trips to the islands off the north coast of Venezuela, to the Venezuelan mainland, and to eastern Colombia. In the present paper the species collected by Dr. Hummelinck are listed with data on scale

  11. Frogs from the Leeward group, Venezuela and eastern Colombia

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Brongersma, L.D.

    1948-01-01

    The present notes deal with a small collection of frogs that was made by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK during his visits to the islands of the Leeward Group, Venezuela and Eastern Colombia. I have included in this study the specimens of Pleurodema brachyops (Cope) already present in the Rijksmuseum van

  12. A new snake from tile Eastern Andes of Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dunn Emmett Reid

    1946-08-01

    Full Text Available A small collection from northeastern Colombia recently sent for identification by my friend Hermano Nicéforo María of the Instituto de La Salle in Bogotá, contains a single specimen of a Leptotyphlops which I am unable to place in any of the described species.

  13. HLA genes in Chimila Amerindians (Colombia), the Peopling of ...

    African Journals Online (AJOL)

    Our aim is to study the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 gene frequencies in the Chimila Amerindian (Colombia) ethnic group. Results are compared with other World populations in order to obtain information about Chimila and Amerindian Health promotion, Amerindian origins and America peopling. Written consent was ...

  14. Compra impulsiva en el homosexual masculino en Barranquilla (Colombia: un estudio descriptivo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vanya Guadalupe Alvarado López

    2005-01-01

    Full Text Available Esta investigación se basa en estudios realizados por Luna-Aroca en España y Denegri en Chile, mediante la aplicación de la escala de consumo de Luna-Aroca (2000, para describir las características de compra impulsiva del homosexual masculino en Barranquilla, Colombia. Los resultados indican que la compra impulsiva en los homosexuales masculinos en Barranquilla (Colombia se centra en la búsqueda de novedad, exclusividad y la relación hedónica entre el producto y la compra. Las áreas del self que más se relacionan con la compra impulsiva son la económica, la física (peso y la belleza.

  15. Feminismo afrodiaspórico. Una agenda emergente del feminismo negro en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Aurora Vergara Figueroa

    2014-06-01

    Full Text Available Afro-diasporic Feminism. An Emerging A genda of Black Feminism in Colombia Abstract In this paper we reflect on the motivations, agenda and commitments set within the context of the first international seminar “Afro female Conspiracy: Rethinking feminisms from diversity” held between June 24th and 25th, 2011 in Cali, Colombia. In this scenario, it was proposed to understand Afrodiasporic feminism as a process, a research agenda, a strategy of social mobilization, a practice of solidarity and a restorative justice claim. We establish connections between the proposals discussed in this scenario and a number of proposals on diasporic feminism formulated in Latin America, in dialogue with the U.S. black feminism and African feminism.

  16. Prevalencia de malformaciones cardíacas congenitas en 44,985 nacimientos en Colombia§

    OpenAIRE

    Baltaxe,Erik; Zarante,Ignacio

    2006-01-01

    Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de malformaciones congenitas cardíacas en Colombia usando la metodología del Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congenitas y hacer una descripción epidemiológica de la población estudiada. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte que incluyó 44,985 neonatos nacidos entre junio 1 de 2001 y abril 30 de 2005 en once hospitales de Colombia. Resultados: Se reportaron 55 casos (1.2 por 1,000). Treinta y ...

  17. Propuesta para la financiación de la educación superior en colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Mora Cortés, Andrés Felipe

    2012-01-01

    Inspirado en los modelos de asignación ciudadana y renta básica de ciudadanía, el documento presenta una propuesta para el financiamiento de la educación superior en Colombia. Se presentará una alternativa que brinda a todos los jóvenes de Colombia la oportunidad de ejercer su derecho a la educación superior. Bajo principios de universalidad, individualidad e incondicionalidad se le ofrecerá a cada uno de sus ciudadanos una asignación de 30 millones de pesos en e...

  18. Transmission scenarios of major vector-borne diseases in Colombia, 1990-2016.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Padilla, Julio César; Lizarazo, Fredy Eberto; Murillo, Olga Lucía; Mendigaña, Fernando Antonio; Pachón, Edwin; Vera, Mauricio Javier

    2017-03-29

    Introducción. Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores representan más de 17 % de todas las enfermedades infecciosas y causan anualmente un millón de defunciones a nivel mundial. En Colombia, la malaria, el dengue, la enfermedad de Chagas y las leishmaniasis son condiciones endemoepidémicas persistentes.Objetivo. Determinar el comportamiento epidemiológico de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en zonas urbanas y rurales de Colombia entre 1990 y 2016.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo del comportamiento epidemiológico de las principales enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en zonas urbanas y rurales de Colombia entre 1990 y 2016, con la información proveniente de fuentes oficiales secundarias.Resultados. En el periodo estudiado se registraron 5'360.134 casos de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, de los cuales 54,7 % fueron de malaria y 24,9 % de dengue. Estos casos concentraron el 80 % de la carga acumulada de casos de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Las medianas de las tasas de incidencia fueron 1.371 y 188 por 100.00 habitantes para malaria y dengue, respectivamente. Además, los casos de chikungunya fueron 774.831 desde su introducción en el 2014 y, los de Zika, 117.674 desde su aparición en 2015. En las zonas rurales predominaron las enfermedades parasitarias transmitidas por vectores como la malaria, las leishmaniasis y la enfermedad de Chagas. A nivel urbano, predominaron el dengue, el chikungunya y el Zika.Conclusiones. La transmisión en Colombia de estas enfermedades es persistente en las zonas urbanas y en las rurales, y de tipo endemoepidémico en los casos de malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis y enfermedad de Chagas. Dicha transmisión se ha dado de manera focalizada y con patrones variables de intensidad. Asimismo, se mantienen las condiciones que han favorecido la transmisión emergente de nuevas arbovirosis.

  19. La desertificación en Colombia y el cambio global

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Vargas Cuervo Germán

    2003-01-01

    Full Text Available Las cifras de tierras afectadas por procesos de desertificación o en vía de desertificación son cada vez más alarmantes de tal forma que aproximadamente el 30%, de la superficie terrestre se presenta, en zonas áridas (40-45 1Ikm2. en donde habitan cerca de 600 millones de personasy un 4% de la superficie terrestre se presentan propiamente desiertos con cerca de 60milloncs de habitantes.En este articulo, se presenta un marco metodológico para la determinación de los indicadores ambientales biofísicos que determinan áreas en desertificación o en vía de descrtificación hacia la determinación y caracterización de estas áreas en Colombia, igualmente se presenta un escenario de la magnificación de está problemática a finales del siglo L'CI, asociado al cambio climático global. Estos estudios fueron realizados en el seno del Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Esnldios Ambientales, IDEAM en el marco de las investigaciones sobre la degradación de suelos}' tierras en Colombia del Sistema Nacional Ambiental SINA y la preparación de la primera Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Ifarco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio climático. Los resultados estiman que en Colombia, las tierras afectadas por deserrificación totalizan 4'828,875 hectáreas, que correspondientes a 4.1% del territorio nacional, de los cuales el 0.6%, el alcanza niveles extremos de gravedad y de insostenibilidad, en tanto gue en el 1.9 % los niveles son moderados y en el 1.4 %} restantes son leves. Con el escenario climático global en 100 años, bajo un escenario climático del indicador basado en el índice P (precipitación/EPT (evapotranspiración, se considera que Colombia podría tener una superficie adicional de desertificación de 3'576,068 hectáreas (3.1%, para un total de 8'404.943 hectáreas, correspondientes a 7.2% del territorio nacional.

  20. Tendencias actuales del Procedimiento Civil en Colombia y sus nuevos avances hacia una sociedad moderna

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Rafael Vergara Camargo

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available ResumenAnalizar la aproximación actual del Procedimiento Civil en Colombia, es acercarnos a las realidades sociales, políticas, económicas y jurídicas; de ahí que cada día hay que repensar para reubicarnos en nuestro contexto, las normatividades jurídicas que permiten resolver oportunamente las problemáticas que se dan en torno a las relaciones de nuestra sociedad las cuales se presentan y no están alejadas de nuestra realidad; por eso como Colombia es un país en vía de desarrollo, que se encuentra articulado al mundo global, se hace necesario implementar las herramientas jurídicas, para hacer más oportuna la solución de los conflictos.Palabras clavesProcedimiento, justicia, desarrollo social, normatividades.AbstractAnalyze the current approach of Civil Procedure in Colombia, is be closer to the social, political, economic and legal, and hence that every day we must rethink our place ourselves in context, legal normativities that solve problems in a timely manner about the relations that exist in our society are presented and are not far from our reality so as Colombia is a developing country, which is articulated to the global world, it is necessary to implement the legal tools to do more timely resolution of conflicts.Key wordsProcedure, justice, social development, normativities.

  1. Colombia to Nigeria: Exploring the Possibilities of a Security Cooperation Strategy for Nigeria Based on the Successes Realized Through Plan Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    2016-06-10

    achieving its objective. Using that same operational approach design and enviromental framework, but simply replacing key words with Nigeria, Boko Haram...and smuggling we get the following operational approch and current/desired enstate enviromental framework for Nigeria. 96 Figure 30...overall military enviromental similarity received a score of 3. This places the risk of applying elements of Plan Colombia to current state

  2. Mortalidad por cáncer infantil en Colombia durante 1985 a 2008 Child mortality from cancer in Colombia, 1985-2008

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Marion Piñeros

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available OBJETIVO: Determinar la magnitud de la mortalidad por cáncer infantil en Colombia y evaluar las tendencias en su evolución entre 1985 y 2008. MÉTODOS: Se analizó durante dicho período la mortalidad en la población colombiana de 0 a 14 años provocada por cáncer en todas las localizaciones -leucemias, tumores malignos del sistema nervioso central (SNC, linfomas no Hodgkin, linfomas Hodgkin, tumores óseos y tumores renales. Se calculó el cambio promedio en las variaciones de las tendencias de mortalidad por cáncer en dicho grupo etario. RESULTADOS: Las muertes por cáncer constituyeron el 3,5% de la mortalidad en menores de 15 años. Entre los períodos 1985-1989 y 2005-2008 las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer mostraron un descenso en ambos sexos, pasando de 54,4 muertes por millón a 44,8 muertes por millón en niños y de 40,9 muertes por millón a 37,9 muertes por millón en niñas. La mortalidad por leucemias y linfomas registró un descenso estadísticamente significativo, mientras que la mortalidad por cánceres del SNC, contrariamente, aumentó también de manera significativa. CONCLUSIONES: Pese a leves tendencias a la baja en la mortalidad por leucemias y linfomas no Hodgkin, las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer infantil en Colombia permanecen altas y requieren esfuerzos importantes en los tratamientos para obtener mayores logros.OBJECTIVE: Determine the magnitude of child mortality from cancer in Colombia and evaluate the trends in its evolution from 1985 to 2008. METHODS: Mortality in the Colombian population aged 0-14 years from cancer in any site (e.g., leukemia, malignant tumors of the central nervous system (CNS, nonHodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, bone tumors, kidney tumors during this period was analyzed. The mean change in the variations of cancer mortality trends in this age group was calculated. RESULTS: Deaths from cancer accounted for 3.5% of mortality in children under 15 years of age. During the periods 1985

  3. Criolla Latina, Criolla Paisa y Criolla Colombia, nuevos cultivares de papa criolla para el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rodríguez Luis Ernesto

    2009-12-01

    Full Text Available

    Se evaluaron nueve clones de papa criolla durante dos semestres consecutivos en cuatro localidades del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia, a través de las siguientes variables agronómicas: potencial de rendimiento del tubérculo, rendimiento en el proceso de enlatado, gravedad específica, respuesta a Phytophthora infestans y estabilidad fenotípica. La estabilidad fenotípica fue medida por el procedimiento de rendimiento-estabilidad. La contribución de cada clon en la interacción genotipo-ambiente fue calculada mediante la varianza de Shukla. El estudio permitió seleccionar tres clones superiores de papa criolla, que fueron registrados como nuevos cultivares en el año 2005. Estos fueron: 'Criolla Latina' (98-68.5, con rendimiento entre 18 y 20 t ha -1, resistencia moderada a P. infestans, y buena aptitud para enlatado o encurtido; 'Criolla Paisa' (98-70-12, rendimiento de 22 a 25 t ha -1, resistencia moderada a P. infestans, y buena aptitud para consumo en fresco; y 'Criolla Colombia' (Clon 1, rendimiento entre 13 y 15 t ha -1, sensible a P. infestans, y adecuada para consumo en fresco y elaboración de papa precocida congelada.

  4. Dinámica exportadora de las empresas born global en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Diana Marcela Escandón Barbosa

    2015-11-01

    Full Text Available Este artículo pretende analizar las condiciones principales del mercado exportador de las empresas born global en el caso colombiano, teniendo en cuenta los principales factores del entorno que determinan su dinámica exportadora. Se utiliza la base de datos GEM Colombia del año 2011, para analizar 297 empresas born global colombianas, mediante un análisis descriptivo y la estimación de un modelo de conglomerados bietápico. Los resultados muestran que los cambios tecnológicos, las características sectoriales y la intensidad competitiva son factores determinantes de la dinámica exportadora de las empresas born global en Colombia, y se concluye que los empresarios se adaptan al mercado internacional mejorando continuamente sus productos y procesos.

  5. Conceptual framework for Non-Timber Forest Products in mangroves of Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Garcia S, Catalina; Polania V, Jaime

    2008-01-01

    The forests policy of most of tropical countries is directed initially toward the use of Wood resources and, secondarily, for firewood. Nevertheless, tropical forests generate other products that, in some countries, can have a high value, comparable with those of wood, called 'Non Timber Forest Products' (NTFP) or 'Non Wood Forest Products' (NWFP). Unfortunately this label does not enhance the fact that its harvest is an important activity in rural economies. The NTFP have motivated interest by their economic and social contribution in many countries, mainly for rural populations? all along Latin America are utilized, and, particularly in Colombia, it is necessary to regulate clearly and accurately their exploitation. Here we present a conceptual framework for the NTFP's, and describe the potential contribution of mangroves to this market in Colombia

  6. Nuevas nociones sobre el género Ficus en Colombia, III

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dugand Armando

    1944-06-01

    Full Text Available En este trabajo, continuación de mi estudio del genero Ficus en Colombia, se describe una especie nueva de este país y se proponen sendos nombres nuevos para dos especies antiguas recientemente halladas en Colombia pero originalmente descritas del Amazonas brasileño y de la América Central. Aprovecho esta oportunidad para expresar mi más vivo agradecimiento a la señorita Marjorie W. Stone, Bibliógrafa del Gray Herbarium, Universidad de Harvard, y al señor León Groizat, del Arnold Arboretum, Universidad de Harvard, por la muy diligente y valiosa ayuda que me han prestado en la búsqueda de datos bibliográficos referentes a algunas especies de Ficus de status nomenclatural incierto o dudoso.

  7. Análisis del comportamiento en Colombia: antecedentes y perspectivas

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Wilson López López

    2010-07-01

    Full Text Available En el presente artículo se muestra una revisión de los eventos significativos relacionados con el origen y establecimiento del análisis del comportamiento en Colombia: el impacto que ha tenido, su desarrollo medido a partir de la presencia del enfoque en los currículos de las universidades, la existencia de laboratorios y grupos de investigación, las publicaciones y presentaciones en eventos y, a partir de allí, se presentan las perspectivas locales de esta corriente. Para tal fin, se llevó a cabo una revisión de algunos de los textos y artículos que han sido publicados; además, se realizaron entrevistas a académicos cuya producción intelectual ha contribuido al desarrollo y mantenimiento del análisis conductual como ciencia teórica, básica y aplicada en Colombia

  8. Genotoxic Biomarkers in Erythrocytes of Lepidochelys olivacea (Cheloniidae from Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Victor Hugo Quiroz Herrera

    2017-09-01

    Full Text Available This research was conducted in the municipality of Bahia Solano, Colombia, and had as a goal to detect damage erythrocytes circulating with nuclear lesions in fifty-five Olive Ridley adult females using acridine orange immunostain, and correlate its frequencies with some physiological and biometric parameters. We determine a micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE frequency of 0.6 ± 0.6 and nuclear buds (NBE of 2.1 ± 1.9. We not found any relationship between the nuclear lesions with physiological or biometric parameters evaluated (Pearson and Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05. We define a significative statistical difference (p=0.035 between both nuclear lesions frequencies. This results show nuclear damages in erythrocytes of Olive Ridley sea turtle for the first time in Colombia as an outcome of genotoxic stress. Also contributes key information for future research in the ecotoxicology area for endangered marine species.

  9. Helmintiasis y protozoasis en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Patiño Camargo

    1940-02-01

    Full Text Available Sabre un territorio de más de un millón de kilómetres cuadrados caracrerizado por la multiplicidad de climas y la variedad topográfica de su relieve, habita el pueblo de Colombia de cerca de nueve millones de personas de un tipo humano con caracteres propios en via de eetabilización. El parasitismo intestinal por helmintos y protozoarios es una pandemia de todos los climas colombianos, pera alcanza su intensidad maxima en las zonas extendidas del nivel del mar a 2.000 metros de elevación con temperaturas medias de 32° a 16° grados oentígrados.

  10. Colombia competente para la paz

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Norma Sofía Vanegas Torres

    2013-07-01

    Full Text Available La paz y la convivencia en Colombia demandan el desarrollo de un enfoque humanístico, una competencia particular que como las restantes competencias implican un saber y un saber hacer dentro de un contexto, pero que en este caso se relacionan más concretamente con el saber vivir. Este artículo analiza el desarrollo de una posible de competencia para la paz y analiza la importancia de la academia como medio para su desarrollo e instrumentalización. Se analizan al mismo tiempo las connotaciones de esta competencia en el marco de la sociedad posmoderna contemporánea.

  11. Colombia y el transpacific partnership agreement

    OpenAIRE

    Navarro León, Karen Sofía

    2015-01-01

    Colombia, a partir de 1990, inicia un plan de gobierno enfocado en la apertura económica, con estrategias que propugnaban por un cambio en el modelo económico a través de políticas como la reducción de aranceles a las importaciones y otra serie de medidas proteccionistas, flexibilización laboral, la reducción del papel del Estado para darle protagonismo al sector privado y procesos de privatización de empresas públicas En este entorno internacional se ha adquirido conciencia de que, en un...

  12. The constitutional control system in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Javier Moreno Ortiz

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available The system of constitutional control in Colombia designed in the Legislative Act n.º 3 of 1910 is a milestone in a long and fruitful political and constitutional tradition owes much to his Hispanic roots and its American developments. Both the public action of unconstitutionality as the plea of unconstitutionality have clear precedents in the constitutionalism of Spain and the Colony were prepared by a Constituent Assembly acted with knowledge and faithfulness to that tradition and have been and are institutions of our capital social and democratic state of law.

  13. ABUSO DEL DIAGNÓSTICO DE AMIBIASIS EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ernesto Plata Rueda

    1983-09-01

    Full Text Available

    Se citan argumentos de la literatura nacional y de la práctica diaria según los cuales es patente que en Colombia se está abusando del diagnóstico de amibiasis, como salida fácil para tratar de solucionar los más variados problemas clínicos, tanto de la pediatría como de la medicina general. Los orígenes del abuso son, por una parte la real alta prevalencia de la parasitosis en Colombia, pero por sobre todo, el considerar enfermedad a la condición
    de portador, agravado por la circunstancia de ser evidente que hay fallas importantes en el entrenamiento de personal de laboratorio clínico para distinguir con razonable certeza la Entamoeba histolítica patógena, de otras especies no invasoras.

    El abuso tiene especial gravedad en el niño pequeño, quien, como consecuencia de él, es objeto de tratamientos agresivos y deja de recibir el manejo médico o quirúrgico que sí es adecuado. Se sugieren una serie de medidas educativas y técnicas para contrarrestar este problema.

  14. [Colombia: what has happened with its health reform?].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Gómez-Arias, Rubén Darío; Nieto, Emmanuel

    2014-01-01

    The health reform adopted in Colombia in 1993 was promoted by different agencies as the model to follow in matters of health policy. Following the guidelines of the Washington Consensus and the World Bank, the Government of Colombia, with the support of national political and economic elites, reorganized the management of health services based on market principles, dismantled the state system, increased finances of the sector, assigned the management of the system to the private sector, segmented the provision of services, and promoted interaction of actors in a competitive scheme of low regulation. After 20 years of implementation, the Colombian model shows serious flaws and is an object of controversy. The Government has weakened as the governing entity for health; private groups that manage the resources were established as strong centers of economic and political power; and violations of the right to health increased. Additionally, corruption and service cost overruns have put a strain on the sustainability of the system, and the state network is in danger of closing. Despite its loss of prestige at the internal level, various actors within and outside the country tend to keep the model based on contextual reforms.

  15. Bioremediation in soil contaminated with hydrocarbons in Colombia.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Alejandra Trujillo Toro

    2012-10-01

    Full Text Available This study analyzes bioremediation processes of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Colombia as a sustainable alternative to the deterioration of environmental quality by hydrocarbon spillage. According to national and international environmental law, all waste contaminated with hydrocarbons is considered dangerous waste, and therefore it cannot be released in the ground, water or be incinerated. Such legislation has motivated companies around the world to implement treatment processes for contaminated soils. Within Colombia, oil companies have been implementing the bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in order to manage the waste coming from activities of oil drilling, refinement, transport and distribution.These practices must be considered viable for their ease of implementation, their low overhead costs, and for the benefits they provide towards environmental quality. Among the positive impacts that these practices have generated, it may consider the following: a solution for the problem of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, alternatives for the ultimate disposal of said waste without affecting ground, water or air resources, the low cost of the operation, and the technical experience of sustainable development which can continue to be implemented in companies dealing with dangerous waste.

  16. Economic evaluation of current conditions of competition and efficiency of automotive and rail systems in Colombia

    International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

    Vasco Correa, Carlos Andrés

    2012-01-01

    This study uses microeconomic data from the transportation systems of land cargo in Colombia: rail and trucking, to determine their degree of allocative efficiency through the non-parametric method Data Envelopment Analysis DEA. The average overall efficiency found was 74.4% for trains and 20.56% for trucks. These figures indicate that rail is more efficient in the allocation of resources. This means that trains in Colombia use their input better than trucks to maximize their production, given the costs and technological characteristics of each system. This is a signal for the design of a public policy for investment in transportation infrastructure that seeks to raise the competitiveness of Colombian exports, investing not only in roads but in complementary systems such as railways too. - Highlights: ► Colombia is currently undergoing a backlog of transport infrastructure and high export costs. ► We perform a microeconomic study of transportation systems in Colombia: rail and trucking. ► As a result we found that the rail is much more efficient than the automotive system. ► As policy recommendation the government should consider the investment in railways. ► It is necessary to take into account the strategic value that investment in railways would bring.

  17. Nueva especie de (Sauria: Iguanidae Lagarto Collarejo de la zona sur andina de Colombia Nueva especie de (Sauria: Iguanidae Lagarto Collarejo de la zona sur andina de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Castro Fernando

    1982-04-01

    Full Text Available Two species of the Andean lizard genus Stenocercus are reported from Colombia, in addition to the well-known S. trachycepbalus. The presence of Stenocercus guentheri, group lizards in the southern Departamento de Nariño is confirmed. A new species of Stenocercus is described from the immediate surroundings of the town of Bolivar, Departamento del Cauca.Se informa la presencia en Colombia de dos especies adicionales de lagartos del género andino Stenocercus, además de la especie bien conocida S. trachycephalus. Se confirma la presencia de poblaciones del grupo S. guentheri en el Departamento de Nariño. Se describe una especie nueva de Stenocercus de los alrededores del Municipio de Bolívar en el Departamento del Cauca.

  18. Lista de las especies de Flebotomos (Diptera: psychodidae, phlebotominae de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Cristina Ferro

    1988-12-01

    Full Text Available Se presenta una lista de 133 especies de Phlebotominae encontradas hasta ahora en Colombia S.A. pertenecientes a los géneros Warileya (2 especies, Brumptomyia (6 especies y Lutzomyia (125 especies.

  19. Cefalea por uso excesivo de analgésicos en Bucaramanga, Colombia: Prevalencia y factores asociados

    OpenAIRE

    Rueda-Sánchez, Mauricio

    2013-01-01

    Introducción : el uso de analgésicos es frecuente en pacientes con cefalea; sin embargo no hay datos sobre la prevalencia de la cefalea por uso excesivo de medicaciones (CUEM) en Colombia. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de CUEM en Bucaramanga-Colombia y los factores asociados a este consumo. Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado en habitantes de Bucaramanga seleccionados al azar. Las comparaciones se realizaron mediante la prueba t o el chi (χ2)i ...

  20. IDENTIFICACIÓN MOLECULAR DE MICROORGANISMOS ASOCIADOS A LA RIZOSFERA DE PLANTAS DE VAINILLA EN COLOMBIA

    OpenAIRE

    CLAUDIA L. ÁLVAREZ LÓPEZ; NELSON W. OSORIO VEGA; MAURICIO MARÍN MONTOYA

    2013-01-01

    El cultivo de vainilla es altamente promisorio en Colombia, pero se requiere mayor conocimiento de su manejo agronómico y de los microorganismos que crecen asociados a su rizosfera, de los cuales depende esta planta para su nutrición y crecimiento. En este trabajo se realizaron aislamientos de microorganismos de la rizosfera de plantas de vainilla en un cultivo piloto ubicado en el municipio de Sopetrán (Antioquia, Colombia). Los microorganismos se aislaron en medios selectivos de crecimiento...

  1. Sobre la flexibilidad laboral en Colombia y la precarización del empleo

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    María Alejandra Gómez Vélez

    2014-01-01

    Full Text Available El presente artículo hace parte del proceso de revisión documental de la investigación doctoral: Sentidos y significados del trabajo en el escenario laboral flexible. Una aproximación al contexto de Medellín– Colombia. Objetivo: indagar sobre la flexibilidad laboral en Colombia y su contribución a la precarización del empleo. Método: revisión de literatura. Procedimiento: se realizó una revisión de artículos relacionados, se consultaron investigaciones realizadas en Colombia, medios de comunicación masivos y fuentes gubernamentales de información. Se encontró en los resultados que la flexibilidad laboral en Colombia, se ha impuesto como una exigencia de las organizaciones a los Estados en su búsqueda de competitividad y sobrevivencia, pero que ha traído pérdidas significativas a la protección legal que tenían los trabajadores, incrementando cada vez más la precarización del empleo. En Colombia la flexibilidad laboral se presenta a través de los contratos comerciales con empresas temporales, cooperativas de trabajo asociado y contratos de prestación de servicios; además de la utilización de contratos laborales a término fijo. La conclusión, a modo general, es que el incremento de la utilización de estas modalidades de relación laboral se aumenta año a año y se incrementa la pérdida de calidad del trabajo y su estabilidad, con su respectiva disminución de calidad de vida y bienestar de los trabajadores y de sus familias, es así que, la consecución del empleo se constituye en una forma de responder a la necesidad de sobrevivencia. Es de resaltar que los empleadores contratan y desvinculan al personal bajo un criterio básicamente económico, incentivando en esta lógica de relación contractual el exceso de poder del más fuerte, es decir del empleador.

  2. Museo de Historia: 370 Años de Educación Médica en Colombia. IX Exposición Temporal.

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ricardo Rueda González

    2006-03-01

    A partir de estas generaciones pioneras, y una vez superadas las vicisitudes de las guerras de Independencia, la educación médica en Santafé de Bogotá se estableció en diferentes escuelas hasta llegar a la fundación de la Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1867, bajo la tutoría del ilustre médico Antonio Vargas Reyes, quien había sido, por otra parte, el fundador en 1852 de la primera revista médica de Colombia titulada La Lanceta, así como de la Gaceta Médica de Colombia en 1864, y principal promotor de la fundación de la Sociedad de Medicina y Ciencias Naturales, la cual tendría lugar en 1873 -el mismo año de su muertebajo la presidencia del doctor Manuel Plata Azuero. Esta sociedad se convertiría, en 1891, en la Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia.

  3. Formación inicial de docentes a distancia dentro del campo de la educación en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Gloria Lilliana Moreno Vizcaíno

    2014-05-01

    Full Text Available Este ensayo presenta una reflexión sobre la formación inicial de docentes a distancia dentro del campo de la educación en Colombia, principalmente desde la teoría de Pierre Bourdieu. La profesionalización del magisterio en Colombia ha sido un punto fundamental en la agenda educativa nacional, siendo las tres últimas décadas del siglo XX coyunturales para desarrollo de la metodología a distancia en programas de formación inicial docente a nivel universitario. A partir de entonces, la formación inicial de docentes a distancia ha tenido un posicionamiento dentro del campo de la Educación Superior en Colombia, hecho que se ha constituido en un agente profundo de cambio en la educación nacional y que ha estado claramente permeado por el impacto de las tecnologías de información y de la comunicación, lo cual le ha permitido enmarcarse dentro de los nuevos desafíos que dicha formación requiere. This essay presents a reflection about teacher initial training at distance within the field of education in Colombia, mainly from Pierre Bourdieu’s theory. The professionalization of the teaching in Colombia has been a fundamental point in the educational national agenda, being last three decades of the 20th century highly relevant for development of distance methodology in undergraduate teachers’ programs at university level. From then, teachers' initial training at distance has had a positioning inside the field of the superior education in Colombia, fact that has been constituted in a deep agent of change in the national education and that has been clearly permeated by the impact of the information and communications technology, which has allowed it to place inside the new challenges that this training needs.

  4. Contribución al conocimiento de los Machiloidea de Colombia (Archaeognatha: Insecta Contribución al conocimiento de los Machiloidea de Colombia (Archaeognatha: Insecta

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Sturm Helmut

    1983-09-01

    Full Text Available Se describen cuatro nuevas especies y una subespecie de Meinertellidae recolectadas en Colombia y en un bosque pluvial cerca de Manaos, Brasil. Son las siguientes: Meinertellus adisi, M. bogotensis santaemartae, Neomachilellus aboucbaari, N. amazonicus y N. rangeli. Se discute la posición sistemática de los ejemplares recolectados cerca de Bogotá, en el valle del río Magdalena y en la Cordillera Oriental cerca de Neiva. Se da una clave para los géneros suramericanos de la familia.Four new species and one new subspecies of Meinertellidae occurring respectively in Colombia and in the rain forest near Manaus, Brazil, are described:  Meinertellus adisi, M. bogotensis santaemartae , Neomachilellus abouchaari, N. amazonicus and N. rangeli. The systematical position of specimens collected near Bogota, in the Magdalena Valley and in the Eastern Andes near Neiva is discussed. A key for the South American genera of the family is given.

  5. Plan Colombia: Reality of the Colombian Crisis and Implications for Hemispheric Security

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Nagle, Luz

    2002-01-01

    As American foreign policy and military asset management expand beyond the so-called "Drug War" in Colombia, Professor Luz Nagle analyzes that country's problems and makes recommendations regarding...

  6. 78 FR 69640 - Notice of Decision To Authorize the Importation of Swiss Chard From Colombia Into the Continental...

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-11-20

    ... States of Swiss chard from Colombia. Based on the findings of a pest risk analysis, which we made..., based on the findings of a pest risk analysis (PRA), can be safely imported subject to one or more of... introducing or disseminating plant pests or noxious weeds via the importation of Swiss chard from Colombia...

  7. Distribución de Stenocercus guentheri (Sauria: Iguanidae en el sur de los Andes de Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Castro Herrera Fernando

    1993-12-01

    Full Text Available The morphology of a population of Stenocercus guentherifrom Colombia is described in detail and compared to information from ecuadorean specimens. The range of the species is extended northward to include the colombian departments (provinces of Nariño and Cauca along the Andes. Some field observations about bahavior, habitat, and reproduction are included.El presente trabajo describe las características de Stenocercus guentheri, en las poblaciones del sur de Colombia y hace una comparación con la información del Ecuador. Se amplía su rango de distribución geográfica hacia el norte de Suramérica, incluyendo los departamentos de Nariño y Cauca en los Andes de Colombia. Se incluyen datos de campo sobre hábitat, hábitos y reproducción.

  8. ¿Colombia tiene recursos económicos suficientes para atacar el narcotráfico y sus actividades vinculadas?

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Juan Felipe Jiménez Trucco

    2010-11-01

    Full Text Available Colombia es criticada permanentemente por la comunidad internacional en lo referente a su lucha contra la violencia. Sin embargo, no encuentra un apoyo real en algunos de sus vecinos (Nicaragua, Ecuador y Venezuela y otros actores en el ataque a generadores de violencia como son la guerrilla o los paramilitares, los cuales están a su vez relacionados con el narcotráfico. Es necesario que la comunidad internacional conozca el verdadero esfuerzo que realiza Colombia en la lucha contra el narcotráfico y la violencia asociada a este delito. Colombia ha incrementado considerablemente sus gastos en seguridad y defensa en la última década haciendo grandes esfuerzos para atacar, entre otros, el narcotráfico. Realmente ha encontrado un apoyo de sus vecinos y aliados para combatir idóneamente este delito? Con este escrito se evalúa la cooperación obtenida por Colombia por parte de otros actores en la lucha contra el narcotráfico, no solo en términos monetarios, sino también en términos de apoyo institucional.

  9. Aspectos regionales de la movilidad social y la igualdad de oportunidades en Colombia

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    Luis Armando Galvis-Aponte

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de la presente investigación es estudiar la movilidad social en Colombia en el ámbito regional. Colombia tiene uno de los más altos índices de concentración del ingreso en el mundo y amplias disparidades económicas a nivel regional, que han sido persistentes en el tiempo. En este trabajo se estudia uno de los factores determinantes de dicha persistencia: baja movilidad social de las generaciones. Los resultados confiman los bajos niveles de movilidad intergeneracional en la educación, aunque se reportan mejorías. Además, se encuentra una fuerte asociación entre el ingreso de una región y el grado de movilidad social. También, hay una correlación negativa y significativa entre el grado de desigualdad en los ingresos de una región y el grado de movilidad social. Esta investigación representa un primer esfuerzo por relacionar las condiciones de movilidad social con las de desigualdad, avanzando en el estudio de la transmisión intergeneracional de las desigualdades en Colombia.

  10. “No bastan muros de piedra para hacer una prisión” la vida cotidiana de los internos de la cárcel villahermosa, cali, colombia (“stone walls are not enough to build a prison.” the daily life of inmates at “villahermosa” prison in cali, colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Harold Mauricio Nieto Castillo

    2014-12-01

    Full Text Available RESUMEN El presente artículo derivado de investigación, describe la situación carcelaria en Colombia en los últimos años, haciendo énfasis sobre la situación particular del hacinamiento en el establecimiento carcelario Villahermosa de la ciudad de Cali (Colombia. Finalmente se realiza un análisis sobre la manera en que transcurre la vida cotidiana en dicho Centro Carcelario ABSTRACT The current article, derived from a piece of research, describes the prison situation in Colombia, in the last few years, making emphasis on the particular overcrowding situation at “Villahermosa” Prison in the city of Cali, Colombia. Lastly, an analysis of the daily living conditions at that prison is made.

  11. Los géneros de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia, II. Segunda Parte: Reptiles, Orden de los Saurios

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Dunn Emmett Reid

    1944-09-01

    Full Text Available El presente trabajo es una relación de nuestros conocimientos actuales acerca de los Reptiles Saurios de Colombia. Lo que sabemos hasta la fecha respecto de la fauna reptil de este país deja mucho que desear por cuanto no existen publicaciones referentes a las especies que habitan en los extensos territorios del Sur y del oriente de Colombia ni se dispone de ejemplares de aquellas regiones.  Al publicar este trabajo espero que sirva a manera de núcleo alrededor del cual se acumulen datos y observaciones que aumenten -en el futuro más rápidamente que en el pasado- nuestros conocimientos sobre los reptiles de Colombia.

  12. Climate-Smart Farms? Case Studies in Burkina Faso and Colombia

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Andrieu, N.; Pédelahore, P.; Howland, F.; Descheemaeker, K.K.E.

    2016-01-01

    The climate-smart agriculture concept aims to encourage reflection on
    the transition to sustainable agricultural systems adapted to climate change. This chapter is based on participatory research studies carried out in Colombia and Burkina Faso to investigate, with farmers, the relevance of new

  13. 78 FR 6188 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Free Trade Agreement-Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-01-29

    ... Promotion Agreement. This Trade Promotion Agreement is a free trade agreement (FTA) that provides for... 77 FR 27548 on May 10, 2012, to implement the United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement... and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). E.O. 13563 emphasizes the importance of...

  14. New species of Maxillaria (Orchidaceae) from the Sibundoy valley, Colombia

    Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database

    Szlachetko, D. L.; Kolanowska, Marta; Medina Trejo, R.; Lipinska, M.

    2017-01-01

    Roč. 164, č. 2 (2017), s. 159-170 ISSN 2381-8107 R&D Projects: GA ČR GB14-36098G Institutional support: RVO:86652079 Keywords : Maxillaria * Orchidaceae * Sibundoy * new species * flora of Colombia Subject RIV: EF - Botanics OBOR OECD: Plant sciences, botany

  15. Apogeo y decadencia del ideal de la inmigración europea en Colombia, siglo XIX

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    Frédéric Martínez

    1997-01-01

    Full Text Available El sueño de una inmigración europea, concebido como instrumento de modernización de la sociedad, figura sin duda entre los rasgos comunes de la cultura política hispanoamericana del siglo XIX; por lo tanto, Colombia se diferencia por su imposibilidad de transformar ese sueño en realidad. Más que la historia de un flujo de poblaciones, el tema de la inmigración en la Colombia del siglo XIX se da como una sucesión de leyes, proyectos, debates, análisis del fracaso, prevenciones. En esto, ofrece un observatorio privilegiado del imaginario de los grupos dirigentes en cuanto a la densidad "civilizadora", o al contrario " perturbadora", de una población europea importada: sin que haya recibido nunca flujos importantes de gentes, Colombia vivirá, casi con la misma intensidad que los otros países hispanoamericanos, el debate sobre los beneficios y los peligros de la inmigración.

  16. From War on Drugs to War against Terrorism: modeling the evolution of Colombia's counter-insurgency.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Banks, Catherine M; Sokolowski, John A

    2009-03-01

    Strategic and tactical planning for military intervention needs revision as the causes, methods, and means of conflict have evolved. Counter-insurgent engagement is one such intervention that governments, militaries, and non-governmental organizations seek to better understand. Modeling insurgencies is an acceptable means to gain insight into the various characteristics of asymmetric warfare to proffer prescriptive resolutions for mitigating their effects. Colombia's insurgency poses the challenge of assessing population behavior in a non-traditional revolutionary climate. Factors prevalent in traditional insurgency are not applicable in Colombia, specifically between the years 1993 and 2001 with the democratization of the drug cartels. The catastrophic events of September 11th reverberated in Colombia resulting in a new policy and strategy to the waging the counter-insurgency there. This research introduces a structured methodology to modeling the Colombian counter-insurgency incorporating qualitative assessment, mathematical representation, and a System Dynamics approach to represent the effects of the policy change.

  17. Funcionalidad de los cuadernos ATA dentro de las perspectivas del comercio exterior en Colombia

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    Ana Marí­a Heredia Rodríguez

    2017-02-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de la investigación es elaborar un manual de implementación de cuadernos ATA (Admisión Temporal para las operaciones de comercio exterior en Colombia, como mecanismo dinamizador de los regí­menes suspensivos de importación y exportación. La metodologí­a llevada a cabo fue la revisión de la normatividad internacional y la normatividad interna en Colombia; posteriormente, la aplicación de encuestas para recolectar información de fuentes primarias, llevando así­ a realizar un análisis crí­tico del tema propuesto y concluyendo posteriormente que la normatividad aduanera en Colombia debe ser acorde a los convenios internacionales, y a su vez la perspectiva de competitividad en el entorno de la globalización no se puede limitar al desarrollo logí­stico e infraestructura vial, sino que requiere implementar en su totalidad el decreto 390 de 2016 (Estatuto Aduanero y generar estrategias de facilitación de las operaciones comerciales internacionales, como los cuadernos ATA.

  18. Molecular identification of a new begomovirus infecting yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vaca-Vaca, Juan Carlos; Carrasco-Lozano, Emerson Clovis; López-López, Karina

    2017-02-01

    The complete genome sequence of a bipartite begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) infecting yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) in the state of Valle del Cauca (Colombia) has been determined. The complete DNA-A and DNA-B components were determined to be 2600 and 2572 nt in length, respectively. The DNA-A showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (87.2 %) to bean dwarf mosaic virus (M88179), a begomovirus found in common bean crops in Colombia, and only 77.4 % identity to passion fruit severe leaf distortion virus (FJ972767), a begomovirus identified infecting passion fruit in Brazil. Based on its sequence identity to all other begomoviruses known to date and in accordance with the ICTV species demarcation criterion for the genus Begomovirus (≥91 % sequence identity for the complete DNA-A), the name passion fruit leaf distortion virus is proposed for this new begomovirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bipartite begomovirus affecting passion fruit in Colombia and the second report of a geminivirus affecting this crop worldwide.

  19. Oral cancer in Cali, Colombia: a population-based analysis of incidence and mortality trends.

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    Dora Ordóñez

    2014-09-01

    Full Text Available Objective. To describe the time trends of the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer (OC in Cali, Colombia between 1962-2007. Materials and methods. Age-standardized (Segi’s world population incidence (ASIR and mortality (ASMR rates for oral cancer were estimated using data from the Population-based Cancer Registry of Cali, Colombia and from the database of the Municipal Secretary of Public Health (MSPH respectively. Annual percentage change (APC was used to measure the changes in rates over time. Results. 1 637 new cases of oral cancer were registered in the CPCR and the mean age upon diagnosis was 60 years. The ASIR decreased from 1962-2007 in men APC= 1.3 (IC95%:-2.0; -0.6 and women APC= -1.0 (IC95%: -1.7; -0.4.The ASMR decreased from 1984-2001 only in men, APC=2.8 (IC95%: -4.1; -1.5. Conclusions. There was a significant decrease in the incidence and mortality rates for OC in Cali, Colombia. The type of tumor associated to these changes was the squamous cell carcinoma

  20. [Oral cancer in Cali, Colombia: a population-based analysis of incidence and mortality trends].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Ordóñez, Dora; Aragón, Natalia; García, Luz Stella; Collazos, Paola; Bravo, Luis Eduardo

    2014-01-01

    To describe the time trends of the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer (OC) in Cali, Colombia between 1962-2007. Age-standardized (Segi's world population) incidence (ASIR) and mortality (ASMR) rates for oral cancer were estimated using data from the Population-based Cancer Registry of Cali, Colombia and from the database of the Municipal Secretary of Public Health (MSPH) respectively. Annual percentage change (APC) was used to measure the changes in rates over time. 1637 new cases of oral cancer were registered in the CPCR and the mean age upon diagnosis was 60 years. The ASIR decreased from 1962-2007 in men APC= 1.3 (IC95%:-2.0; -0.6) and women APC= -1.0 (IC95%: -1.7; -0.4).The ASMR decreased from 1984-2001 only in men, APC=2.8 (IC95%: -4.1; -1.5). There was a significant decrease in the incidence and mortality rates for OC in Cali, Colombia. The type of tumor associated to these changes was the squamous cell carcinoma.

  1. Caso de estudio. Retos logísticos en Ssangyong Motor Colombia S.A.

    OpenAIRE

    Ramírez Robledo, Carlos Enrique; Paredes, Julián Andrés; Carmona, Johanna; Gil A., Mario Andrés

    2009-01-01

    La revaluación del peso frente al dólar y el importante crecimiento que tuvo la economía colombiana en los años 2005 y 2006, dispararon las ventas de vehículos en Colombia. Para poder aprovechar ese importante aumento de la demanda, SsangYong Motor Colombia S.A., empresa especializada en la importación y comercialización de vehículos diésel de última generación, se enfrentó a grandes retos logísticos, que se presentaron porque a mediados del año 2007 se elevaron los precios de los flete...

  2. El café de Colombia Un modelo de diferenciación de producto, posicionamiento de marca y valor agregado

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Miguel Samir Kiuhan

    2006-07-01

    Full Text Available Nuevas alternativas de comercialización de Café de Colombia. Después de la crisis generada por la terminación del pacto cafetero mundial, Café de Colombia ha apelado a su institucionalidad, su tradición de calidad, su imagen y marca

  3. Guerrilla Violence in Colombia: Examining Causes and Consequences

    Science.gov (United States)

    1994-06-01

    Ecuador’s Alfaro 27 Walker, Phyllis, "National Security", in Colombia a Country Study, Washington, 1990, p. 300. 28 Registraduria Nacional del Estado Civil...necessary to profoundly transform institutions. On several occasions, the old political 114 Informe Financiero Contraloria General de la Rep~blica, June...Societies, Princeton Press, 1988. Informe Financiero Contraloria General de la Repzblica, Bogota, 1988. Kalmanovitz, Salomon, Economia del

  4. Bioremediation in soil contaminated with hydrocarbons in Colombia.

    OpenAIRE

    María Alejandra Trujillo Toro; Juan Fernando Ramírez Quirama

    2012-01-01

    This study analyzes bioremediation processes of hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Colombia as a sustainable alternative to the deterioration of environmental quality by hydrocarbon spillage. According to national and international environmental law, all waste contaminated with hydrocarbons is considered dangerous waste, and therefore it cannot be released in the ground, water or be incinerated. Such legislation has motivated companies around the world to implement treatment processes for cont...

  5. Conceptos espaciales en una 'political ecology' de extractivismo aurífero, partiendo del caso de Marmato, Colombia

    OpenAIRE

    Pignolet, Thierry

    2017-01-01

    Este papel es un trabajo sobre la apropriación de conceptos espaciales en la definición del problema de investigación doctoral (sobre una 'political ecology' de extractivismo aurífero, partiendo del caso de Marmato, en Colombia), en el contexto del Seminario complementario I del Doctorado en ciencias sociales (semestre 2017-2) de la Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Colombia.

  6. Colombia's space policy: An analysis of six years of progress and challenges

    Science.gov (United States)

    Becerra, Jairo

    2014-07-01

    This paper analyzes Colombia's space policy: its successes, its failures and what it still needs to achieve. The paper examines the interaction among the different players, and how this policy contributes to economic and social development of the country. And postulates that, unless a real national plan of action, with specific milestones and budget as well as a managing agency are developed, this policy may be in danger of disappearing. The Colombian Space Commission (Comisión Colombiana del Espacio, or CCE) was created by Presidential Decree 2442 in 2006. It is a multi-sectorial entity, in charge of coordinating, planning, and leading in the implementation of national policies for the development and application of space technologies. The CCE was also charged with the drafting of plans and programs in this field. The CCE began with only a few members (15) and today is comprised of 47 members: 13 ministries, 4 administrative departments, another 21 governmental entities and 9 universities, the latter acting as consultants. The Vice-President of the Republic is the President of the CCE. These different actors gave great importance to the development of Colombia's space sector, and 6 years later, they are continuing support and development the country's space policy. This analysis takes into account three aspects: first, achieving the objectives of the CCE: the creation and development of a national space policy for Colombia; secondly, focussing on “target groups” and “end users”; and thirdly, the “outcomes” or achievements to date. Some conclusions are worth highlighting: first, the warm reception and support of the CCE by both the public and private sectors on high levels, but the poor knowledge of the national space policy by the Colombian people and the small and medium companies. Secondly, in the context of public policy [9], the strategic plan called “National Policy in regard to Space Activities”, is caught between two phases: the formulation

  7. Case report: microcephaly associated with Zika virus infection, Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Mattar, Salim; Ojeda, Carolina; Arboleda, Janna; Arrieta, German; Bosch, Irene; Botia, Ingrid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Perez-Yepes, Carlos; Gerhke, Lee; Montero, German

    2017-06-13

    Recently there has been a large outbreak of Zika virus infections in Colombia, South America. The epidemic began in September 2015 and continued to April 2017, for the total number of Zika cases reported of 107,870. For those confirmed Zika cases, there were nearly 20,000 (18.5%) suspected to be pregnant women, resulting in 157 confirmed cases of microcephaly in newborns reported by their health government agency. There is a clear under-estimation of the total number of cases and in addition no prior publications have been published to demonstrate the clinical aspects of the Zika infection in Colombia. We characterized one Zika presentation to be able to compare and contrast with other cases of Zika infection already reported in the literature. In this case report, we demonstrate congenital microcephaly at week 19 of gestation in a 34-year-old mother who showed symptoms compatible with Zika virus infection from Sincelejo, State of Sucre, in the Colombian Caribbean. Zika virus RNA was detected in the placenta using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At week 25, the fetus weigh estimate was 770 g, had a cephalic perimeter of 20.2 cm (5th percentile), ventriculomegaly on the right side and dilatation of the fourth ventricle. At week 32, the microcephaly was confirmed with a cephalic perimeter of 22 cm, dilatation of the posterior atrium to 13 mm, an abnormally small cerebellum (29 mm), and an augmented cisterna magna. At birth (39 weeks by cesarean section), the head circumference was 27.5 cm, and computerized axial tomography (Siemens Corp, 32-slides) confirmed microcephaly with calcifications. We report a first case of maternal Zika virus infection associated with fetal microcephaly in Colombia and confirmed similar presentation to those observed previous in Brazil, 2015-2016.

  8. Leishmaniosis cutánea en Colombia y género Gender and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Iván Darío Velez

    2001-02-01

    Full Text Available En Colombia, tradicionalmente se ha visto la leishmaniosis como un problema de Salud Pública para hombres adultos dado que se considera que la transmisión es selvática y que ellos empiezan a infectarse cuando entran a los biotopos del vector con el fin de utilizar los recursos naturales. Sin embargo, el Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET ha observado iguales proporciones de hombres y mujeres con leishmaniosis activa y pruebas cutáneas positivas. Algunos factores, hasta ahora nunca analizados, parecen distorsionar el patrón de la enfermedad y al parecer existen diferencias inherentes al género relacionadas con el acceso a la atención en salud. Como consecuencia, el sufrimiento humano no es aliviado y las repercusiones socio-económicas para las amas de casa son significativas. El Ministerio de Salud subestima la magnitud de la transmisión intra y peridomiciliaria y la detección de casos activos se descuida para mujeres, por lo cual se deben mejorar los programas de control de leishmaniosis, especialmente en lo relacionado con la detección de casos activos, entrenamiento y educación, de tal forma que el diagnóstico se realice en forma más rápida.Leishmaniasis in Colombia has traditionally been seen as a health risk for adult males, as they become infected when they enter the vector's biotopes to tap natural resources. National health statistics seem to confirm this theory. However, during field studies, the Program for the Study and Control of Tropical Diseases (PECET observed both equal proportions of men and women with active leishmaniasis and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests and equal proportions of males and females having had contact with the parasite from early childhood. Several factors that have not been analyzed in depth in Colombia thus far appear to distort the disease's epidemiological pattern in the country, and gender-linked differences in access to health care appear to exist. As a

  9. Biochemical Education in Colombia and Peru: Report on IUB Workshops Held in Cali, Colombia, 3-6 July 1990 and Lima, Peru, 9-13 July 1990.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Wood, E. J., Ed.

    1991-01-01

    Summarizes the activities at the International Union of Biochemistry workshops held in Cali, Colombia, and Lima, Peru, during July 1990. Includes background about the education systems at the college level in these two countries, current teaching practices, and recommendations drafted by the workshop participants. (JJK)

  10. Contabilidad para Mipymes en Colombia “contexto y estrategia”

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Castaño Rios, Carlos

    2009-06-01

    Full Text Available La plataforma económica de Colombia y la mayoría de países se encuentra sustentada básicamente por la presencia de MIPYMES que contribuyen a la generación de empleo y al crecimiento económico. Desde el Estado colombiano se han promovido algunas leyes que facilitan la gestión y la difusión de la situación económica y social actual de este grupo empresarial, además de proponer alternativas que conllevan a la sostenibilidad, crecimiento, competitividad y formalización. La contabilidad, vista desde un enfoque estratégico, constituye la base para lograr lo anterior.Colombia's economic platform and the majority of countries are basically sustained by the presence of MIPYMES that contribute to employment generation and economic growth. From the Colombian State has promoted laws that facilitate the management and dissemination of economic and social situation of this group, in addition to proposing alternatives that lead to sustainable growth, competitiveness and formalization. Accounting, view from a strategic approach is the basis for achieving this.

  11. [Active euthanasia in Colombia and assisted suicide in California].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Julesz, Máté

    2016-01-31

    The institution of active euthanasia has been legal in Colombia since 2015. In California, the regulation on physician-assisted suicide will come into effect on January 1, 2016. The legal institution of active euthanasia is not accepted under the law of the United States of America, however, physician-assisted suicide is accepted in an increasing number of member states. The related regulation in Oregon is imitated in other member states. In South America, Colombia is not the first country to legalize active euthanasia: active euthanasia has been legal in Uruguay since 1932. The North American legal tradition markedly differs from the South American one and both are incompatible with the Central European rule of law. In Hungary and in most European Union countries, solely the passive form of euthanasia is legal. In the Benelux countries, the active form of euthanasia is legal because the supranational law of the European Union does not prohibit it. Notwithstanding, European Union law does not prescribe legalization of either the active form of euthanasia, or the physician-assisted suicide.

  12. El problema del mal y la violencia en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Victor Eligio Espinosa Galán

    2015-09-01

    Full Text Available La historia de la humanidad está marcada por conflictos de distinta naturaleza: religiosos, ideológicos, raciales, etc., expresados en guerras, ataques terroristas, masacres, entre muchas otras situaciones de crueldad que muestran maldad y sevicia ejercida sobre seres humanos. Ante estos acontecimientos que nos enfrentan a la pregunta: ¿qué es aquello que nos hace humanos?, parece, en un contexto como el colombiano, que se asiste a formas oficiales de una agencia de maldad como posibilidad de un ethos cultural que hace plausibles las acciones más perversas en una desoladora minimización de responsabilidad moral, necesaria para construcción de una sociedad justa y en paz. Este escrito es un esfuerzo por pensar el problema del mal en el contexto de la violencia en Colombia y dar cuenta de algunos aspectos de la reflexión filosófica sobre el mal, el sufrimiento y el sentido de la vida; se toma como contexto el conflicto armado en Colombia y las narraciones de sus protagonistas.

  13. Molecular Evidence of Different Rickettsia Species in Villeta, Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Faccini-Martínez, Álvaro A; Ramírez-Hernández, Alejandro; Forero-Becerra, Elkin; Cortés-Vecino, Jesús A; Escandón, Patricia; Rodas, Juan D; Palomar, Ana M; Portillo, Aránzazu; Oteo, José A; Hidalgo, Marylin

    2016-02-01

    The aim of this work was to detect and identify Rickettsia species in ticks collected in rural areas of Villeta, Colombia. Tick specimens were collected from domestic animals and walls of houses in five rural villages of Villeta town and from humans in Naranjal village (same town). Moreover, a flea collected from the same area was also processed. DNA was extracted and tested by conventional, semi-nested, and nested PCR reactions targeting rickettsial genes. In the ticks collected from humans from Naranjal village, a nymph of Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato was amplified using primers for ompA and sequenced (100% identity with "Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii"). Last, three amplicons from the Ctenocephalides felis flea, corresponding to gltA, ompB, and 16S rRNA genes, showed high identity with R. felis (98.5%, 97.3%, and 99.2%, respectively) and "Candidatus Rickettsia asemboensis" (99.7% and 100%, respectively). To our knowledge, these results correspond to the first molecular detection in Colombia of "Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii" and "Ca. Rickettsia asemboensis" in fleas.

  14. Security for whom? Stabilisation and civilian protection in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Elhawary, Samir

    2010-10-01

    This paper focuses on three periods of stabilisation in Colombia: the Alliance for Progress (1961-73) that sought to stem the threat of communist revolution in Latin America; Plan Colombia and President Alvaro Uribe's 'democratic security' policy (2000-07) aimed at defeating the guerrillas and negotiating a settlement with the paramilitaries; and the current 'integrated approach', adopted from 2007, to consolidate more effectively the state's control of its territory.(1) The paper assesses the extent to which these stabilisation efforts have enhanced the protection of civilians and ultimately finds that in all three periods there has been a disconnect between the discourse and the practice of stabilisation. While they have all sought to enhance security, in actual fact, they have privileged the security of the state and its allies at the expense of the effective protection of the civilian population. This has not only led to widespread human rights abuses but also has undermined the long-term stability being pursued. © 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation © Overseas Development Institute, 2010.

  15. TESTING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS FOR MORE TRANSPARENT RESOURCE-ALLOCATION DECISION MAKING IN COLOMBIA.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Castro Jaramillo, Hector Eduardo; Goetghebeur, Mireille; Moreno-Mattar, Ornella

    2016-01-01

    In 2012, Colombia experienced an important institutional transformation after the establishment of the Health Technology Assessment Institute (IETS), the disbandment of the Regulatory Commission for Health and the reassignment of reimbursement decision-making powers to the Ministry of Health and Social Protection (MoHSP). These dynamic changes provided the opportunity to test Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) for systematic and more transparent resource-allocation decision-making. During 2012 and 2013, the MCDA framework Evidence and Value: Impact on Decision Making (EVIDEM) was tested in Colombia. This consisted of a preparatory stage in which the investigators conducted literature searches and produced HTA reports for four interventions of interest, followed by a panel session with decision makers. This method was contrasted with a current approach used in Colombia for updating the publicly financed benefits package (POS), where narrative health technology assessment (HTA) reports are presented alongside comprehensive budget impact analyses (BIAs). Disease severity, size of population, and efficacy ranked at the top among fifteen preselected relevant criteria. MCDA estimates of technologies of interest ranged between 71 to 90 percent of maximum value. The ranking of technologies was sensitive to the methods used. Participants considered that a two-step approach including an MCDA template, complemented by a detailed BIA would be the best approach to assist decision-making in this context. Participants agreed that systematic priority setting should take place in Colombia. This work may serve as the basis to the MoHSP on its interest of setting up a systematic and more transparent process for resource-allocation decision-making.

  16. LA INGENIERÍA GENÉTICA DE PLANTAS EN COLOMBIA: UN CAMINO EN CONSTRUCCIÓN

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Alejandro Chaparro Giraldo

    2015-05-01

    Full Text Available Se reportan en Colombia trabajos en el desarrollo de líneas genéticamente modificadas (GM de arroz, yuca, algodón, papa, caña de azúcar, café, maíz, soya, estevia y crisantemo, por parte de centros centros de investigación (CIAT, CENICAÑA, CENICAFE, CIB, CORPOICA y tres universidades (Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad Javeriana, Universidad de Antioquia. Para llegar a la liberación comercial de variedades GM, se requiere de verdaderas políticas públicas en ciencia y tecnología, que den financiación suficiente y oportuna, así como resolver problemas con la maraña de patentes que limitan o impiden el desarrollo de innovaciones biotecnológicas, además de un paquete regulatorio, que incrementa significativamente los costos de desarrollo.  ABSTRACT Here in Colombia have been reported efforts on the development of genetically modified (GM crops, like: rice, cassava, cotton, potato, sugar cane, coffee, corn, soy, stevia and chrysanthemum, by five research center (CIAT, CENICAÑA, CENICAFE, CIB, CORPOICA and three universities (Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad Javeriana, Universidad de Antioquia. To get to the commercial release of GM varieties, real public policies on science and technology are needed, giving sufficient and timely funding, as well as to solve problems with the tangle of patents that limit or prevent the development of biotechnological innovations, and it is also required suffice funding to go through the regulatory issues, which significantly increase the cost of those developments.

  17. U.S. Economic Assistance to Colombia: A Model for U.S. Economic Assistance to Mexico?

    Science.gov (United States)

    2013-12-01

    chronologically and territorially speaking); with Plan Colombia (2000– 2006) as the major program for U.S.-Colombia relations and the Merida Initiative...Ecuador 24.3 19.8 21.3 Peru 96.6 83.6 73.7 Venezuela 5.0 5.0 3.0 Total 621.0 519.7 452.0 Table 2. U.S. assistance to the Andean Region, FY2011–FY2013...Office of National Drug Control (ONDC) policy, Colombia’s potential cocaine production capabilities have once again fallen below those of Peru and

  18. Estudio nacional exploratorio descriptivo sobre el fenómeno de trata de personas en Colombia.

    OpenAIRE

    2009-01-01

    Para el Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia como Secretaría Técnica del Comité Interinstitucional para la lucha contra la Trata de Personas y para la Oficina de Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito en Colombia UNODC, es un honor presentar a ustedes en esta oportunidad el primer Estudio Nacional Exploratorio Descriptivo sobre el Fenómeno de la Trata de Personas en Colombia, desarrollado por unequipo de Investigadoras e Investigadores de la Escuela de Estudios de Género de la Universid...

  19. Primeros registros de la tribu kingsleyini (Crustácea: decápoda: pseudothlphusidae para Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Rocha de Campos Martha Helena

    1997-06-01

    Full Text Available This is to report the first record for Colombia of two species of fresh-water crabs of the Kingsleyini Bolt, 1970 tribe. The species Prionothelphusa eliasi Rodríguez, 1980 and Orthothelphusa holthuisi (Rodríguez, 1967 had previously been recorded only for Venezuela.Se establece el primer registro para Colombia de la tribu Kingsleyini Bott, 1970, representado por las especies Prionothelphusa eliasi Rodríguez, 1980 y Orlhothelphusa holthuisi (Rodríguez, 1967. Estas especies solo habían sido registradas para Venezuela.

  20. Mucormicosis (ficomicosis en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Carlos E. Peña

    1965-10-01

    Full Text Available Se presentan dos casos de mucormicosis (ficomicosis, entidad que ha sido muy raramente encontrada en Colombia. El primer caso se refiere a un prematuro con deshidratación consecutiva a vómito y diarrea. A la autopsia se encontró una mucormicosis del intestino delgado con necrosis del mismo e invasión al bazo, a la vez que una candidiasis esofágica. El segundo caso es el de un niño de 5 meses de edad, con diarreas, vómito, acidosis y signos de trombosis del seno cavernoso derecho y de meningitis. La autopsia reveló una mucormicosis ocular y meningo-encefálica acompañada de trombosis de la arteria cerebral media derecha y del seno cavernoso del mismo lado.

  1. JURISPRUDENCIA CONSTITUCIONAL SOBRE FUNCIÓN PÚBLICA Y CARRERA ADMINISTRATIVA EN COLOMBIA

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Edgar Enrique Martínez Cárdenas

    2008-05-01

    Full Text Available Indagar por la carrera administrativa en Colombia compromete el análisis de la concepción y alcance que tienen sobre este sistema técnico de gestión del talento humano, los diferentes actores que se encuentran comprometidos en los procesos de adopción, reglamentación o interpretación de los respectivos marcos normativos, además de la visión de los servidores públicos y de las expectativas de los ciudadanos sobre la función pública. En este ensayo se presenta la perspectiva más reciente de un actor que ha tenido un papel central en la construcción del sistema de mérito en Colombia: la Corte Constitucional

  2. UN ANÁLISIS ESPACIAL DE LAS MIGRACIONES INTERNAS EN COLOMBIA (2000-2005

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    ADRIANA CAROLINA SILVA ARIAS

    2009-01-01

    Full Text Available El objetivo de este documento es realizar un análisis espacial acerca de la dinámica de las migraciones internas recientes en Colombia; en específico durante el periodo del 2000-2005 con base en información censal. Así, se identifica mediante un modelo gravitacional que los flujos migratorios inter-departamentales en Colombia se dirigieron hacia los departamentos más poblados, con mayores ingresos y con tradición migratoria. En adición, se encuentra que durante este mismo periodo Guaviare fue el departamento donde se presentó una mayor probabilidad de emigrar y hacia las zonas vecinas; por otro lado, Antioquia fue el departamento donde se presentó menor probabilidad de emigrar.

  3. Queer English Language Teacher Identity: A Narrative Exploration in Colombia

    Science.gov (United States)

    Lander, Roderick

    2018-01-01

    This article presents partial results of research exploring links between language teacher identity and queer identity in English language teachers working in Colombia. Three gay male teachers participated in a narrative research project framed within a poststructural perspective on identity. I conducted and recorded semi-structured interviews…

  4. The paleobotanical record of Colombia: Implications for biogeography and biodiversity

    NARCIS (Netherlands)

    Hooghiemstra, H.; Wijninga, V.M.; Cleef, A.M.

    2006-01-01

    Plant microfossil and macrofossil associations obtained from six dated sections from the area of the basin of Bogota¿ (2550 m, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia) show the evolution of the late Neogene Andean montane forest, triggered by the Andean orogeny. Progressive adaptation of warm tropical taxa to

  5. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in multitransfused patients in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Mauricio Beltrán

    2017-09-01

    Conclusions: The results of this study showed a low frequency of T. cruzi infection in multitransfused patients, suggesting that the risk of transfusion infection in Colombia is low. Known risk factors for transfusion-related infection were not associated with the presence of anti-T. cruzi antibodies.

  6. The Search for Accountability and Transparency in Plan Colombia: Reforming Judicial Institutions - Again

    National Research Council Canada - National Science Library

    Nagle, Luz

    2001-01-01

    .... Fundamental reforms in Colombia should begin by directly strengthening the moral legitimacy of the government, holistically enhancing socioeconomic development, and meticulously reforming the legal...

  7. Fundación del primer bioterio MPF funcional de Colombia Foundation of a functional murine pathogen free animal facility in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Ómar Vesga

    2003-02-01

    Full Text Available Cualquier investigación donde se experimente con modelos animales exige que el estado microbiológico y genético de los mismos sea definido desde el principio y verificado periódicamente para garantizar la fiabilidad y certeza de los datos. Buscando producir ratones libres de patógenos murinos en Colombia, se importaron 173 reproductores no emparentados suizos albinos de la cepa ICR que se hospedaron bajo condiciones protocolizadas de aislamiento microbiológico en el Bioterio MPF de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia. Tras dos años de funcionamiento ininterrumpido, el control microbiológico demostró que los progenitores mantuvieron inalterada la flora con la cual fueron exportados a Colombia, que sus crías portan flora murina idéntica, y que la misma corresponde a la exigida internacionalmente. Diversas pruebas a la integridad de la barrera microbiológica condujeron a la detección y erradicación de un brote infeccioso por Parvovirus murino. El control reproductivo permitió mantener intacta la heterocigocidad de la cepa, denominada Udea:ICR(CD-1. In order to guarantee the accuracy of the data, experimentation with animal models requires well defined microbiological and genetic statuses with periodical verification. To produce murine pathogen free mice, an outbreeding program was set up by importing 173 non-related Swiss albino ICR breeders that were hosted under strict conditions of microbiological isolation in the animal facilities of the University of Antioquia Medical Faculty. After two years of uninterrupted reproduction, microbiological control demonstrated unaltered murine flora for both parents and offspring, the same with which original breeders were dispatched to Colombia, complying with current international standards. An outbreak of Murine Parvovirus (MPV was timely detected and erradicated thanks to strict testing of microbiological barriers. The breeding program allowed the production of animals free

  8. “No bastan muros de piedra para hacer una prisión” la vida cotidiana de los internos de la cárcel villahermosa, cali, colombia (“stone walls are not enough to build a prison.” the daily life of inmates at “villahermosa” prison in cali, colombia)

    OpenAIRE

    Harold Mauricio Nieto Castillo

    2014-01-01

    RESUMEN El presente artículo derivado de investigación, describe la situación carcelaria en Colombia en los últimos años, haciendo énfasis sobre la situación particular del hacinamiento en el establecimiento carcelario Villahermosa de la ciudad de Cali (Colombia). Finalmente se realiza un análisis sobre la manera en que transcurre la vida cotidiana en dicho Centro Carcelario ABSTRACT The current article, derived from a piece of research, describes the prison situation in Colombia,...

  9. Estudios en el género Myrsine (Myrsinaceae de Colombia Estudios en el género Myrsine (Myrsinaceae de Colombia

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    Pipolly III John J.

    1992-09-01

    Full Text Available Como parte del estudio de la familia Myrsinaceae para la Flora de Colombia, ya iniciado, se describen e ilustran ahora dos nuevas especies del género Myrsine L., M. cupuliformis Pipoly y M. perreticulata Pipoly, procedentes de los departamentos de Chocó y Risaralda, y se comenta sobre su parentesco. Así mismo, se exponen las razones por las que debe considerarse el género Rapanea Aubl. como sinónimo taxonómico del género Myrsine L., proponiéndose además tres nuevas combinaciones: M. andina (Mez Pipoly, M. paramensis (Cuatrecasas Pipoly, y M. pearcei (Mez Pipoly. Por último se incluye la sinonimía actualizada de otras seis especies del género. During preparation of the treatment of the Myrsinaceae for the Flora de Colombia, two new species of the genus Myrsine L., M. cupuliformis Pipoly and M. perreticulata Pipoly, from the departments of Chocó and Risaralda respectively, are described, illustrated and their phylogenetic relationships are discussed. Reasons for inclusion of Rapanea Aubi. as a taxonomic synonym of Myrsine L., are given. Three new combinations: M. andina (Mez Pipoly, M. paramensis (Cuatrecasas Pipoly and M. pearcei (Mez Pipoly are proposed and synonymy for six other species is provided.

  10. Colombia: crusading efforts bring signs of progress.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Kendall, S

    1989-01-01

    Colombia, like many developing countries, has not committed resources to fight the AIDS problem. They have used the media for condom promotion and other sexually transmitted diseases. There have been 151 deaths caused by AIDS by the end of 1988; 344 cases are known, and 130 additional have tested positive to the virus. Health officials were reluctant to recognize the problem, thinking it was outside their country and that they would not be affected by it. Since then, they have tried to target high risk groups and educate them and assist with testing and counseling. There is a move to make the new drug zidovudine available, but few could afford its high price. The authorities have put transvestite prostitutes in jail and kept them for AIDS testing, but few woman prostitutes have been tested. Up until 1986, only 30% of the Red Cross blood bank supplies were being tested; now 80% are, although it comprises only about 40% of the total supply. Drugs are used heavily, but mostly smoked, in Colombia, yet there is some concern about increased use of needles. The majority of cases in Columbia have been homosexual and bisexual men, but prostitution among men and women is prevalent in large cities such as Bogota. Health officials state that education is the best deterrent, but must be perpetuated so people will be constantly reminded.

  11. Oportunidades y amenazas para Colombia de pertenecer a la Alianza del Pacífico

    OpenAIRE

    Piedrahita Valencia, Paula Andrea

    2015-01-01

    Por medio de este proyecto se analizaron las asimetrías presentes en las economías de los cuatro países miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico y cómo Colombia puede enfrentar estos y retos y convertirlos en oportunidades de acuerdo a la experiencia en diferentes áreas de sus países aliados. De acuerdo a las bases de datos de los países firmantes se encontró que la balanza comercial entre Colombia y México presenta un déficit y está en constante crecimiento, pudiendo ser contrarrestada con fut...

  12. Hard Rock Café Colombia, ejemplo de una franquicia exitosa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julian Besedicheck Prieto

    2008-11-01

    Full Text Available La incursión y expansión de restaurantes y cadenas hoteleras en Colombia ha generado distintas oportunidades de negocio; por lo tanto, es importante analizar desde distintas ópticas este fenómeno, porque éste puede ser una solución empresarial para muchas compañías, inversionistas y personas. Con el auge del comercio internacional y la apertura económica en Colombia han ingresado un gran número de empresas al mercado nacional bajo distintas figuras, dentro de éstas se encuentra la franquicia, que ha permitido el ingreso de compañías de la industria de restaurantes como McDonald’s, Burger King, TGI Fridays, entre otras.En el siguiente artículo se observará una breve muestra del funcionamiento y desarrollo del restaurante Hard Rock Café Bogotá, desde su primer contacto con la casa matriz hasta su apertura y sus eventos durante los últimos 6 años.

  13. Hard Rock Café Colombia, ejemplo de una franquicia exitosa

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Julián Besedicheck Prieto

    2008-11-01

    Full Text Available La incursión y expansión de restaurantes y cadenas hoteleras en Colombia ha generado distintas oportunidades de negocio; por lo tanto, es importante analizar desde distintas ópticas este fenómeno, porque éste puede ser una solución empresarial para muchas compañías, inversionistas y personas. Con el auge del comercio internacional y la apertura económica en Colombia han ingresado un gran número de empresas al mercado nacional bajo distintas figuras, dentro de éstas se encuentra la franquicia, que ha permitido el ingreso de compañías de la industria de restaurantes como McDonald’s, Burger King, TGI Fridays, entre otras. En el siguiente artículo se observará una breve muestra del funcionamiento y desarrollo del restaurante Hard Rock Café Bogotá, desde su primer contacto con la casa matriz hasta su apertura y sus eventos durante los últimos 6 años.

  14. Contraceptive social marketing and community-based distribution systems in Colombia.

    Science.gov (United States)

    Vernon, R; Ojeda, G; Townsend, M C

    1988-01-01

    Three operations research experiments were carried out in three provinces of Colombia to improve the cost-effectiveness of Profamilia's nonclinic-based programs. The experiments tested: (a) whether a contraceptive social marketing (CSM) strategy can replace a community-based distribution (CBD) program in a high contraceptive use area; (b) if wage incentives for salaried CBD instructors will increase contraceptive sales; and (c) whether a specially equipped information, education, and communication (IEC) team can replace a cadre of rural promoters to expand family planning coverage. All three strategies proved to be effective, but only the CSM system yielded a profit. Despite this, Profamilia discontinued its CSM program soon after the experiment was completed. Unexpected government controls regulating the price and sale of contraceptives in Colombia made the program unprofitable. As a result, family planning agencies are cautioned against replacing CBD programs with CSM. Instead, CBD programs might adopt a more commercial approach to become more efficient.

  15. [Fundamental aspects for accrediting medical equipment calibration laboratories in Colombia].

    Science.gov (United States)

    Llamosa-Rincón, Luis E; López-Isaza, Giovanni A; Villarreal-Castro, Milton F

    2010-02-01

    Analysing the fundamental methodological aspects which should be considered when drawing up calibration procedure for electro-medical equipment, thereby permitting international standard-based accreditation of electro-medical metrology laboratories in Colombia. NTC-ISO-IEC 17025:2005 and GTC-51-based procedures for calibrating electro-medical equipment were implemented and then used as patterns. The mathematical model for determining the estimated uncertainty value when calibrating electro-medical equipment for accreditation by the Electrical Variable Metrology Laboratory's Electro-medical Equipment Calibration Area accredited in compliance with Superintendence of Industry and Commerce Resolution 25771 May 26th 2009 consists of two equations depending on the case; they are: E = (Ai + sigmaAi) - (Ar + sigmaAr + deltaAr1) and E = (Ai + sigmaAi) - (Ar + sigmaA + deltaAr1). The mathematical modelling implemented for measuring uncertainty in the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira's Electrical Variable Metrology Laboratory (Electro-medical Equipment Calibration Area) will become a good guide for calibration initiated in other laboratories in Colombia and Latin-America.

  16. TIC y productividad en las industrias de servicios en Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Maria Veronica Alderete

    2012-01-01

    Full Text Available Este trabajo analiza los determinantes de la productividad laboral en las empresas de servicios de Colombia. En particular, se examina la relación entre las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación –TIC– (en términos de inversión y uso y la productividad. El estudio encuentra que en conjunto, la inversión en TIC y el uso de las TIC incrementan la productividad laboral en un 18% en promedio, aproximadamente. La evidencia empírica sustenta la hipótesis de que los recursos tecnológicos de las TIC (tanto inversiones en equipo como uso de TIC, junto con el capital no TIC, la capacitación, el porcentaje de capital extranjero y el porcentaje de empleados permanentes son los recursos más importantes que impactan positivamente sobre la productividad de las empresas de servicios de Colombia.

  17. Constitutional Block Effects of prescription of penal prosecution in Colombia

    Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)

    Luis Andrés Fajardo Arturo

    2010-12-01

    Full Text Available In Colombia, the articles 93, 94 and 214 of the Constitutional Charter create a bridge of implementation through the International Law of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law are integrated into the Colombian law under the figure of the Constitutional Bloc . The main effect of this is to adapt the internal law to the international obligations of the State, and consequently, the evolution in the protection and guarantee of human rights domestically.However, the implementation process can generate complex problems that arise, for example, the contradictions between the rules of law which are based on legal principles rooted in the country and the bloc of of constitutionality’s rules. The case of prescription of prosecution in Colombia is a complex case, but international norms is evident in the existence of a rule on the applicability of prosecution of war crimes and crimes against humanity. This article is the conclusion of a balance of the principles found there.

  18. 2014 – 2018 Foresight for MSMEs dedicated to custom software development in Colombia; Prospectiva 2014 – 2018 para mipymes dedicadas al desarrollo de software por encargo en Colombia

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    Maria Isabel Diaz Vega

    2013-01-01

    Full Text Available his work was carried out in order to build and collectively adopt a Foresight Agenda for custom software development in Colombia for 2014 - 2018 through a process of reflection, consultation, and implementation of foresight tools. In this study, it was necessary to analyze the behavior of the software industry in Colombia, given that it is relatively recent, but “the country has the opportunity to capture a growing share of the market for Information Technology (IT, if committed to a long-term sector program that allows eliminating significant barriers”[11]. Currently, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology is promoting new strategies for its enhancement. To develop this work, foresight methodological tools were used to analyze: diagnosis of the situation, stakeholders implied, and review of tendencies on the topic. The tools selected were: Delphi method, IGO matrix structural analysis, morphological analysis method, and scenario method. Among the results obtained, after this work it is recommended to generate strategies among MSMEs custom software developers that allows these companies to seize the supports through venture laws and some tax benefits offered by the government, generate innovation to enable them to become competitive, manage knowledge so that it can be documented and keep from making the same mistakes of the past and present, check the current economic models given that these are inefficient – leading many of these companies to become financially unviable, and perform technological adaptations accompanied by technology transfer and human resource training to allow for evolution over time of companies and human capital. We can, finally, conclude that the development of scenarios, using tools involving uncertainty prospects for the generation of possible scenarios and important factors determining market and evolution of micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises engaged in custom software development in

  19. VENTAQUEMADA, COLOMBIA

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    Sergio D. Fonseca

    2017-01-01

    Full Text Available Con el objetivo de someter los residuos de maíz al proceso termoquímico llamado gasificación, en este trabajo se muestran resultados de diferentes análisis para conocer algunas propiedades físico-químicas que son de gran importancia antes de realizar este proceso. Se determinó el contenido de lignina la cual registro un valor de 14,7%, se determinó el poder calorífico de esta biomasa obteniendo un valor de 17,965 MJ kg-1, análisis TGA con tres velocidades de calentamiento diferentes, se realiza un análisis ultimo para revelar la composición química de la biomasa; estos resultados fueron comparados con estudios realizados en otros países. Los resultados obtenidos contribuyen a la investigación de este tipo de biomasa en Colombia, ya que no se registra información bibliográfica de la caracterización de esta; se debe aprovechar su uso en la utilización en el proceso de gasificación, ya que poseen las características necesarias para obtener un producto como el “syngas”.

  20. War in Colombia testimonial literature: between memory, culture, violence and literature

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    Jorge Eduardo Suárez Gómez

    2011-07-01

    Full Text Available Colombia may be characterized as a society ruled over by “a routinization of war and oblivion”. When memories about violent events succeed in articulate themselves and transcend the private space, they are not necessarily incorporated to national memory through “memory policies” in transitional processes. These memories are “deposited” rather than discussed. Testimonial literature is one of those “deposits”. There are times when certain topics, witnesses, authors and narrative treatments attain an unexpected relevance. Such a relevance follows national factors, like the dynamics of conflict and society in Colombia and abroad, such as a “turn to past”. When making a survey across the development of the testimonial genre from mid-20th century Violence up to our times, the gravitation of several cultures of memory is made evident in a society where oblivion appears to prevail.