Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Reclaimed Energy Company, Inc., Connersville, IN, receives waste generated from a wide variety of industrial applications which include paint, printing and degreasing companies. The wastes are stored in separate tanks and then distilled in batches (pot distillation). The recovered solvents can be returned to the originator. The residue, left after the solvents are distilled, is disposed of using an environmentally safe, economical procedure. The company worked with an engineering and fabrication firm to develop a continuous processing system that employs a mechanically agitated thin-film evaporator to distill the solvents. Successful performance of the evaporator was ensured by processing samples of solvents through the evaporator manufacturer's pilot plant facilities before the full-sized system was designed. Reclaimed Energy Company, Inc., has realized a number of advantages by going from ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Pots used for experiments conducted on plants grown in them create rooting environments that are affected by limited soil volume, which can affect various physiological processes, including transpiration, and plant growth. However, the applicability of results from pot experiments to the field has received limited attention. The objective of this study was to compare the growth and transpiration of maize (Zea mays L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) when grown in pots and field plots under various constant water deficits. The experiments were conducted under similar environmental conditions for both pots and plots. Transpirational responses at both transient (RTTr) and daily (RDTr) time scales to a decreasing fraction of available soil water (FASW) were analyzed. For a comparable F...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

A one-pot multicomponent procedure for the synthesis of highly functionalized pyrrolidine rings through a domino...Full Text Available

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

A novel, one-pot, multicomponent synthesis of 4-arylidene-3-methyl-1-(4-arylthiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones is described using phenacyl bromides, thiosemicarbazide, ethylacetoacetate, and aryl aldehydes. This synthesis involves simultaneous formation of two heterocycles like thiazole and pyrazolone along with condensation of active methylene group by aldehydes via Knoevenagel reaction. The methodology is mild, efficient, and high yielding. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT[image omitted

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... bismuth chlorides bismuth 207 cadmium chlorides efficiency evaporation high

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This invention relates with a pot-type catalyst carrier which excels as a catalyst carrier when such heavy oils as ordinary pressure distillation residue, oil sand oil, and shale oil are decomposed or treated by hydrogenation. The conventional pot-type carrier is produced by dropping a small drop of a slurry (containing a catalyst component) onto a particle bed and drying it. But the demerit is a large particle size and less catalyst activity or strength. In this invention, a mixture of such carrier components as allophane, red mud, bauxite and latellite, etc.. 60 - 80 weight parts. and a binder 20 - 40 weight parts is added with water to form a slurry of 10 - 30 weight% solid concentration. Slurry is wet-crushed to make the average particle size 0.6 - 2.0 micron, then spray-dried and burned to obtain a pot-type catalyst carrier with average particle size 30 - 200 micron and abrasion index below 10. This catalyst showed ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Most countries have taken the vitrification route for managing High Level Waste (HLW). Depending on composition of site-specific HLW, suitable glass forming oxides are added to it in a melting furnace designed for converting the mixture to a matrix of borosilicate glass. After thorough homogenization, the product is poured into stainless steel canisters as an inert solidified form. Canisters are seal welded and 2-3 such containers are then packed and sealed in another bigger container for providing an additional engineered barrier. This product form is considered safe for long-term storage. The concurrent vitrification technologies employ either induction-heated metallic melters or joule-heated direct resistance-heated ceramic melters. In India, both technologies have been adopted. While older facilities in Trombay and Tarapur employ metallic melters, a retrofitted facility at Tarapur and the new plant at Kalpakkam are based on ceramic melter operations. Compared to the ceramic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A useful method for preparing radioiodinated photoaffinity labels from alkyl anilines which offer significant advantages over present methods is described. The one-pot synthesis gives good radiochemical yields (40-64%) of pure, high specific activity (350-1500 mCi/{mu}mol) {sup 124}I labelled iodaryl azides while minimising manipulation of radioactive materials. Purification of the ({sup 125}I)iodoazido photoaffinity labels is achieved by high performance liquid chromatography. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Nomographs are presented that estimate the evaporation loss from external floating-roof tanks using tank diameter, type of seal, product vapor pressure, and wind velocity.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Conversion of Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory radioactive sodium-bearing waste into a single solid waste form by evaporation was demonstrated in both flask-scale and pilot-scale agitated thin film evaporator tests. A sodium-bearing waste simulant was adjusted to represent an evaporator feed in which the acid from the distillate is concentrated, neutralized, and recycled back through the evaporator. The advantage to this flowsheet is that a single remote-handled transuranic waste form is produced in the evaporator bottoms without the generation of any low-level mixed secondary waste. However, use of a recycle flowsheet in sodium-bearing waste evaporation results in a 50% increase in remote-handled transuranic volume in comparison to a non-recycle flowsheet.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

... deposition evaporation fission products fluorides iodine 134 laboratory

KoreaScience (Korea)

Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The purpose of this research was to investigate the de-entrainment of boron for evaporators used in nuclear power plants. The forced circulation and semi-continuous type evaporator was used in the experiment. Cyclone and glass-wool packed column which is supposed to provide good decontamination factor as well as easy maintenance, were selected as de-entrainment device to be used in the evaporation of radioactive liquid wastes. The de-entrainment device combined with cyclone and glass-wool column has shown overall DF more than 1000 for boron.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: To prevent evaporization stills against corrosion due to radioactive liquid wastes. Constitution: Microwaves are supplied from a microwave generator by way of a wave guide tube and through a microwave permeation window to the inside of an evaporatization still. A matching device is attached to the wave guide tube for transmitting the microwaves in order to match the impedance. When the microwaves are supplied to the inside of the evaporization still, radioactive liquid wastes supplied from a liquid feed port by way of a spray tower to the inside of the evaporization still is heated and evaporated by the induction heating of the microwaves. (Seki, T.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The objectives of this study were to estimate symbiotic nitrogen fixation by two common pasture legumes, Trifolium subterraneum L. and Medicago truncatula Gaertn., and an Australian native legume, Acacia dealbata Link, growing in pots using an indirect isotopic method. This method was also used to calibrate the C2H2 reduction assay of the intact plants. In addition, hydrogen evolution was measured in an attempt to explain the variations in C2H2:N2 ratios between the species. 25 refs.; 1 figure; 4 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report summarizes the work that was completed in FY 1992 on the program {open_quotes}Technology Development for Concentrating Process Streams.{close_quotes} The purpose of this program is to evaluate and develop evaporator technology for concentrating radioactive waste and product streams such as those generated by the TRUEX process. Concentrating these streams and minimizing the volume of waste generated can significantly reduce disposal costs; however, equipment to concentrate the streams and recycle the decontaminated condensates must be installed. LICON, Inc., is developing an evaporator that shows a great deal of potential for this application. In this report, concepts that need to be incorporated into the design of an evaporator operated in a radioactive environment are discussed. These concepts include criticality safety, remote operation and maintenance, and materials of construction. Both solubility and ...

CERN Document Server

Residual Stresses in Ta, Mo, Al and Pd Thin Films Deposited by E-Beam Evaporation Process on Si and Si/SiO 2 Substrates

Science.gov (United States)

tact materials ate Ti-Pd-Ag and the back surface reflector is formed from evaporated .... Ti-Pd-Ag, Dielectric Wraparound. BSR. Evaporated Aluminum ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Various volume-reduction methods are discussed and their capabilities evaluated. The following volume-reduction methods have the greatest potential at this time: forced-circulation evaporator/crystallizer; incinerator (conventional type); compactor; fluidized-bed calciner/incinerator; fluidized-bed dryer/incinerator; thin-film evaporator; extruder/evaporator; drum mixer; ribbon blender; inert-carrier evaporative process; molten-glass incinerator. The first eight system types listed above have been improved to the point of commercial viability.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the well-known devices for increasing the decontamination factor in the treatment of radioactive waste water by evaporation, which consist of narrowing devices with evaporator sump and condenser, droplets of liquid and solid particles are carried over from the breeder space, which are radioactive and therefore make the decontamination factor worse. Better results are obtained if one places a fibre bed filter between the evaporator sump and the condenser, preferably in a horizontal connecting pipe between the evaporator sump and the condenser.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

(Jun 1978). United States Chino, K. Hitachi Research Lab., Japan Kikuchi,

Science.gov (United States)

... analyzer section for angle resolved measurements, and a thin film evaporator with a quartz crystal microbalance to measure the mass deposition. ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

SummaryThis paper examines the sensitivity and uncertainty of evaporation estimates from Nasser Lake, south of Egypt using data collected at the floating station Raft, 2km upstream of the Aswan High Dam, and 12 evaporation models. Based on their approach the evaporation models were ranked in five classes, respectively the Bowen ratio energy budget (BREB) approach, three energy-aerodynamic based methods, a mass transfer method, two temperature and five solar radiation-temperature approaches. State dependent parameter models were used to estimate the sensitivity indices of the different evaporation estimation methods at daily and monthly frequencies. A drastic reduction in the cost of the sensitivity analysis was obtained when coupled with efficient sampling methods, producing quasi-Monte Ca...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the nuclear power stations of GDR the rough radioactive waste includes borat-containing evaporator bottoms and spent ion exchanger resins. For its final disposal in deep geological formations (rock salt mines) this waste has to be solidified. The experience of one year lasting operation of a steam heated thin-film evaporator (heating surface 2 m"3) for evaporator bottoms to be solidified with a solid content of 200-250 g/l are reported on. In short time such amount of water is abstracted from the rough waste that due to the borate content a hot high-viscous product passes from evaporator to waste drum and there solidifies like glass to monolith. The product quality depends on the adjustment of the flow-equilibrium in the evaporator. Boric acid is used as matrix for the radioactive residues. The residual water content of the solidified waste product was about 15-20%, the volume ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Uranium dendrites which were deposited at a solid cathode of an electrorefiner contained a certain amount of salts. These salts should be removed for the recovery of pure metal using a cathode processor. In the uranium deposits from the electrorefining process, there are actinide chlorides and rare earth chlorides in addition to uranium chloride in the LiCl-KCl eutectic salt. The evaporation behaviors of the actinides and rare earth chlorides in the salts should be investigated for the removal of salts in the deposits. Experiments on the salt evaporation of rare earth chlorides in a LiCl-KCl eutectic salt were carried out. Though the vapor pressures of the rare earth chlorides were lower than those of the LiCl and KCl, the rare earth chlorides were co-evaporized with the LiCl-KCl eutectic salt. The Hertz-Langmuir relation was applied for this evaporation, and also the evaporation ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Monodisperse europium-activated titania hollow phosphors had been synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method using carbon spheres as hard templates. Samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer and photoluminescence spectrum. The strongest emission intensity was observed with TiO2:Eu0.2 hollow spheres and TiO2:Eu0.2 hollow spheres calcining at 550^oC. Moreover, the strongest excitation of TiO2:Eu0.2 hollow spheres transferred from 400 to 500^oC and the effective nonradiative energy transfer from the TiO2 hollow spheres host matrix to Eu^3^+ ions crystal field states was realized due to changes of crystalline field in the environment around Eu^3^+ ions occupying Ti^4^+ site...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) and High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) are promoting construction plan of Material-Life Science Facility, which is consisted of Muon Science Facility and Neutron Scattering Facility, in order to open up the new science fields. The Neutron Scattering Facility will be utilized for advanced fields of Material and Life science using high intensity neutrons generated by the spallation reaction induced by injecting a 1 MW pulsed proton beam onto a mercury target. Design of the spallation mercury target system is in progress to obtain good neutron performance keeping high reliability and safety. The target material is mercury. As a result of the spallation reaction, large amount of radioactive spallation products are to be contained in the mercury. Therefore to establish the safety of the target system, transient behaviors of the system during anticipated events should be well understood. The safety protection system and an ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A theoretical model for spray evaporation in a direct-injection diesel engine is developed taking into consideration the unsteady evaporation period. For this purpose, the liquid droplets temperatures, masses and velocities are studied. Solving the conservation of energy and mass equations together with the equation of state, a set of ordinary differential equations is achieved. These equations are solved using a special numerical technique. This technique, based on a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration method is described. Calculated results are compared with experimental data and were found to be in good agreement. Analysis of the obtained results shows that for the combustion-chamber constituents, temperature is a dominant factor in the spray-evaporation process and in shaping the temperature history of the evaporating droplets. The combustion-chamber pressure and the spray volume play a secondary ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The heating history of a droplet during its flight can be divided into two phases: (a) the initial phase when evaporation, although it occurs, does not change the heat balance of the droplet much (the case considered in our previous paper and (b) the final phase when the cooling due to evaporation balances the heat flux from the plasma. The later phase is considered in Chen's comment. In our reply, a very straightforward consideration demonstrates that even in the final phase of the droplet flight, the 'rocket' effect can be significant. (reply)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The fusion excitation function for the radioactive projectile "8 Li on a "2"0"8 Pb target has been measured at energies near the Coulomb barrier. The results show that in the considered energy interval, the evaporation of four neutrons is the most relevant mechanism. However, at the highest energies used in the experiment, the Sn channel begins to appear. The preliminary experimental cross sections show a good agreement with the predictions of a simple evaporation calculation using the code PACE. (Author) 16 refs., 1 tab., 4 figs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The feasibility of the anodic protection of titanium evaporators in Al[sub 2](SO[sub 4])[sub 3] solution was studied by the measurement of polarization curves, weight loss, solubility of passive film and AC impedance. The protection parameters and efficiency were determined. In addition, the practical technology of anodic protection was studied by screening reference electrodes and auxiliary cathodes. Throwing power was also measured. Four rows of tube-type evaporators of titanium have been anodically protected in situ. Field tests lasting more than one year shows satisfactory results. (orig.)

Science.gov (United States)

... After strip- ping off the chloroform, the dibromo ethyl (EDBEB) compounds are separated from the m-BDBEB using a thin film evaporator. ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Russian 2008 p. 27-29 Russian Federation Belanova, EA Kozlov, PV FGUP

Science.gov (United States)

... Abstract : Single crystals of Pb(x)Sn(1-x)Te alloy have been grown with o = or thin film evaporator. ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

The purpose of the present study was to prepare a novel domperidone hydrogel. The domperidone dispersion was prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The characteristics of domperidone dispersion...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Carbon fibre composite (CFC) was irradiated by hot plasma streams at plasma gun facility MK-200UG. The CFC targets were tested by plasma loads relevant to Edge Localized Modes (ELM) and mitigated disruptions in ITER. Onset condition of CFC evaporation and properties of evaporated carbon were studied by use of infrared pyrometry and visible spectroscopy.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Crude N,N-dialkylcarbamoylmethylphosphonates and phosphine oxide extractants, and particularly crude dihexyl N,N-diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate and octylphenyl N,N-diisobutylcarbamoyl phosphine oxide, are purified by distilling the crude materials in a thin film evaporator. Preferably, the crude materials are reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid and then with aqueous sodium hydroxide prior to distillation in the thin film evaporator to hydrolyze impurities contained in them. The purified extractants are useful for extracting actinides and lanthanides from liquid waste streams. (author).

CERN Document Server

A qualitatively different manifestation of the Rayleigh instability is demonstrated, where, instead of the usual extended undulations and breakup of the liquid into many droplets, the instability is localized, leading to an isolated narrowing of the liquid filament. The localized instability, caused by a nonuniform curvature of the liquid domain, plays a key role in the evaporation of thin liquid films off solid surfaces.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The continuous bioprocessing of simulated steam-stripped sulfite pulp mill evaporator condensates using Candida utilis to produce single cell protein has been studied. At 32 degrees C, processing can be conducted at space velocities of up to 0.43 hr/sup -1/ with over 90% removal of acetic acid present at an initial concentration of 2 g/liter. (Refs. 16).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this study based on the mass transfer theory, experiments for the evaporation rates depending on various conditions were carried out through the operation of the existing Natural Evaporation Facility in KAERI. Evaporation media were made of the cotton and polyester. Air circulation in the facility was forced by exhausting fans. The evaporation rate and the decontamination factor were calculated by the result of experiment. The evaporation rate increased as the flow rate of air supply, the feed rate of liquid waste, and the temperature of supplied air increased. As for the humility of supplied air, the evaporation rate was getting higher as the humidity was getting lower. As the result of this study, operation conditions of the Natural Evaporation Facility are optimized as follows; The air temperature above 8C .deg., the air humidity below ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We have been developing an innovative Steam Generator concept of Fast Breeder Reactors by using liquid-liquid direct contact heat transfer. In this concept, the SG shell is filled with a molten alloys, which is heated by primary sodium. Water is fed into the high temperature molten alloy, and evaporates by direct contact heating. In order to obtain the fundamental information to discuss the heat transfer mechanisms of the direct contact between the water and the alloy, this phenomenon was visualized by real-time neutron radiography. JRR-3M real-time thermal neutron radiography in Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute was used. Followings are main results. (1) The vigorous evaporation occurs in the molten alloy. This phenomena is different from the known phenomenon such as the evaporation of refrigerant R-113 in the water. (2) The evaporation in the bubble has finished in a moment due to high heat ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Triacontanol (TRIA) has been realized as a potent plant growth promoting substance for a number of agricultural and horticultural crops. Out of a large number of essential oil bearing plants, mint (Mentha arvensis L.) constitutes the most important source of therapeutic agents used in the alternative systems of medicine. The mint plant has marvelous medicinal properties. In view of enhancing growth, yield and quality of this medicinally important plant, a pot experiment was conducted according to simple randomized block design. The experiment was aimed at studying the effect of four concentrations of TRIA (10?0, 10?7, 10?6 and 10?5?M) on the performance of mint with regard to growth and other physiological attributes, crop yield and quality attributes and the yield and contents of active c...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Purpose Two main pathways of phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils are phytostabilization and phytoextraction. Some soil amendments can strengthen phytostabilization or phytoextraction through either reducing heavy metal bioavailability in soil or increasing the heavy metal accumulation capacity of the hyperaccumulator (enhancing heavy metal concentration or shoot biomass of the hyperaccumulator). Urea and chicken manure are often used as fertilizers. This research will explore their effects on a newly found hyperaccumulator, Rorippa globosa (Turcz.) Thell., phytoremediating cadmium (Cd). Materials and methods Pot culture experiment was conducted to study the accumulation characteristics of R. globosa at different Cd contamination concentrations under one fertilizer level (1?g...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In the Mediterranean arc, vines for wine production are mainly grown without the support of irrigation. Under such conditions, site variables affecting the extent and seasonal timing of water deficits are the dominant environmental constraints for grape production. Moreover, water availability and vine water status are the factors most comprehensively determining fruit composition and, thus, wine quality. Therefore, monitoring the extent of water stress in vines might be a valuable tool for the optimisation of grape yield and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the reflectance based Water Index (WI) to estimate vine water status at the leaf and canopy levels. The study was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay potted plants submitted to contra...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A solar energy desalination process utilizing solar radiation directly for the evaporation of salt water is described. Ambient air takes on water vapor as the air passes through an evaporative medium. It is then directed between a saline water-covered, solar absorbing surface and a solar collecting housing. The resulting heated and moisture-saturated air is cooled in a heat exchange means where condensation of fresh water occurs. Simultaneously, cool salt water is utilized as the cooling water in the heat exchange means, and takes on the heat of condensation given up by the condensing vapor. The heated salt water from the heat exchange means is partially directed over the solar absorbing surface, and at least a portion of it is also directed to wet the evaporative medium. Several optional sub-processes are described for operation of the system during periods of reduced insolation, and an alternative process is described for ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A detergent-containing radioactive liquid waste originating from atomic power plants is concentrated to have about 10 wt. % detergent concentration, then dried in a thin film evaporator, and converted into powder. Powdered activated carbon is added to the radioactive waste in advance to prevent the liquid waste from foaming in the evaporator by the action of surface active agents contained in the detergent. The activated carbon is added in accordance with the COD concentration of the radioactive liquid waste to be treated, and usually at a concentration 2-4 times as large as the COD concentration of the liquid waste to be treated. A powdery product having a moisture content of not more than 15 wt. % is obtained from the evaporator, and pelletized and then packed into drums to be stored for a predetermined period.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

For a soft-contact-lens (SCL) wearer, corneal health and comfort are strongly influenced by water transport through the polymeric materials used in lens fabrication. In particular, evaporative water loss at the anterior lens surface is a potential cause of contact-lens dehydration and of post-lens tear-film depletion, which in turn, may lead to discomfort, dryness syndrome, and/or lens adhesion.We present a solution-diffusion model for transport of water through soft-contact-lens materials to mimic evaporative dehydration from a contact lens during blinking and to access possible SCL adhesion to the corneal surface under a variety of environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and relative humidity). To describe the water-transport process, we use an extended version of the Maxwell-Stefan m...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Extraction of hemicellulose from hardwood chips prior to pulping is a possible method for producing ethanol and acetic acid in an integrated forest bio-refinery, adding value to wood components normally relegated to boiler fuel. Hemicellulose was extracted from hardwood chips using green liquor, a pulping liquor intermediate consisting of aqueous NaOH, Na2CO3, and Na2S, at 160degreeC, held for 110min in a 20L rocking digester. The extracted liquor contained 3.7% solids and had a pH of 5.6. The organic content of the extracts was mainly xylo-oligosaccharides and acetic acid. Because it was dilute, the hemicellulose extract was concentrated by evaporation in a thin film evaporator. Concentrates from the evaporator reached levels of up to 10% solids. Inhibitors such as acetic acid and sodium ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The authors study, in forced convection, the evaporation of an Ostwaldian film flowing over an isothermal inclined plane surface to determine the influence of the behaviour index of the liquid on the dynamic and thermal characteristics of liquid-air system. The liquid flow is considered partially two-dimensional whereas for the air it is two-dimensional. The coupled equations with the interfacial conditions are solved using a fully implicit finite differences method. From the study, it appears that the behaviour index influences considerably the transfers which are more important for pseudo-plastic liquids than for dilatant ones. (authors)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Two inactive tracer techniques for determination of the decontamination factor (DF) of evaporation plants for radioactive waste water are described. One method was used for determination of the DF of an one stage pilot plant. The elements Mg, Cd and Co were employed as tracers. The analyses were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The measurements being fast and simple are especially advantageous with test series in pilot plants. In the second method activation analysis was used for measurement of the tracer to determine the DF of a two stage evaporation plant. Europium is added to the stock solution in a concentration of 70 ppm only. With this method a DF of up to 3 . 10"8 can still be determined. (Auth.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We consider particle evaporation and fission of an ensemble of hot, rotating compound nuclei as a stochastic process. We derive a set of coupled differential equations formed by a Fokker-Planck equation describing fission, and master equations for calculating particle evaporation. From these equations, we are able to determine multiplicities of prefission neutrons, protons and #alpha#-particles, their energy spectra and their angular momentum distributions. A comparison of our results with experimental data provides us with information regarding the reduced friction coefficient #beta#, the fission barrier height and the level density parameter. For different iridium isotopes, ("1"8"1","1"8"5","1"8"7Ir), "1"8"5Os and "1"5"8Er, we obtain as an upper limit #beta##<=#8.0x10"2"1 s"-"1. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The conversion of highly radioactive waste liquor into glass by the pot vitrification process has been studied at Harwell using a full-scale inactive pilot plant. A summary of the off-gas behavior and its interpretation is presented. Experimental runs were carried out on 3 representative wastes (MAGNOX - thermal reactor, metal fuel, THORP - thermal oxide fuel and PFR - fast reactor oxide fuel) using 2 methods of feeding the glass-formers (slurry and crizzle). Materials were carried over from the vitrification vessel into the off-gas system by entrainment supplemented by volatilization. The overall behavior of the off-gas was consistent with the presence in it of 5 separate aerosols of particulate matter. Sources of entrainment gave rise to 3 aerosols, and a further 2 aerosols were formed as a result of chemical reaction (Ru) and condensation (Cs) processes involving the volatile species. Entrainment was enhanced when the feed contained free alkali nitrate. The Ru ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The reactive evaporation process was successfully used to deposit films of the A-15 Nb_3Ge phase. This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, illustrating the use of such processes for the deposition of A-15 compounds. In this process, niobium vapors from an electron-beam-heated evaporation source react with germane gas introduced into the vacuum chamber at low partial pressures (approximately 10"-"4 Torr) to produce Nb_3Ge deposits. The process variables studied were the deposition temperature, the niobium-to-germanium impingement ratio on the substrate and the plasma-enhanced deposition, in this case the activated reactive evaporation process. At low deposition temperatures (below 450"0C) the deposit is amorphous (or microcrystalline) and can be crystallized to the Nb_3Ge phase by heat treatment, e.g. at 850"0C for 1 h in vacuum. The ratio of niobium to germanium in the deposit can be varied by changing the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Vertical thin film evaporators have been used to concentrate and dry solutions because their rotating swing blades prevent scale from being deposited on the heated surfaces. Powdering capacity of the vertical thin film evaporator was examined experimentally for drying applications of radioactive liquid waste generated from nuclear power plants. As a result, it was found that the powdering capacity increased with the blade rotation, changing significantly in the low ratational region and scarcely in the high rotational region. The powdering capacity in the high rotational region was restricted by the lack of heat flux which was theoretically evaluated for the concentrating process. As the critical factor in the low rotational region was not clear, a visual test apparatus was made to observe flow patterns in the evaporator, and a powdering model was obtained. This model showed that powdering process was obstructed when the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) operates the Waste Treatment Centre (WTC) to treat and immobilize some of the low- level radioactive waste (LLRW) streams at the Chalk River Laboratories (CRL). The WTC at treats low- level radioactive liquid waste by removing the contaminants from the wastewater, concentrating them, and immobilizing them. The fundamental design concept for the WTC is to process the waste streams using forced circulation type liquid waste evaporation (LWE), to solidify the concentrates using thin film evaporator and to discharge the purified effluent into the Ottawa River following verification monitoring. The solidified product drums are stored in existing storage facilities in the CRL. The LWE was installed in the WTC to treat the LLRW. After about four (4) years of design, construction and cold commissioning, the active commissioning of the evaporator process using radioactive waste streams ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The following manual chapters are outlined and described: overview, boilers, juice evaporators, feed mills, refrigeration, additional energy savings potentials, emerging technologies, optimization of integrated plant energy systems, and economics. (MHR)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The techniques of thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry (dTG) have been applied to a range of fuel oils and two 'fingerprinting' tests have been developed, one using an inert and the other an oxidizing atmosphere. These tests have been named evaporation profile and burning profile. 4 refs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The restricted temperature stability of the synthetic thermal oil which is used as heat carrier fluid in parabolic trough collectors so far limits the live steam parameters in the steam cycle to approximately 375 Celsius. In order to break through this limit, already for quite some time it is researched to replace the thermal oil by boiler feeding waters and to accomplish the evaporation in the collectors. The contribution under consideration gives an overview on the direct evaporation concept and summarizes the past operational experiences. Moreover, the challenges with the integration of this technology in a steam turbine cycle are elaborated.

CERN Document Server

A surface may provide a useful pumping action when able to retain adsorbed gas molecules for the duration of a given experiment. To fulfil this condition at room temperature, strong binding forces, as those resulting from chemical reactions, are required. Materials able to react with gases to form stable chemical compounds are called getters. The two main families of getters (evaporable and non-evaporable, or NEG) are presented and discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the NEG strips currently used for the vacuum systems of particle accelerators, and on the newly developed NEG thin-film coatings, in view of their possible future applications.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inelastically scattered neutron spectra and angular distributions measured for a number of nuclei at the 9.1 and 14.4 MeV incident neutron energies are fitted well as a sum of neutron evaporation spectrum and the direct interaction part. For the last one the practical scheme of parametrization based on direct interaction theory is presented. The relative contribution of direct interactions in double differential cross sections and parameters of neutron evaporation spectra have been evaluated. All results have a simple physical interpretation and may be useful at interpolating of data in a wide energy interval.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Insulated pressure vessels are cryogenic-capable pressure vessels that can be fueled with liquid hydrogen (LIQ) or ambient-temperature compressed hydrogen (CH2). Insulated pressure vessels offer the advantages of liquid hydrogen tanks (low weight and volume), with reduced disadvantages (lower energy requirement for hydrogen liquefaction and reduced evaporative losses). This paper shows an evaluation of the applicability of the insulated pressure vessels for light-duty vehicles. The paper shows an evaluation of evaporative losses and insulation requirements and a description of the current experimental plans for testing insulated pressure vessels. The results show significant advantages to the use of insulated pressure vessels for light-duty vehicles.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The composition of alkaline and neutral boric acid containing evaporator concentrates resulting from the treatment of radioactive waste water in nuclear power plants with WWER reactors is described as well as the processing of these concentrates to a product suitable for final disposal. Tests with mock solutions of these evaporator concentrates have been performed at the laboratory and teststand scale to produce a dry residue by continuous thickening, which can be processed into a highly leach resistant product, suitable for final disposal, by cementation. Ca-compounds must be added to the evaporator concentrates prior to the drying in an rotary thin-film evaporator (RTFE). The tests showed that neutral evaporator concentrates can be dried in a RTFE with addition of small amounts of Ca-compounds. The alkaline evaporator concentrates with high boric acid and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The influence of applied potential on the erosion-corrosion (E-C) behavior of AISI321 stainless steel in 10% H{sub 2}SO{sub 4}+15% corundum sand (60 mesh) acidic slurry was investigated using a modified slurry pot apparatus. The surface morphologies of E-C specimens at various applied potentials were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that cathodic protection could significantly decrease E-C rate, and the cathodic protection efficiency could be 73.6%. The influence of applied anodic potentials on the E-C behaviors could be classified as the following three types: A. The E-C rate increased sharply in region I (a little more positive than free-corrosion potential); B. The E-C rate decreased significantly in region II (stable passive region), and the anodic protection efficiency could be 64.5%; C. The E-C rate increased again in region III (transpassive region) because of intergranular corrosion. The appropriate potential range of anodic ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Application of inorganic S upto 20 mg kg"-"1 soil increased the grain yield of toria and total uptake of S. Incorporation of green manure (above ground portion) alongwith inorganic S further increased the grain yield of toria as well as sulphur uptake. Maximum grain yield of toria was obtained when green manure was supplemented with 10 mg S kg"-"1 soil. Cowpea as green manure proved superior to guara. Per cent S derived from green manures (SdfGM) decreased with increase in the level of inorganic S and ranged from 12.3 to 25.1. Total amount of S supplied by cowpea and guara in presence of varying levels of inorganic S ranged from 7.6 to 10.5 and 5.9 to 8.6 mg pot"-"1, respectively. Correspondingly, the per cent utilization of S ranged from 24.5 to 33.9 and 19.4 to 28.7, respectively. The results suggest that S from green manures significantly contributed to S nutrition of oilseed crops and it should be considered for better management of S. (author). 8 refs., 4 ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In field O{sub 3}-enrichment experiments increased herbivore densities have been reported, which could be due to negatively affected host location behavior of natural enemies. We addressed the impact of doubling background O{sub 3} on the host location of the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae by conducting 24-h trials in an open-air O{sub 3}-fumigation system during two consecutive years. Two circles (radii 1.40 and 4.00 m) of Plutella xylostella-infested potted cabbage plants were placed in the O{sub 3} and ambient plots. Female wasps were released into each plot from the center, and observed 5 times over a 24-h period to assess their host location capability. Thereafter, plants were kept in laboratory conditions until larvae pupation to determine parasitism rates. No significant differences were detected between ambient and O{sub 3}-enriched environments either in the number of wasps found in the field, or in the percentages of parasitized larvae. This suggests that ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

We evaluated the effectiveness of lime and red mud (by-product of aluminium manufacturing) to reduce metal availability to Festuca rubra and to allow re-vegetation on a highly contaminated brown-field site. Application of both lime and red mud (at 3 or 5%) increased soil pH and decreased metal availability. Festuca rubra failed to establish in the control plots, but grew to a near complete vegetative cover on the amended plots. The most effective treatment in decreasing grass metal concentrations in the first year was 5% red mud, but by year two all amendments were equally effective. In an additional pot experiment, P application in combination with red mud or lime decreased the Pb concentration, but not total uptake of Pb in Festuca rubra compared to red mud alone. The results show that both red mud and lime can be used to remediate a heavily contaminated acid soil to allow re-vegetation. - Red mud was effective in immobilising heavy metals in soil.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Results from a heavily fouled 19 tube C-E model boiler test to investigate the potential for egg crate corrosion in aggressively fouled AVT chemistry are reported. Substantial support plate and egg crate corrosion was produced in this test. Carbon steel drilled support plates exhibited extensive denting which resulted in flow hole ligament cracking. Corrosion of the carbon steel egg crate, through-wall at areas of tube contact, resulted in denting of the Alloy 600 heat transfer tubes. Corrosion performance of the 409 stainless steel egg crate was improved compared to the carbon steel egg crate although localized through-wall corrosion was noted. The results from the above test and previously reported tests were compared based on the following simplifying assumptions: maximum dent size and/or corrosion penetrations utilized, average bulk water chloride concentrations, pilling bedworth ratios, pot and model boilers data are equivalent, heat flux not significantly ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Rehabilitation of open-cut coal mining spoils at Collie, Western Australia, requires amelioration before adequate survival and growth of rehabilitation species can occur. Lolium ridgidum was used in a greenhouse pot experiment to assess the ability of lime (CaCO/sub 3/) and two waste-products of regional industry, bauxite processing caustic waste (red mud) and timber milling refuse (sawdust), to render the low pH spoils suitable for plant growth. CaCO/sub 3/ at 1% and red mud at 18% were both effective in reducing acidity and levels of available Al in the overburden. Red-mud treatment produced 10-fold increases in plant dry matter accumulation over the CaCO/sub 3/ treatment when no fertilizer was used. This is due to the presence of significant amounts of phosphorus in the red mud. With additions of a balanced NPK fertilizer at 0.077%, CaCO/sub 3/ treatment produced the best plant growth in this overburden. The re-use of the red-mud wastes for amelioration, ...

Science.gov (United States)

A simple one-step method to fabricate hierarchically porous TiO2/Pd composite hollow spheres without any template was developed by using solvothermal treatment. Pd nanoparticles (2-5 nm) were well dispersed in the mesopores of the TiO2 hollow spheres via in-situ reduction. In our experiment, polyvinylpyrrolidone played an important role in the synthetic process as the reducing agent and the connective material between TiO2 and Pd nanoparticles. HF species generated from solvothermal reaction leaded to the formation of TiO2 hollow spheres and Ostwald ripening was another main factor that affected the size and structure of the hollow spheres. The as-prepared TiO2/Pd composite hollow spheres exhibited high electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2. The sensitivity was about 226.72 ?A mM-1 cm-2 with a detection limit of 3.81 ?M at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. These results made the hierarchically porous TiO2/Pd composite a promising platform for fabricating new nonenzymic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

To prove that two-layer, TBP-nitric acid mixtures can be safely stored in the canyon evaporators, it must be demonstrated that a runaway reaction between TBP and nitric acid will not occur. Previous bench-scale experiments showed that, at typical evaporator temperatures, this reaction is endothermic and therefore cannot run away, due to the loss of heat from evaporation of water in the organic layer. However, the reaction would be exothermic and could run away if the small amount of water in the organic layer evaporates before the nitric acid in this layer is consumed by the reaction. Provided that there is enough water in the aqueous layer, this would occur if the organic layer is sufficiently thick so that the rate of loss of water by evaporation exceeds the rate of replenishment due to mixing with the aqueous layer. This report presents measurements of mass transfer rates for the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the early 1980s, AECL built a Waste Treatment Centre (WTC) for managing low-level solid and aqueous liquid wastes for converting CANDU wastes. At present, two liquid waste streams are being treated at the WTC. The liquid waste streams are volume-reduced by a combination of continuous crossflow microfiltration (MF), spiral wound reverse osmosis (SWRO) and tubular reverse osmosis (TRO) membrane technologies. The concentrate produced from the TRO system and the volume-reduced MF backwash solutions are evaporated while simultaneously adding bitumen in a thin-film evaporator. A water-free product of chemical and radiochemical salts and bitumen is removed in 200-L galvanized steel drums for storage. The radiation field of product drums on contact typically has a value of 0.5 to 3 R/h depending upon the feed concentration of radioactivity to the evaporator. The total solids content in the 200-L drum ranges from 25 to 35%. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ways of reducing the excessive energy consumption in the Polish sugar industry are examined. The three main areas where energy reduction measures might be taken are: reducing the process heat demand which arises from the need to evaporate excess water from the juice supplied to the crystallisers; improving the effectiveness of the thermal system by moving from the present four-effect evaporation to five-effect evaporation and using crystallisation vapours for juice heating; replacing old steam boilers with more efficient units. Most Polish sugar factories are relatively small, however, and the energy saving measures, all of which require the installation of more modern equipment, are not economically feasible in the short term. Moreover, the stringent limits on atmospheric emissions which come into effect in 1998 will require factories to use low-sulphur coal and install costly glue-gas cleaning equipment. With limited ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A process and apparatus for solidifying radioactive waste liquid containing dissolved and/or suspended solids is disclosed. The process includes chemically treating for pH adjustement and precipitation of solids, concentrating solids with a thin-film evaporator to provide liquid concentrate containing about 50% solids, and drying the concentrate with heated mixing apparatus. The heated mixing apparatus includes a heated wall and working means for shearing dried concentrate from internal surfaces and subdividing dry concentrate into dry, powdery particles. The working means includes a rotor and helical means for positively advancing the concentrate and resulting dry particles from inlet to outlet of the mixing apparatus. The dry particles may also be encapsulated in a matrix material. Entrained particles in the vapor stream from the evaporator and mixer are removed in an integral particle separator and the vapor is subsequently condensed and may ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Raywell Process Plants unit, which reclaims a wide range of organic solvents, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, is based on thin film evaporation and distillation rather than steam distillation, thus reducing the risk of contamination by water. Henry Balfour and Co.'s Pfaudler Solvent Recovery System gives 96% or better solvent recovery and produces a near-solid waste suitable for landfill disposal; like the Raywell system, it uses a mechanically wiped thin-film evaporator. Midland Oil Refineries uses sa Raywell thin-film evaporator for recovery of waste lubricating oils rather than the conventional sulfuric acid/clay treatment, thus avoiding formation of sulfuric acid sludge waste. The Henry Balfour Bioenergy anaerobic digestion system gives yields of fuel gas with 65-75% methane as high as 0.8 cu m/kg BOD; it achieves 95-98% BOD removal with no pH control or nutrient addition because it separates solids ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The Rocky Flats Plant (RFP) generates large volumes of a low level aqueous waste stream high in nitrate salts. The aqueous waste is concentrated by evaporation and then mixed with Portland cement prior to transport and disposal. Planned process upgrades include a new horizontal thin film evaporator. Temperature of brine at discharge end of the new evaporator will be near boiling point. Introduction of hot water to cement can degrade the monolithic waste form. However, the RFP salt waste contains high concentrations of compounds known to retard hydration. This paper discusses impact of introducing high temperature waste to cement. The study evaluated three waste compositions: (1) highest probable nitrate composition, (2) highest probable chloride composition, and (3) current composition. Results showed that compressive strength of final waste form increased with brine temperature, and waste forms from brine at the boiling ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the United States today, governments at all levels and the citizenry are paying increasing attention to the effects, both real and hypothetical, of industrial activity on the environment. Responsible modem industries, reflecting this heightened public and regulatory awareness, are either substituting benign materials for hazardous ones, or using hazardous materials only under carefully controlled conditions. In addition, present-day environmental consciousness dictates that we deal responsibly with legacy wastes. The decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of facilities at which mercury was used or processed presents a variety of challenges. Elemental mercury is a liquid at room temperature and readily evaporates in air. In large mercury-laden buildings, droplets may evaporate from one area only to recondense in other cooler areas. The rate of evaporation is a function of humidity and temperature; consequently, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Deposition of hard coatings may influence the mechanical properties of the bulk material and its corrosion resistance. In this work we study the hardness of the coated and the back side of 100Cr6 steel plates. Electrochemical corrosion tests were performed in O{sub 2}-saturated acetate buffer of pH 5.6 at 25degC. Chromium nitride and titanium nitride coatings prepared by different physical vapour deposition processes, such as arc, thermionic arc evaporation, magnetron sputtering and ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) were compared. The results show that, for sufficient corrosion protection, chromium nitride layers have to be thicker than 500 nm. An increased nitrogen partial pressure in the evaporation chamber of the IBAD process improves the corrosion resistance significantly. The hardness of the substrates was reduced in the case of thermoionic arc evaporation only, indicating a deposition temperature of more than ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Using gasoline as an example of additives for cold start improvement, fuel vapor composition of methanol-gasoline mixtures, fuel evaporation rate in consideration of temperature drop due to heat of fuel evaporation, air fuel ratio, stoichiometric air fuel ratio and excess air ratio of fuel vapor were calculated. The mixture formation of methanol-gasoline mixtures at low temperature in otto cycle engines was studied. Van Laar's empirical formula was used to estimate the partial pressure of high-percentage methanol blends. It was found that the most part of fuel vapor is occupied by gasoline, even when a small amount of gasoline is added to methanol resulting to an extremely small excess air ratio. It is obvious that this vapor pressure adjustment using gasoline is the dominant factor for improvement in cold startability. (10 figs, 1 tab, 10 refs)

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The fundamental points to be considered in a waste treatment system for a country like Japan, where the final disposal method has not been decided and the wastes have to be stored in the power plants, are volume reduction of the wastes, safe storage of the wastes in the plant, and flexibility regarding the final disposal. A system has been developed that consists of a thin film evaporator for the direct solidification of the liquid waste, a pelletizer for producing hard pellets from the powdered wastes, a pellet storage unit, and a solidification unit for the final disposal. A pilot plant with waste treatment capacity of 200 kg/h was built in 1976 and has proved the system feasibility. This paper reports on pilot plant tests of the thin film evaporator and other components, tests on pellet deterioration during long term storage, and integrity tests on the final disposal of the pellet bitumen package.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: To enable the solidification of liquid waste containing radioactive substance in a free shape with large volume reduction ratio without a pulverizing step by producing solute in the liquid waste as a slurry in a predetermined organic solvent and forming it into a cake by mechanical exfoliation. Method: Liquid waste containing suitably concentrated radioactive substances is supplied to a centrifugal thin film evaporator together with an organic agent having a higher boiling point than water and a non aqueous solution to evaporate the water content, the solute in the waste is produced as a slurry in the organic solvent, and removed as cake-state solute slightly residued with the organic solvent by the mechanical exfoliation such as centrifugal exfoliation or settling exfoliation from the slurry-state liquid. Accordingly, it can be increased in size as compared with the powder reduced in volume of the radioactive liquid waste, and can be ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Object: To minimize the range of the liquid level variation of the cooling system and reduce the time required for the liquid level control by sealing the gas of a cover gas respiration system which acts upon an evaporator and pump overflow column. Structure: In liquid level control by the cover gas pressure of a high-speed reactor secondary cooling system, upon occurrence of a sudden change in the rate of flow of the recirculated liquid, automatic check valves provided in an evaporator and pump overflow column cover gas respiration system are completely or substantially closed, while at the same time the recirculation cooling medium is sucked up and an automatic check valve provided in the overflow system is closed. (Kamimura, M.).

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this study, usage of a variable speed refrigeration system in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system is investigated to increase energy storage efficiency. Four different compressor speed control cases are compared to obtain a constant heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature at the inlet of the energy storage tank. These control cases are (i) control with evaporation temperature, (ii) control with ethylene glycol temperature at the outlet section of evaporator, (iii) control with suction pressure of the compressor and (iv) on/off control. By means of the experimental analysis the best control strategy is obtained as control with Case (ii), in terms of stability of inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid, variations of energy efficiency of LHTES and coefficient of performance (...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Heat pipes, loop heat pipes (LHP), and capillary pumped loops (CPL) have already proven their potential to remove high heat fluxes from a small electronic device and transport the heat to a heat sink that is large enough to transfer it into the ambient air. We introduce a novel two-loop system similar in design to CPLs but with an additional buoyancy-driven fluid loop. Non-degassed methanol is used as a working fluid. Key benefits compared to LHPs and CPLs are easy filling procedure, easy startup, and the tolerance toward noncondensable gases in the fluid. The amount of fluid in the system can be varied over a broad range without affecting the heat transfer performance. Three different inverted-meniscus-type evaporators have been employed in this study. A maximum evaporator heat transfer r...

CERN Document Server

Condensed matter black hole analogues may provide guidance in grappling with difficult questions about the role of short distance physics in the Hawking effect. These questions bear on the very existence of Hawking radiation, the correlations it may or may not carry, the nature of black hole entropy, and the possible loss of information when a black hole evaporates. We describe a model of black hole formation and evaporation and the loss of information to a disconnected universe in a thin film of 3He-A, and we explain why the existence of Hawking radiation has not yet been demonstrated in this model. [We would like this article to be accessible to researchers in both condensed matter and gravitational physics, hence we include more than the usual amount of introductory material.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A model is described for simulating thermal hydraulic and chemical conditions within fuel crud deposits. Heat transfer takes place by wick boiling in which water flows through the porous deposit and evaporates into steam at the surface of chimneys. The transport and chemistry of dissolved species within the deposit is also modelled. This chemistry includes the equilibrium chemistry of Li/boric acid species, the equilibrium chemistry of Fe/Ni species and the radiolysis chemistry of water. The unique feature of this model is that the chemistry is coupled to the thermal hydraulics via the increase in the saturation temperature with the concentration of dissolved species. This has a profound effect on evaporative heat transfer within thick deposits, leading to conditions that explain the precipitation of LiBO{sub 2} and the possible formation of bonaccordite. The model helps understand several crud scrape observations, including why AOA is observed ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Ion implantation is used at several critical stages of Si integrated circuit manufacturing. The authors show how #left brace#311#right brace# defects arising after implantation are responsible for both enhanced dopant diffusion during annealing, and stable dislocations post-anneal. They observe #left brace#311#right brace# defects in the earliest stages of an anneal. They subsequently undergo rapid Ostwald ripening and evaporation. At low implant doses evaporation dominates, and they can quantitatively relate the interstitials emitted from these defects to the transient enhancement in diffusivity of dopants such as B and P. At higher doses Ostwald ripening is significant, and they observe the defects to undergo a series of unfaulting reactions to form both Frank loops and perfect dislocations. They demonstrate the ability to control both diffusion and dislocations by the addition of small amounts of carbon impurities.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The object of the present study is to develop a high performance evaporator for automotive air conditioner. The experiment has been conducted on evaporative heat transfer coefficient inside a plate type heat exchanger with a sharp 180-degree turn flow. The test plates have different formed surface, cross-ribboned channel and elliptical-ribbed channel. Also experimental study has been performed to determine optimal design in elliptical-ribbed plate heat exchanger with different turn clearance. In addition to the above experiments, refrigerant behavior and surface temperature distribution in the plate heat exchanger were observed using color thermo viewer(infrared thermometer). In this experiment, working fluid was used R-12 and test conditions were as follows : (1) saturation pressure of 2,116 kg/cm{sup 2}, (2) mass fluxes of 40 to 70 kg/m{sup 2} s, (3) heat fluxes of 4,500 to 7,300 W/m{sup 2}, (4) inlet quality of 0.1 to 0.7. The results ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In response to a request from DOE-SR, the current state of knowledge of the reactions between TBP and aqueous nitrate solutions is critically reviewed, and recommendations are made for the safe operation of SRS separations equipment in which this combination of chemicals may be present. The existing limits for evaporation are validated. Guidelines are presented for cases in which general limits do not apply. The rate of reaction between nitric acid and TBP appears to be controlled by the rate of TBP hydrolysis. The hydrolysis reaction produces dibutyl phosphate and n-butanol. The hydrolysis rate is a strong function of temperature, and becomes very fast at temperatures in the range 130{degrees} to 150{degrees}C. The resulting n-butanol is volatile at high temperatures, boiling at 117.5{degrees}C, but is also subject to exothermic oxidation by nitric acid or nitrates. If oxidation occurs before the n-butanol evaporates, the heat of oxidation may ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The reconstruction of steel lining of the FFTF reactor building is described. The cold part of the lining has a simple structure and represents a steel sheet of 6.35 mm thickness welded to I-shaped imbedded in concrete, the hot part is meant for resisting the hot sodium contacting with it. The reconstruction has been reduced to the substitution of usual lining, the sheets of which are fixed in such a way that dangerous strains in metal arising at evaporation are excluded by the new structure admitting sheet deformation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This document, the Standards/Requirements Identification Document (S/RID) Phase 2 Assessment Report for the subject facility, represents the results of a Performance Assessment to determine whether procedures containing S/RID requirements are fully implemented by field personnel in the field. It contains a summary report and three attachments; an assessment schedule, performance objectives, and assessments for selected functional areas.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat transfer has emerged as a leading-edge technology supporting the rapid pace of developments in science and engineering ranging from energy production to electronic cooling. Subjects covered at the 6th UK National Conference on heat transfer held at Edinburgh from 15-16 September 1999 include: convection; boiling and evaporation; condensation; numerical techniques; heat exchangers; radiation and combustion; conduction; two-phase flow and heat transfer augmentation. Fifteen of the papers are abstracted here.

Science.gov (United States)

Contacts with researchers, manufacturers, and users of enhanced heat transfer equipment are summarized. The Technical Literature file and the Patent File continue to be updated; the Patent File is the source for a patent technology report now in draft form. Application studies on a rationally-based friction correlation for internally-finned tubes and on the evaluation of candidate tube-side enhancements for OTEC applications are reported. The technology study on enhancement of spray evaporation is also discussed.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Neutron time-of flight spectra were measured from 90 MeV protons and 140 MeV alpha-particle bombardment of Al, Ni, Zr, and Bi at laboratory angles between 20"0 and 130"0. The proton induced neutron spectra reveal three distinct energy regions; a low energy evaporation region, a high-energy region dominated by quasi-free scattering processes and an intermediate-energy region dominated by multi-step, pre-equilibrium processes. In the latter two regions, the spectra show strong angular dependence. The alpha-induced neutron spectra show these same distinct energy regions plus an exponential fall-off above the beam energy per nucleon. The high-energy portions of the forward-angle neutron and proton cross sections are in ratios consistent with the assumption that single nucleon-nucleon scattering dominates. For heavy-mass targets, the low-energy evaporation regions show neutron yields larger than proton yields. The proton-to-neutron ratios observed ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Evaporation system for liquid radioactive waste process has been used in Korean PWR nuclear power plants. The system is the most desirable process for decontamination factor (DF) theoretically. However, during the operation of the system, various problems have been arising such as scaling, carry over, etc. Because these problems make DF low, advanced technologies for liquid radwaste process have been world widely developed instead of keeping evaporation system. The main goal of new technologies is ALARA, ease of operation, cost effectiveness and minimization of environmental effect. Korea Electric Power Corporation is currently developing a combined treatment process for liquid radwaste using Micro-filter, Ultra-filter, Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane, etc for the purpose of partly enhancement of evaporator and of having an alternative liquid radwaste process system for new reactors. As a part of the above project, the ...

Science.gov (United States)

The strength, stiffness, and range of single-stranded stainless steel (SS) and superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires were compared with those of alternative leveling products, including nylon-coated and multistranded wires. Wire cross-sections were photographed after being potted in polymer, ground, and polished. Because the rectangular wires had rounded or beveled corners, gravimetric measurements and specific gravity calculations quantified the actual polygonal cross-sectional areas versus the ideal rectangular cross-sectional areas. Beveling reduced the cross-sectional areas by 7% to 8%; this decreased the wire stiffnesses by 15% to 19%. Using a testing machine, we measured the yield strengths, the elastic limits, and the ultimate tensile strengths in tension, and wire stiffnesses in 3-point bending. From cyclic loading tests, the elastic limits of the superelastic NiTi wires were approximately 90% and 45% of their ultimate tensile strengths for the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Effect of two organic chemicals viz., 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone (C_1) and naphthyl ethylene diamine (C_2) was studied by their application alone and together (Csub(1+2) at the rate of 10 ppm by growing wheat on a loamy soil (Typic ustochrept) containing recently immobilized fertilizes N of "1"5N - urea applied at 60, 120 and 180 ppm N to preceding rice under greenhouse conditions of a rice-wheat sequence. The application of C_1 and C_2 alone; and their combined application (Csub(1+2) produced 12, 15 and 18 per cent higher wheat grain yield over no-chemical application i.e. Co (3.50 g/pot). The chemicals also showed their beneficial effect on utilization of recently immobilized fertilizer N, as was evidenced by significantly higher "1"5N recovery values in wheat with C_1, C_2 and Csub(1+2)(2.84, 3.63 and 3.54 per cent, respectively) than that of Co (2.29 per cent). The soil N fractions were affected by chemical application during wheat as total hydrolyzable N, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

An open bilayer ground-crew chemical defense ensemble (CDE) was proposed to reduce the thermal burden during vapor-only exposure periods. This study compared the thermal-stress profile of the proposed ensemble to that produced by the currently employed closed CDE. Four subjects, alternating ensembles on separate days, walked on a treadmill in an environmental chamber at 5.3 km/h (3.3 mph) and 2% grade (an energy expenditure of 350 kcal/h) for alternating work/rest to achieve significant recovery. Mean total sweat production was lower (1.38 vs. 2.50 liters) and percent sweat evaporation greater (65.7% vs. 30.0%) in the prototype ensemble than in the CDE. The prototype ensemble provided greater heat dissipation and allowed more-efficient sweat evaporation which had the double benefit of reducing heat storage and limiting dehydration.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper introduces recent instances of polymerizers for highly viscous liquid needed in the field of synthetic resin and synthetic fiber. A horizontal twin-shaft type polymerizer has two horizontally rotating shafts with stirring blades of spectacle-shaped type, which are arranged at a 90 [degree] phase difference. As they rotate, they scrape highly viscous liquid sticking to the surface inside the polymerizer and on the rotating shafts. This polymerizer is capable of processing highly viscous liquid up to about 2000 Pa[center dot]s. A lattice-type twisting blade polymerizer is a vertical-type reactor and features a special stirring blade capable of stirring highly viscous liquid up to 5000 Pa[center dot]s This polymerizer has no central rotating shaft so that highly viscous liquid does not stick on it. A sloped blade-type thin-film evaporator has spiral blades in the longitudinal direction of the rotor. Process liquid pushed to the inner wall of the vessel by ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Neutron elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections of _2_3_8U and _2_3_2Th have been measured at the University of Lowell for states below 1.8 MeV. A time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer was used. The disc-shaped scatterer was oriented to optimize energy resolutions for 200-to-500-keV neutrons. Neutrons were obtained via the _7Li(p,n)_7Be reaction. Targets were prepared by in-situ evaporation of Li onto a Ta backing. During the evaporation, the target thickness was monitored using a 5-m-flight-path TOF spectrometer; a typical target had a neutron thickness from 8 to 10 keV for Esub(p) = 2.25.MeV. Spectra were analyzed using the unfolding code TINA; standard peak shapes were obtained from codes LAGUE and LAPA. Results obtained will be presented.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Object: To prevent coolant inventory within a cooling system loop in an atomic power plant from being varied depending on loads thereby relieving restriction of varied speed of coolant flow rate to lowering of a liquid surface due to short in coolant. Structure: Instruments such as a superheater, an evaporator, and the like, which constitute a cooling system loop in an atomic power plant, have a plurality of free liquid surface of coolant. Portions whose liquid surface is controlled and portions whose liquid surface is varied are adjusted in cross-sectional area so that the sum total of variation in coolant inventory in an instrument such as a superheater provided with an annulus portion in the center thereof and an inner cylindrical portion and a down-comer in the side thereof comes equal to that of variation in coolant inventory in an instrument such as an evaporator similar to the superheater. which is provided with an overflow pipe in its ...

CERN Document Server

Non-evaporable thin film getters of various compositions have been produced by sputtering. Among about 20 materials which have been studied, the lowest activation temperature (about 180 degree C) has been displayed by a Ti-Zr-V coating obtained from a cathode made of intertwisted elemental wires. In order to optimize the vacuum properties of this film various production parameters, including the substrate temperature during coating, have been varied. The films have been characterized by pumping speed measurement, secondary electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. It has been found that the substrate coating temperature affects significantly the activation temperature, the pumping speed and the gas surface capacity. The highest pumping speed values, obtained for substrate coating temperatures of 250 degree C and 300 degree C, are clearly correlated with the increased surface roughness and porosity of the Ti-Zr-V film.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The structural, morphological and optical properties of vacuum-evaporated CdTe thin films were investigated as a function of substrate temperature and post-deposition annealing without and with CdCl2/treatment at 400 C for 30 min. Diffraction patterns are almost the same exhibiting higher preferential orientation corresponding to (111) plane of the cubic phase. The intensity of the (111) peak increased with the CdCl2/annealing treatment. The microstructure observed for all films following the CdCl2/annealing treatment are granular, regardless of the as-deposited microstructure. The grain sizes are increased after the CdCl2/annealing treatment but now contain voids around the grain boundaries. The optical band gaps, Eg, were found to be 1.50, 1.50 and 1.48 eV for films deposited at 200 K and annealed without and with CdCl2/treatment at 400 C for 30 min respectively. A progressive sharpening of the absorption edge upon heat treatment particularly for the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

To reduce the volume of radioactive wastes after evaporation, activity carriers can be separated from the inactive salt load. Boric acid separation from PWR concentrates was considered a preliminary stage for nuclide precipitation. In connection with the precipitation process, the reaction conditions for boric acid separation were determined by bench-scale experiments. After evaluating the known purification processes, crystallization was suggested as a practicable method. After inactive bench-scale experiments, mixed crystal formation with iron hexacyanoferrate for Cs removal was chosen. The disturbing effect of the complexing agents was neutralized by a pre-dose of iron-III-salts. By specifying the precipitation conditions, for Cs-134 an activity separation from 3,0 E + 06 Bg/l to 1,9 E + 02 Bg/l, and for Cs-137 from 5,9 E + 06 Bg/l to 1,2 E + 02 Bg/l was achieved. Accordingly, the decontamination factor for Cs-134 was 16000, and for Cs-137 48000. For the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The gross calorific value (H{sub o}) is the amount of heat which is generated by total combustion of a type of fuel. It also includes that part of heat which is generated by steam from evaporated water contained in heating gas. In conventional heating boilers, this heat portion is not being utilized at all. To utilize the gross calorific value, it is necessary to extract from the exhaust gas the evaporation heat bound in steam and to return this to the heating system. This means that the exhaust gas has to be chilled by the return water of the heating system and condensed in suitable heat exchangers to well below the dew point. (orig.) [Deutsch] Waermelieferanten im Bereich der Nahwaermeversorgung koennen durch die Anwendung verfuegbarer und bewaehrter Brennwerttechnik ihre Kosten senken und einen zusaetzlichen Beitrag zum Umweltschutz leisten. Mit dem richtigen Brennwertkessel amortisieren sich Mehrkosten in weniger als 2 Jahren. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Describes the wastes produced and the waste disposal methods used at BEWAG power plants. Wastes covered include fly ash, fluidized bed ash, gypsum from flue gas desulfurization and evaporation residues. Disposal methods include using ashes and gypsum to make building materials. Despite many years of experience in the utilization and disposal of residues from coal-fired power stations BEWAG have not encountered any disposal problems. 5 tabs.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Secondary deuterium in the atmosphere are produced in interactions by primary cosmic rays. The shape of their energy spectrum depends on the primary cosmic ray spectrum incident at the top of the atmosphere. At high energies, the spectral shape depends on the primary spectrum of helium and heavy nuclei. However, at very low energies, specially below the geomagnetic cut-off, the spectral shape depends on the evaporation and recoil processes and hence almost independent of the spectral shape of the primary radiation. It is undertaken a calculation of the secondary deuterium spectrum at small atmospheric depths at various latitudes and the results will be presented.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A new lens was installed in the laser; the laser power was lowered and solar cells were made at different power levels. The concentration of the silver neodecanoate solution was changed to reduce linewidth. A cell fabrication run was completed using low-resistivity float-zone silicon. Experiments were initiated to investigate the use of titanium organometallic film, which not only forms an AR coating with a 400/sup 0/C hard bake, but may also help in bypassing front-metal evaporation because of high-reactivity of Ti with silicon. Progress in these areas is discussed.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The half-metallic Heusler alloy Ni{sub 2}MnIn is of high interest for use in spin electronics since at the Ni{sub 2}MnIn/InAs interface a spin polarization of 100% is predicted. We prepare high-quality thin films of 20-60nm thickness by co-evaporation and DC magnetron sputtering. Point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy yields a spin polarization of up to 54%. By spectral generalized magneto-optical ellipsometry, the dielectric and magneto-optical properties are determined and ferromagnetic behavior below the Curie temperature T{sub C}=318K is proved.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This paper deals with the pitting corrosion of evaporators in the liquid - radwaste system of nuclear power stations. Corrosion testrs were conducted by the anodic polalization of specimen in the chloride solution. (1) The initiation of the pitting in SUS 304, SUS 316 stainless steels was inhibited by addition of NaOH and H_3BO_3, however, these addition had no effect on the pitting propagation. (2) Inconel 625 had the resitivity against the pitting initiation superior to that of stainless steels, but this was not necessarily in the case of the pitting propagation. (3) It is noticed for pitting prevention that the environmental and material effect on the pitting initiation differed from that on the pitting propagation. (author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For evaporation crystallization of extremely corrosive FGD scrubber solutions which - depending on the process - can lead all the way to a product suitable for depositing, an economic equipment concept based on metallic construction materials was to be investigated. In a parameter study, electrochemical test methods were used to determine the influence of the pH value, the Fe{sup 3+}, F and So{sub 2} contents in a solution containing 200 g/l CaCl{sub 2}+30 g/l NaCl at 80deg C on the resistance to pitting corrosion of stainless steels and NiCrMo alloys. In addition, electrochemical and wet corrosion tests (e.g. crevice corrosion) were conducted using original FGD scrubber solutions with 43-50% dry substance from the power plants Reuter-West, Oberhavel and Rudow of the BEWAG, Berlin. The results were compared to those of standardized and non-standardized short-term tests for determining the critical pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion temperatures for the various ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Case studies are presented for treatment of refinery wastes in a pilot-scale thin-film evaporator, the removal of volatiles from industrial wastewater for two steam strippers, and the removal of semivolatiles from water by steam stripping followed by liquid-phase carbon adsorption. The report provides data on removal efficiency, air emissions, process residuals, treatment costs, and process limitations. Details on sampling and analytical procedures, quality assurance, and process data are contained in the Appendixes (Volume II).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

For the purpose of optimizing the process of co-implantation of MeV Si ions to reduce boron transient enhanced diffusion and boron-enhanced diffusion in Si, multiple MeV implantations and annealing at different temperatures have been performed. A slight improvement on the suppression of B diffusion is observed by adding a low temperature annealing step after the MeV implantation. No differences in B diffusion are observed when the Si doses are increased from 1 x 10{sup 15} to 1 x 10{sup 16} cm{sup -2}. This dose independent behavior is speculated to be a quasi-steady state of vacancy cluster evaporation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This article proposes a model for estimating the effect of the overall thermal resistance of the absorber and the coolant on a solar thermal energy system utilizing advanced heat transfer mediums. Two equations can be used to model a dynamic system: one for the maximum conversion efficiency and one to specify the constraint that, in quasi-steady state, the net energy collected must be transferred to the coolant. These two equations define a constrained optimization problem in two variables, the fluid and the absorber temperatures. The results present interesting implications for liquid metal, direct absorption, and solar evaporating systems.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A copyrighted computational fluid dynamics computer code, ICOMFLO, has been developed for the simulation of multiphase reacting flows. The code solves conservation equations for gaseous species and droplets (or solid particles) of various sizes. General conservation laws, expressed by elliptic type partial differential equations, are used in conjunction with rate equations governing the mass, momentum, enthalpy, species, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent dissipation. Associated phenomenological submodels of the code include integral combustion, two parameter turbulence, particle evaporation, and interfacial submodels. A newly developed integral combustion submodel replacing an Arrhenius type differential reaction submodel has been implemented to improve numerical convergence and enhance numerical stability. A two parameter turbulence submodel is modified for both gas and solid phases. An evaporation submodel treats not only droplet ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cationic five-coordinate [Pt(3-R{sup 1}-4-R{sup 2}-C{sub 6}H{sub 3})(MeCN) (6-Me-py-2-CH=NPh)(C{sub 2}H{sub 4})]{sup +} complexes (R{sup 1}, R{sup 2} = H, Me, OMe) undergo an unexpected rearrangement at 0{degrees}C in chloroform solution, affording, after treatment with aqueous LiCl, the neutral four-coordinate species [Pt(2-Et-4-R{sup 1}-5-R{sup 2}-C{sub 6}H{sub 2})Cl(6-Me-py-1-CH=NPh)]. Pt-C{sub aryl} bond breaking and making is involved in the whole process, resulting in a 1,2-shift of the platinum atom to an adjacent position of the benzene ring. The same compound is obtained, together with products deriving from a typical insertion, when an equimolar amount of ethylene is added to a chloroform solution of [Pt(3-R{sub 1}-4-R{sup 2}-C{sub 6}H{sub 3})(MeCN)(6-Me-py-2-CH=NPh)]{sup +} at 0{degrees}C. When higher ethylene/Pt ratios are used, only five-coordinate [Pt(3-R{sup 1}-4-R{sup 2}-C{sub 6}H{sub 3}CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2})Cl(6-Me-py-2-CH{double_bond}NPh)(C{sub 2}H{sub 4})] complex is ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The evaluation methodology utilized in deciding to change over Oyster Creek plant operation from chemical regeneration of condensate demineralizer resin beds to throwaway of this spent resin is presented. Both the economic and operational aspects considered are discussed. The evaluation shows that potential savings in the $1.1M range are feasible over a 5 year cycle. Cost sensitivity analysis results define the throwaway versus regeneration breakeven point to be 47 condensate demineralization beds per 5 year cycle. The evaluation also discusses the trade off between resin and evaporator concentrates burial volumes. Analyses are given which show that the burial volume cost equivalency of resin to solidified concentrates is 150 ft./sup 3/ of resin equals 400 ft./sup 3/ of concentrates. Based on one year of power operation in the throwaway mode, the savings and operational value anticipated in the initial study are being realized.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Chlorine clearly inhibits the CO{sub 2}-gasification reaction of charcoal at 800{sup o}C. From this and other observations the picture emerges that the reduction in the gasification reactivity of the charcoal is intimately related to the deactivation of the catalytically active alkali metals residing in the wood due to the formation of the chloride salt. It is argued that the heavy metal chlorides will likely transfer the chlorine to the indigenous alkali metals during the pyrolysis stage of the wood. The fate of the thus formed alkali metal chlorides can then be either their removal from the sample (evaporation), or, when present at the gasification stage, re-activation (i.e., de-chlorination) under our gasification conditions. (author) 3 figs., 4 refs.

Science.gov (United States)

The cold effluents (sanitary waste and decontaminated radioactive water) are flocculated with sodium phosphate and pumped through a trickling filter. The average decontamination obtained is about 86% for alpha emittera and 76% for beta emitters. The cool effluents (activity < 10/sup -3/ mu c/ml) can be treated by several methods. Provisions have been made for two successive chemical flocculations eventually followed by an adsorptlon. The warm waste treatment (activity between 10/sup -3/ and 1 mu c/ml) is still in the experimental stage. The following methods are used: evaporation for some chemically contaminated wastes, browncoal filtration for reactor effluents, and a combination of chemical treatment and browncoal adsorption in other cases. (auth)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Bilayers of pure palladium and gold films were evaporated alternatively on (100) and (111) monocrystalline silicon substrates. After annealing, in a vacuum furnace from 100 to 650degreeC during 30min, the growth sequence of the Pd2Si and PdSi phases that evolved as the result of the diffusion reaction was examined by means of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), whereas the surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The effect of the intermediate gold layer is investigated in order to test its effectiveness as barrier for Cu and Si atoms interdiffusion and its influence on the morphology of the formed palladium silicides. The effect of substrate orientation on the palladium silicides growth and formation was also e...

CERN Document Server

The laser cooling and trapping of ultracold neutral dysprosium has been recently demonstrated using the broad, open 421-nm cycling transition. Narrow-line magneto-optical trapping of Dy on longer wavelength transitions would enable the preparation of ultracold Dy samples suitable for loading optical dipole traps and subsequent evaporative cooling. We have identified the closed 741-nm cycling transition as a candidate for the narrow-line cooling of Dy. We present experimental data on the isotope shifts, the hyperfine constants A and B, and the decay rate of the 741-nm transition. In addition, we report a measurement of the 421-nm transition's linewidth, which agrees with previous measurements. We summarize the laser cooling characteristics of these transitions as well as other narrow cycling transitions that may prove useful for cooling Dy.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This document reports on the work done by the Separations Science and Technology Programs of the Chemical Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, in the period April-September 1992. This effort is mainly concerned with developing the TRUEX process for removing and concentrating actinides from acidic waste streams contaminated with transuranic (TRU) elements. The objectives of TRUEX processing are to recover valuable TRU elements and to lower disposal costs for the nonTRU waste product of the process. Two other projects are underway with the objective of developing (1) a membrane-assisted solvent extraction method for treating natural and process waters contaminated by volatile organic compounds and (2) evaporation technology for concentrating radioactive waste and product streams such as those generated by the TRUEX process.

CERN Document Server

In the beam pipe of the positron damping ring of the Next Linear Collider, electrons will be created by beam interaction with the surrounding vacuum chamber wall and give rise to an electron cloud. Several solutions are possible for avoiding the electron cloud, without changing the bunch structure or the diameter of the vacuum chamber. Some of the currently available solutions for preventing this spurious electron load include reducing residual gas ionization by the beam, minimizing beam photon-induced electron production, and lowering the secondary electron yield (SEY) of the chamber wall. We will report on recent SEY measurements performed at SLAC on TiN coatings and TiZrV non-evaporable getter thin films.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract: The recent National Academy of Sciences report on forensic sciences states that the study of fire patterns and debris in arson fires is in need of additional work and eventual standardization. We discuss a recently introduced method that can provide predicted evaporation patterns for ignitable liquids as a function of temperature. The method is a complex fluid analysis protocol, the advanced distillation curve approach, featuring a composition explicit data channel for each distillate fraction (for qualitative, quantitative, and trace analysis), low uncertainty temperature measurements that are thermodynamic state points that can be modeled with an equation of state, consistency with a century of historical data, and an assessment of the energy content of each distillate fraction...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

In this paper, we study the optical properties of indium sulfide thin films to establish the best conditions to obtain a good solar cell buffer layer. The In2S3 buffer layers have been prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and thermal evaporation (PVD). Optical behavior differences have been found between CBD and PVD In2S3 thin films that have been explained as due to structural, morphological and compositional differences observed in the films prepared by both methods. The resultant refractive index difference has to be attributed to the lower density of the CBD films, which can be related to the presence of oxygen. Its higher refractive index makes PVD film better suited to reduce overall reflectance in a typical CIGS solar cell.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

The latent heat of evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in the assessment of drought severity as one sensitive indicator of land drought status. A simple and accurate method of estimating global ET for the monitoring of global land surface droughts from remote sensing data is essential. The objective of this research is to develop a hybrid ET model by introducing empirical coefficients based on a simple linear two-source land ET model, and to then use this model to calculate the Evaporative Drought Index (EDI) based on the actual estimated ET and the potential ET in order to characterize global surface drought conditions. This is done using the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) products, AVHRR-NDVI products from the Global Inventory ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inert markers (evaporated tungsten and silver) were used in growth studies of silicides formed both by thermal annealing and by ion mixing in the Ni/Si, Pd/Si, and Cr/Si systems. The markers were initially imbedded inside silicides and backscattering spectrometry was used to determine the marker displacement after different processing conditions. The results obtained in thermal annealing are quite consistent with that found in previous investigations. Ni is the dominant diffusing species in Ni_2Si, while Si is the diffusing species in CrSi_2. In Pd_2Si, both Pd and Si are moving species with Pd the faster of the two. In contrast, in growth of silicides by ion irradiation Si is the faster diffusing species in all three systems.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Evaporation of "9"9"mTc-pertechnetate at about 2500"0C on a carbon surface generates an ultrafine aerosol of labelled carbon clusters. Its particle size of about 2-5 nm enables the aerosol to behave similarly to a gas regarding the ability of penetration. After inhalation, the radioactive particles adhere to the walls of the respiratory bronchioli and alveoli. The high concentration of the radioactivity in the argon carrier gas makes it possible to record a scintigram after a single deep breath. We studied four healthy volunteers and 79 patients including 34 with a tentative diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, 20 with bronchus carcinoma, and 15 with various other lung diseases. Ten of these patients were infants, the youngest being nine months old. All patients also had a perfusion scintigraphy. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A 15-nm lithium fluoride (LiF) thin film evaporated on glass substrate is shown to enhance the nucleation of microcrystalline Si grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition at the amorphous/microcrystalline boundary conditions. The effect is more pronounced at low substrate temperatures, nucleation density being 10 times higher at {approx} 80 {sup o}C. The effect is ascribed to the ionic chemical nature of LiF, the low work function material used in organic electronic devices, and we propose its use for micro patterning crystalline Si regions in otherwise amorphous Si film.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This study concerns the Souss upstream basin. The objective is to investigate the characteristics of surface water and groundwater, to assess the impact of artificial recharge as reinforcement of the natural replenishment and assess the renewal of groundwater under semi-arid area. Two major water types are observed: (i) surface waters and upstream springs (least mineralized) and (ii) all groundwater samples (prevailing calcium and magnesium bicarbonate water type). Water isotopes show a low evaporation of precipitations during infiltration. Impoverishment in heavy isotopes is the characteristic of mountain rainfalls, or of a climate colder and wetter than present. Carbon-14 activities (34-94 pmc) indicate a long residence time. The artificial recharge is low compared to the reservoir volume, due to which the renewal rate is also low.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Fe-Cr amorphous films have been formed by both in situ evaporation of multilayered films and ion beam mixing in a target chamber of a 200 keV implanter. The effects of Cr content and ion irradiation on the amorphization of films were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Corrosion of film was investigated by means of a potential dynamic polarization. Corrosion resistance of amorphous film in 0.5 mol H-2SO-4 solution is considerably increased than that of pure iron. Using X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) corrosion resistance in atmosphere of amorphous Fe-Cr passive films formed by P"+ mixing was studied. Results show that the richness of Cr and P exist at the surface of Fe-Cr film.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents a reformer prototype for the production of the necessary H{sub 2} to supply a 5 kW PEMFC and its first results. The fuel processor consists of an OSR and a WGS and a PROX reactors. The design of the system was carried out with a one-dimensional model. The mixture chamber was specially studied with a CFD code (Fluent), taking into account the effect of fuel evaporation and the cool flame process. The aim of the designed facility is to be able of characterising each component and controlling each working parameter. Eventually, using diesel as fuel, results from the mixture chamber, OSR, WGS and PROX reactors are presented. It also includes conclusions and future works. (authors)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Large single crystals of PETN, RDX, and TNT can be grown easily from evaporating ethyl acetate solutions. The crystals all share a similar type of defect that may not be commonly recognized. The defect generates conical faces ideally mosaic crystals, and may account for the polymorphs'' of TNT and detonator grades of PETN. TATB crystals manufactured by the amination of trichlorotrinitrobenzene in dry toluene entrain two forms of ammonium chloride. One of these forms causes worm holes'' in the TATB crystals that may be the reason for its unusually low failure diameters. Strained HMX crystals form mechanical twins that can spontaneously revert back to the untwinned form when the straining force is removed. Large strains or temperatures above 100[degrees]C lock in the mechanical twins.

Science.gov (United States)

A glass heat pipe is adapted for use as a solar energy absorber in an evacuated tube solar collector and for transferring the absorbed solar energy to a working fluid medium or heat sink for storage or practical use. A capillary wick is formed of granular glass particles fused together by heat on the inside surface of the heat pipe with a water glass binder solution to enhance capillary drive distribution of the thermal transfer fluid in the heat pipe throughout the entire inside surface of the evaporator portion of the heat pipe. Selective coatings are used on the heat pipe surface to maximize solar absorption and minimize energy radiation, and the glass wick can alternatively be fabricated with granular particles of black glass or obsidian.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is widely cultivated in Kutch district of Gujarat and the fruits are harvested at immature stage before the onset of monsoon to prevent spoilage. The immature date fruits with less commercial value were used for processing into date juice concentrate. Immature dates were crushed and treated with 0.1% pectinase enzyme for 120 min to obtain maximum juice. Date juice was found to be rich in reducing sugars (16.1%) and total sugars (18.3%). Juice was pasteurized at 85?C to inactivate the enzyme, cooled and centrifuged at 3000 rpm to get clear juice. The juice was concentrated in a thin film evaporator to a total soluble solids (TSS) of 76?Brix in 2 passes. Chemical composition of date juice during different stages of concentration was determined. Date juice conc...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Cooling water is sprayed on the outer surface of an upper portion of a container, and a pool is formed by the cooling water flowing down while cooling the container. Further, the cooling water stored in the cooling water pool is recycled by a pump for spraying the cooling water on the outer surface of the upper portion of the container. Sufficient amount of cooling water is supplied for spraying the cooling water to the outer surface of the upper portion of the container so that the outer surface of the container is free from drying and a liquid membrane is formed on the entire surface. The amount of the cooling water is made greater than that of the cooling water evaporated when the entire amount of the heat generate in the reactor core of the reactor is transferred to the cooling water. Since the liquid membrane is formed on the entire surface of the container with no drying of the outer surface, the area of cooling surface of the container can be increased, ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The CERL Code was developed to describe the solution chemistry of the water on the steam generating side of PWR reactors. It is designed to calculate the equilibrium species distribution resulting from the interaction of impurities, corrosion products, and additives in the aqueous solution. It calculates the extent of ion-ion interactions, the precipitation of insoluble species and the amount of solute that partitions into the vapor phase when some of the water evaporates. This knowledge of the bulk phase equilibrium distribution of species, especially the pH should be useful in describing the corrosion processes at the solid liquid boundary. The code does not calculate any changes in oxidation states or any rates of reaction. Therefore, it is incapable of calculating the actual corrosion rates. It is anticipated that it will be used as a subprogram of a larger program that will include the redox reactions and the rates of the reactions. The purpose of the code at ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The major goal of this continuation project is to advance the utilization of heat transfer enhancement techniques in commercial heat exchange equipment. Thirteen heat transfer enhancement techniques have been identified as having potential for improving heat transfer coefficients in full-scale industrial equipment. The following tasks are part of this project, which was originally planned for three years: (1) expansion of technology information base; (2) evaluation of performance of enhanced surfaces and inserts; (3) correlation of data for spirally fluted surfaces; (4) study of structured surfaces in pool boiling; and (5) study of structured surface in spray film evaporation.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We have employed Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to study the microstructural evolution of acrylic latex stabilised with a novel polysaccharide derived from agricultural waste. The analysis revealed that the micro structure of the latex in the 'wet' state consists of individual particles and clusters. Upon evaporation a discontinuous film is formed, with voids present within its structure, which is inconsistent with the conventional descriptions of film formation. Further ESEM examination of 'dry' specimens revealed that aging resulted in the formation of dendritic structures on the surfaces of the latex films, which EDX analysis confirmed to have been formed via crystallisation of salt. The experimental evidence suggests that the clusters, which are part of the structure of the latex, may act as nucleation centres that would allow the dendrites to form.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Waste tank W-12 is a tank in the ORNL Low-Level Liquid Waste (LLLW) system that collected waste from Building 3525. Because of a leaking flange in the discharge line from W-12 to the evaporator service tank (W-22) and continual inleakage into the tank from an unknown source, W-12 was removed from service to comply with the Federal Facilities Agreement requirement. The initial response was to decontaminate the valve pit between tank W-12 and the evaporator service tank (W-22) to determine if personnel could enter the pit to attempt repair of the leaking flange. Preventing the spread of radioactive contamination from the pit to the environment and to other waste systems was of concern during the decontamination. The drain in the pit goes to the process waste system; therefore, if high-level liquid waste were generated during decontamination activities, it would have to be removed from the pit by means other than the available liquid waste ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The massive star-forming core MM1 of W75N was observed using the Submillimeter Array with #approx#1'' and 2'' spatial resolutions at 217 and 347 GHz, respectively. From the 217 GHz continuum we found that the MM1 core consists of two sources, separated by about 1'': MM1a (#approx#0.6 M_s_u_n) and MM1b (#approx#1.4 M_s_u_n), located near the radio continuum sources VLA 2/VLA 3 and VLA 1, respectively. Within MM1b, two gas clumps were found to be expanding away from VLA 1 at about #+-#3 km s"-"1, as a result of the most recent star formation activity in the region. Observed molecular lines show emission peaks at two positions, MM1a and MM1b: sulfur-bearing species have emission peaks toward MM1a, but methanol and saturated species at MM1b. We identified high-temperature (#approx#200 K) gas toward MM1a and the hot core in MM1b. This segregation may result from the evolution of the massive star-forming core. In the very early phase of star formation, the hot core is seen through the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fuel spray and air motion characteristics and combustion in direct injection (DI) diesel engines was studied using computational models of the commercial CFD-code FIRE. Physical subprocesses modelled included Lagrangian spray droplet movement and behaviour (atomisation, evaporation and interaction of spray droplets) and combustion of evaporated liquid spray in the gas phase. Fuel vapour combustion rate was described by the model of Magnussen and Hjertager. The standard k,{epsilon}-model was used for turbulence. In order to be able to predict combustion accurately, the fuel spray penetration should be predicted with reasonable accuracy. In this study, the standard drag coefficient had to be reduced in order to match the computed penetration to the measured one. In addition, the constants in the submodel describing droplet breakup also needed to be adjusted for closer agreement with the measurements. The characteristic time scale of fuel ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Net heats of reaction were measured in an isothermal calorimeter for both single phase (organic) and two phase (organic and aqueous) TBP/HNO{sub 3} reacting solutions at temperatures above 100 C. The oxidation rate constant was determined to be 5.4E-4 min{sup {minus}1} at 110 C for an open ``vented`` system as compared to 1.33 E-3 min{sup {minus}1} in the closed system. The heat released per unit material oxidized was also reduced. The oxidation in both phases was found to be first order in nitric acid and pseudo-zero order in butylnitrate and water. The hydrolysis (esterification) rate constant determined by Nichols` (1.33E-3 min{sup {minus}1}) fit the experimental data from this work well. Forced evaporation of the volatile components by the product gases from oxidation resulted in a cooling mechanism which more than balanced the heat from the oxidation reaction in the two-phased systems. Rate expressions were derived and rate constants determined for both the ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Saturated flow boiling and convective condensation experiments for oil-free refrigerant R22 been carried out with a micro fin tube of new design and with a smooth tube. Both tube have the same outer diameter of 9.52 mm and are horizontally operated. Two-phase flow pattern data have been obtained in addition of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drops; more-over, adiabatic tests have been also performed in order for flow pattern map to cover even adiabatic flows. Data are for mass fluxes ranging from about 90 to 400 Kg/s m"2. In boiling tests, the nominal saturation temperature is 5 degree C, with inlet quality varying from 0.2 to 0.6 and the quality change ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. In condensation, results are for saturation temperature equal to 35 degree C, with inlet quality between 0.8 and 0.4, and quality change within 0.6 and 0.2. The comparison shows a large heat transfer augmentation with a moderate increment of pressure drops, especially in evaporation ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Cross sections for some electro- and photoinduced spallation reactions on {sup 27}Al and {sup 51}V are measured in the energy region 130 MeV to 580 MeV with the activation method. Comparisons are made with calculations based on the Dalitz formalism for virtual photon spectra, and Monte Carlo calculations based on a cascade evaporation model, respectively. By use of Bremsstrahlung with end-point energies from threshold to 750 MeV, the yields for photo- production of{pi}{sup -}leading to ground and isomeric states in {sup 197}Hg are measured with the activation method. The activity from the Hg-isotopes were measured after a chemical separation of Hg from the target material. The yields and isomeric ratios are compared with impulse approximation calculations. For the photoproduction of {sup 195m}Hg and {sup 192}Hg from {sup 197}Au, the yields were measured. The experimental mean cross sections are compared with data from other experiments and with cascade ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

BIBRA "t"r"a"d"e"m"a"r"k, is the new bio-technological method developed in Gundremmingen for treating radioactive waste water, using bacteria in a process analogous to the long-established principle of communal sewage treatment plants. The method exploits the behaviour of the micro-organisms found there, to establish optimum adaptation of their population for decomposing the typical pollutants found in this washing water. This procedure is particularly suitable for nuclear engineering plants, because in such plants the waste water composition changes little so that the bacteria can achieve optimum adaptation to this waste water. The organic ingredients of the washing media are decomposed by introducing air. The advantage of the procedure is not only the significant reduction of the amount of waste material, but also enhanced efficiency of the cleaning process. The decontamination factor in Gundremmingen improved from a factor of 5 to a factor of 20. The waste water is clear and free ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In processes of this invention aqueous waste solutions containing a variety of mixed waste contaminants are treated to remove the contaminants by a sequential addition of chemicals and adsorption/ion exchange powdered materials to remove the contaminants including lead, cadmium, uranium, cesium-137, strontium-85/90, trichloroethylene and benzene, and impurities including iron and calcium. Staged conditioning of the waste solution produces a polydisperse system of size enlarged complexes of the contaminants in three distinct configurations: water-soluble metal complexes, insoluble metal precipitation complexes, and contaminant-bearing particles of ion exchange and adsorbent materials. The volume of the waste is reduced by separation of the polydisperse system by cross-flow microfiltration, followed by low-temperature evaporation and/or filter pressing. The water produced as filtrate is discharged if it meets a specified target water quality, or else the filtrate is ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The two-phase flow program is directed at understanding the hydrodynamics of two-phase flows. The two-phase flow regime is characterized by a series of flow patterns that are designated as bubble, slug, churn, and annular flow. Churn flow has received very little scientific attention. This lack of attention cannot be justified because calculations predict that the churn flow pattern will exist over a substantial portion of the two-phase flow zone in producing geothermal wells. The University of Houston is experimentally investigating the dynamics of churn flow and is measuring the holdup over the full range of flow space for which churn flow exists. These experiments are being conducted in an air/water vertical two-phase flow loop. Brown University has constructed and is operating a unique two-phase flow research facility specifically designed to address flow problems of relevance to the geothermal industry. An important feature of the facility is that it is dedicated to two-phase flow ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Uranium-aluminum alloys with a significant enrichment of uranium with "2"3"3U or "2"3"5U serve as nuclear fuels in research reactors. The quality assurance of this fuel requires, among other things, precise knowledge that all trace metal constituents that affect neutron economy, fuel integrity, and fuel fabrication process parameters are well within the specification limits. Trace metal characterization of "2"3"5U-Al alloy has been carried out by atomic spectrometry. The trace metal constituents of interest are grouped into common metals (silver, boron, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, lead, silicon, tin, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, and zinc) and lanthanides (cerium, dysprosium, europium, gadolinium, holminium, lutetium, samarium, and terbium). The elements yttrium and zirconium are grouped with the latter in view of the chemical separation procedure used. The alloy samples are dissolved in 6 M HCl and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper examines the correlation between mechanical properties and the density, phase, and hydrogen content of deposited alumina layers, and compares them to those of sapphire and amorphous alumina synthesized through ion-beam irradiation of sapphire. Alumina films were deposited using electron beam evaporation of aluminum and co-bombardment with O{sub 2}{sup +} ions (30-230 eV) from an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma. The H content and phase were controlled by varying the deposition temperature and the ion energy. Sapphire was amorphized at 84 K by irradiation with Al and O ions (in stoichiometric ratio) to a defect level of 4 dpa in order to form an amorphous layer 370 nm thick. Nanoindentation was performed to determine the elastic modulus, yield strength and hardness of all materials. Sapphire and amorphized sapphire have a higher density and exhibit superior mechanical properties in comparison to the deposited alumina films. Density was determined ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Data which have been collected by Los Alamos National Laboratory waste management for the hydrologic characterization of the subsurface at the low level radioactive waste disposal facility, Area G, are reported and discussed briefly. The data includes Unsaturated Flow Apparatus measurements of the unsaturated conductivity in samples from borehole G-5. Analysis compares these values to the predictions from van Genuchten estimates, and the implications for transport and data matching are discussed, especially at the location of the Vapor Phase Notch (VPN). There, evaporation drives a significant vapor flux and the liquid flux cannot be measured accurately by the UFA device. Data also include hydrologic characterization of samples from borehole G-5, Area G surface soils, Los Alamos (Cerros de Rio) basalt, Tsankawi and Cerro-Toledo layers, the Vapor Phase Notch (VPN), and additional new samples from the uppermost tuff layer at Area G. Hydraulic properties from these ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Identifying stable isotope variation and mineralogical changes in fractured rock may help establish the history of climatic and geomorphological processes that might affect the isolation properties of a waste repository site. This study examines the use of the stable isotope ratios of oxygen ({sup 18}O/{sup 16}O) and carbon ({sup 13}C/{sup 12}C) in authigenic minerals as hydrogeochemical tools tracing low-temperature rock-water interaction in variably-saturated fractured stuff. Isotopic compositions of fracture-filling and rock matrix minerals in the Apache Leap tuff, near Superior, Arizona were concordant with geothermal temperatures and in equilibrium with water isotopically similar to present-day meteoric water and groundwater. Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of fracture-filling, in unsaturated fractured tuff, displayed an isotopic gradient believed to result from near-surface isotopic enrichment due to evaporation rather than the effects of rock-water ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The oscillation experiment of free-electron laser (FEL) was carried at the wave length 488 nm. The space and time properties and power of FEL were investigated. The typical macropulse structure indicated the time interval 20 ms and the pulse width 2 to 3 ms. About 1 ns was necessary to build up FEL. The space distribution of FEL showed beautiful TEM_0_0 mode, TEM_0_1 and TEM_0_2 mode. On the basis of data, 39 #mu#W average power was calculated at 2.9 mA accumulated current per bunch by integrating each response of pixel of CCD camera. The peak power was 1.2 W. In the oscillator, FEL power was average 1.2 W, peak 38 kW. On the electron beam, the stability of head tail was controlled by 6-pole-Quadrupole-6-pole (SQS) system made by an experimental basis. We succeeded the single set test, setting up single set in the ring. The characteristic properties of electron beam evaporation mirror of photo oscillator were studied and then new type photo oscillator to obtain ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Kaiser Alumina and Chemical Co. impounds red mud, the byproduct of alumina production, behind levees. Kaiser recognizes that this action cannot be maintained indefinitely. Therefore, a project is in progress to produce useful products from red mud that increase the profitability of the Gramercy facility. Before products could be developed, an obstacle had to be overcome. The annual rainfall in South Louisiana prevents evaporative drying of the mud lakes. Innovative methods were applied to dry the lake mud. Two products have been developed. A daily landfill cover and an absorbant, which are marketed under the Cajunite{trademark} banner. Both products are currently being tested by potential customers at their sites. Environmental concerns were addressed during development. Extensive TCLP results show no metal leachate problems. All pilot tests and plant trials received LADEQ approval. Products that are under development include levee core, road base, fertilizer ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This thesis discusses an advanced dynamical two-dimensional cylinder symmetric model for the high temperature part of the carbothermic silicon metal process, and its computer encoding. The situation close to that which is believed to exist around one of three electrodes in full-scale industrial furnaces is modelled. This area comprises a gas filled cavity surrounding the lower tip of the electrode, the metal pool underneath and the lower parts of the materials above. The most important phenomena included are: Heterogeneous chemical reactions taking place in the high-temperature zone (above 1860 {sup o}C), Evaporation and condensation of silicon, Transport of materials by dripping, Turbulent or laminar fluid flow, DC electric arcs, Heat transport by convection, conduction and radiation. The results from the calculations, such as production rates, gas- and temperature distributions, furnace- and particle geometries, fluid flow fields etc, are presented graphically. ...

CERN Document Server

We consider isolated compact remnants (ICoRs), i.e. neutrons stars and black holes that do not reside in binary systems and therefore cannot be detected as X-ray binaries. ICoRs may represent $\\sim\\,5$ percent of the stellar mass budget of the Galaxy, but they are very hard to detect. Here we explore the possibility of using microlensing to identify ICoRs. In a previous paper we described a simulation of neutron star evolution in phase space in the Galaxy, taking into account the distribution of the progenitors and the kick at formation. Here we first reconsider the evolution and distribution of neutron stars and black holes adding a bulge component. From the new distributions we calculate the microlensing optical depth, event rate and distribution of event time scales, comparing and contrasting the case of ICoRs and "normal stars". We find that the contribution of remnants to optical depth is slightly lower than without kinematics, owing to the evaporation from ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Samples of air-dust-concentration- and air-dust-deposit measurements were digested by a standardized wet digestion procedure and the amounts of substances in the dust according to class I TA Luft by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy with Inductively Coupled Plasma (AES-ICP). The characteristic values for procedures according to VDI 2449, sheet 1, were determined for lead, vanadium, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc. By partial automatic control of the digestion procedure the personel expenditure of work could be reduced by a factor 13. Dust filter samples were analysed without sample preparation by evaporating the material with a solid state laser. The absolute detection limit was between 1 and 100 ng/cm"2 for the elements arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, antimony, selen and thallium. For sampling by means of the Beta-Staubmeter the relative detection limits for the laser-ICP were 10-fold lower than by use of a nebulizer. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

There has been considerable interest in producing and studying nanoparticle materials because of the effect of size on their structure, physical and chemical structure. Most studied nanoparticle semiconductors belong to the II-VI group, as they are relatively easy to synthesize and are generally prepared as particulates or in thin film form. Among II-VI compounds, CdS is one of the most studied materials. There are different ways to synthesize CdS nanoparticles such as colloidal particles, chemical decomposition, sol-gel, gas evaporation, magnetron sputtering, electrostatic deposition, and etc. {gamma}-irradiation is one of the effective methods for synthesis of nanomaterials. These nonomaterials have been extensively used in the preparation of nanocrystalline metals, metal oxides, and metal-polymer composites. However, The preparation of CdS nanoparticle and CdS/ polyacrylonitrile nanocomposite by {gamma}-irradiation method at room temperature and ambient ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The pozzolanic behaviour of compound-activated red mud-coal gangue has been investigated through TG, DTA, XRD, FTIR and {sup 27}Al MAS NMR. From viewpoint of reaction kinetics, it is found that the pozzolanic reaction mechanism of the compound-activated red mud-coal gangue-lime system is clearly consistent with diffusion control up to 14 days, and the reaction rate constant calculated from Jander equation decreases with the increase of CaO addition in the system. The hydration products formed in the red mud coal gangue-lime systems at ambient temperature are essentially aluminous C-S-H and Ca{sub 3}Al{sub 2}O{sub 6} center dot xH{sub 2}O. From TG analysis results, it is thought that the high amount of Ca(OH){sub 2} in the pastes of studied system is not conducive to the continual increase of non-evaporable water content of the hydration products. Of particular interest. {sup 27}Al MAS NMR proved to be an effective technique to obtain valuable information of Al(4) ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

High spin states of the proton rich nuclei in the mass region A {approx} 100 have been studied at the GASP spectrometer through the evaporation of light charged particles and heavier ions detected in the 4{pi} Si-ball Isis. Rear side injection and pulse shape analysis have allowed a good discrimination among protons, alpha particles and heavy ions up to C. Of the several nuclei populated in the reactions we will discuss here the high spin states of {sup 105} Sn. In addition to an extension of the spherical level, scheme, a regular sequence of dipole transitions has been found, The states of the dipole band are suggested to be built on a neutron h{sup 2}{sub 11/2} excitation coupled to proton particle-hole states, which polarize the core to a slightly prolate shape. The experimental results are in agreement with the prediction of tilted axis cranking calculations, which satisfactorily explain the properties of the band. (author) 17 refs., 4 figs.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Pilot-scale pyrolysis units have been in operation since 1980 to test the efficiency of thermal treatment of transuranic (TRU) solid waste to retrieve the TRUs and to reduce the volume of wastes such as spent solvent, spent resin, and others. These wastes are generated by reprocessing, fuel production, and utilities. NUKEM has developed a criticality-safe, ring-slab reactor to decompose solid TRU waste. The plant processes 25 kg/h with a polyvinyl chloride content up to 70%. The overall throughput (inactive) up to the spring of 1982 was 2000 kg. The decontamination factor for the reactor itself is 1000. The liquid wastes, mainly spent solvent, are cracked under nitrogen at 400 to 700"0C in a reactor that is filled by a packed bed kept in motion by a specially designed agitator. This unit was built for 15 kg/h water equivalent evaporation. Up to 1982 the unit processed 2000 kg of spent solvent (simulated) overall. The decontamination factor is similar to the figures ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This paper presents the performance analysis on a hybrid air-conditioning system according to the hybrid building energy system of the green building demonstration project in Shanghai, in which a 150 m{sup 2} solar collector is used to power two 10 kW adsorption chillers, a vapor compression heat pump is used to cool air in the evaporating end while the condensing heating at about 80{sup o}C is fully used to regenerate a liquid desiccant dehumidification system. In the hybrid system, the sensible cooling to the air is treated mainly by solar adsorption cooling and vapor compression cooling, whereas the latent heat is treated by the liquid desiccant dehumidification system with regeneration from the condensing heat of the heat pump. The results show that the performance of this system is 44.5% higher than conventional vapor compression system at a latent load of 30% and this improving can be achieved by 73.8% at a 42% latent load. The optimal ratio of adsorption ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Panel cooling of buildings offers energy savings over conventional space-cooling systems. We present a procedure for calculating the performance of H[sub 2]O-LiBr absorption-panel cooling systems, in which the evaporator is the panel itself. Nomographs have been developed for this approach. Under the conditions examined, the H[sub 2]O-LiBr absorption unit operates with a theoretical performance coefficient of about 90% and with a practically constant specific cooling capacity of 2394 kJ/kg H[sub 2]O. For common values of the parameters involved, the panel cooling power varies from 25 to 175 W/m[sup 2] and the cooling water mass-flow through the panel is 40-260 g/m[sup 2]h. The thermal power needed to drive the system varies from 27 to 200 W/m[sup 2] and the associated temperatures from 70 to 100[sup o]C; thus, the system may be operated on solar energy. (Author).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This report focuses on air quality at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) for 1994. A general description of the effluent sources are presented. Each potential source of NTS emissions was characterized by one of the following: (1) by monitoring methods and procedures previously developed at NTS; (2) by a yearly radionuclide inventory of the source, assuming that volatile radionuclides are released to the environment; (3) by the measurement of tritiated water concentration in liquid effluents discharged to containment ponds and assuming all the effluent evaporates over the course of the year to become an air emission; or (4) by using a combination of environmental measurements and CAP88-PC to calculate emissions. Appendices A through J describe the methods used to determine the emissions from the sources. These National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) emissions are very conservative, are used to calculate the effective dose equivalent to the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The two-phase heat-transfer and pressure-drop characteristics of offset-strip-fin heat-exchanger geometries are examined using both experimental and analytical modeling techniques. Newly-obtained boiling-flow heat-transfer data are presented for two large-scale offset fin geometries at low-to-moderate wall-superheat conditions. Data for which nucleate boiling appeared to be completely suppressed were analyzed together with similar results for other offset fin surfaces to study the effects of channel dimensions on the convective evaporation component of the local heat transfer coefficient. Although these data were found to be well correlated in terms of modified forms of the F and Martinelli parameters used in previous studies of round-tube flows, a single F-factor correlation valid for all combinations of fin and channel dimensions did not appear to exist. The two-phase pressure-drop characteristics of offset-fin surfaces were found to be much different than those ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Excimer laser processing enables both thermally-driven transformations and the incorporation of solutes into the surface of materials through melting and diffusional mixing. We have examined the effect of excimer laser processing on the microstructure and surface mechanical properties of titanium alloys. Changes in the surface hardness due to laser processing were studied using a Nanoindenter [trademark]. Alloying experiments using both mixing of evaporated surface layers of boron and laser gas alloying in air and in nitrogen all result in changes in the surface hardness of the material. Alloying with boron results in an amorphous surface which is somewhat harder than the as polished surface. Laser processing in air and pure nitrogen results in incorporation of oxygen and nitrogen and the development of fine ([approximately] 50 nm) precipitates of TiO and TiN respectively. Substantial increases in surface hardness result due to solution and precipitation ...

Environmental Research Database

SummaryIntended Outputs: Documentation demonstrating an improved biophysical understanding of the role of forests on low flows in the arid zone regions of India through the development and outputs from hydrological models such as Hyluc and SWAT.A documented analysis of the impacts on the poor of historical and current water management policies, including the investigation through PRA techniques of people's perceptions and beliefs of land-use/hydrological interactions, and the implications o [continued...]ObjectivesTo establish a better understanding of forest impacts on low flows and the social impact of water resources management in arid zone regions of India, and to develop tools which allow this improved understanding to be disseminated directly to stakeholders.DescriptionProject Background: Reducing river flows and groundwater tables, especially during the dry season, constitutes a major problem causing great hardship to large numbers of rural and urban poor people all over the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ejector refrigeration systems are usually designed to utilize low grade energy for driving the cycle. They also have low maintenance cost because they operate without a compressor. Mainly, the ejector performance directly affects the refrigerating performance. Therefore, an investigation on the characteristics and an efficient design of the ejector are important to improve ejector refrigeration systems. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT, is employed to predict the flow phenomena and performance of CPM and CMA steam ejectors. The ejector refrigeration system, using water as the working fluid, is operated at 120-140 C boiler temperature and 5-15 C evaporator temperature. CFD can predict ejector performance very well and reveal the effect of operating conditions on an effective area that is directly related to its performance. Besides, it is found that the flow pattern does not depend much on the suction zone because the results of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Operation safety and reliability are major guidelines in the design of city-gate units. Conventional natural gas heaters operate by a indirect mechanism, where liquid water is used to transfer heat by natural convection between the combustion chamber and the natural gas coil. In this work, the concept of vapor chamber is evaluated as an indirect gas heater. In a vapor chamber, liquid water is in contact with the heat source, and vaporizes. The vapor condenses in contact with the heat sink. A reduced scale model was built and tested in order to compare these two heating concepts where the combustion chamber was replaced by electrical cartridge heaters. This engineering model can operate either as a conventional heater or as a vapor chamber. The comparison between the concepts was done by inducing a controlled power to the cartridges and by measuring the resulting temperature distributions. In the novel design, the heat exchanger efficiency increases, and the thermal inertia decreases, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A spectroscopic study is performed for high spin states of {sup 55}Fe, {sup 55}Co and {sup 57}Ni. To populate the investigated residues with a relevant cross section, the fusion evaporation reactions of {sup 30}Si({sup 28}Si, 2pn){sup 55}Fe, {sup 30}Si({sup 28}Si, 2pn){sup 55}Co and {sup 4}He({sup 54}Fe, n){sup 57}Ni were chosen. To identify the new {gamma} transitions and to build the energy level schemes, {gamma}-{gamma} coincidence techniques together with excitation functions were employed. Angular distributions and {gamma}-{gamma} angular correlations allowed us to assign the spin values of the nuclear states. The previous level scheme of {sup 55}Fe is extended into the region between 6.5-11 MeV of excitation energy, up to spin 27/2, while the yrast decay pathos of {sup 57}Ni and {sup 55}Co are reported here for the first time. Experimental data are fairly well reproduced by Glaudemans' shell model calculations. (orig.).

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Detailed spray characteristics were obtained for a small-capacity, pressure-swirl atomizer using an Aerometrics phase-Doppler particle analyzer. Measurements included drop size and velocity distributions, liquid volume fluxes, and air velocities at four axial locations, 25,50,75, and 100 mm, with complete radial traverses at each location. Drop size results were compared with measurements from a Malvern laser-diffraction instrument, and integrated liquid volume fluxes were compared with measured flow rates to estimate measurement uncertainties. Drop sizes measured by the two independent techniques and area-weighted-averaged over the radial traverses at each of the four axial stations varied on average by less than 4 percent. Integrated volume flux measurements by the phase-Doppler instrument at four axial stations differed from the nozzle flow rate by at most 19 percent, with some of the difference due to evaporation. The phase-Doppler data were used to begin an ...

CERN Document Server

Aims: The production of saturated organic molecules in hot cores and corinos is not well understood. The standard approach is to assume that, as temperatures heat up during star formation, methanol and other species evaporate from grain surfaces and undergo a warm gas-phase chemistry at 100 K or greater to produce species such as methyl formate, dimethyl ether, and others. But a series of laboratory results shows that protonated ions, typical precursors to final products in ion-molecule schemes, tend to fragment upon dissociative recombination with electrons rather than just ejecting a hydrogen atom. Moreover, the specific proposed reaction to produce protonated methyl formate is now known not to occur at all. Methods: We utilize a gas-grain chemical network to probe the chemistry of the relatively ignored stage of hot core evolution during which the protostar switches on and the temperature of the surrounding gas and dust rises from 10 K to over 100 K. During this ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The masses of proton rich nuclides in the vicinity of N=Z=43 were measured with the Penning trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP at GSI. These nuclei were produced in the fusion-evaporation reaction {sup 36}Ar+{sup 54}Fe at energies of 5.0 and 5.9 MeV/u and separated at the velocity filter SHIP. The data are of astrophysical interest since these nuclei are believed to be a part of the rp and {nu}p process paths. The masses of {sup 85}Mo and {sup 87}Tc were measured for the first time. The masses of another two nuclides, {sup 86,87}Mo, were determined for the first time in a direct mass measurement. For these nuclides the mass excess deviates from values of the 2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by up to 1.5 MeV, indicating a systematic shift of the mass surface in this region of the nuclear chart. Additionally, the masses of {sup 86}Zr and {sup 85}Nb were measured and found to be in agreement with the values obtained at JYFLTRAP. The experiment as well as preliminary data on ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

New physical objects, ispalators based on free soap films, exhibit persistent flows of the soap solution in open and closed volumes in air with additions of gases of the C_8F_1_8 type (p = 20 Torr) at temperature drops on the films of the order of tenths and hundredths of kelvin. The flows move continuously at a velocity of 5 - 20 cm s"-"1. It is found that the parts of an inclined ispalator film show anomalous behaviour upon heating: their weight increases and they move downward over the film, whereas the unheated parts of the film move upward. Continuous radial vortex flows accompanied by the formation and washing of the regions of a thin black film are observed on circular films in closed volumes upon their uniform external cooling by evaporating water for 5 - 10 hours. The rapid flows make film ispalators the efficient heat carriers, which operate at small temperature drops (tenths and hundredths of kelvin) and surpass copper in the amount of thermal energy ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The Swedish State Power Board has together with Nukem, Hanau, West-Germany carried out pyrolysis o powder resins in a pilot plant with a capacity of about 30 kg/hr. The pyrolysis reactor with its afterburner and offgas scrubber system has been operated under steady state condition. About 2200 kg resins have been pyrolysed under November-December 1983 and the decontamination factor for Cs has been measured. Solidification of the residues from the pyrolysis reactor and scrubber water solutions has been carried out and various recipes with cement have been tested. The pyrolysis process has high decontamination factors and no offgas problems as the operating temperature of the reactor is Low. The residues from the reactor are chemically dead and can not cause swelling problems. Compared with a normal cementation process the final waste volume will be reduced with a factor of 4 if also the scrubber water after neutralization is solidified. The reduction factor will be 5 if the scrubber ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Use of high plutonia MOX as fuel is contemplated from the point of view of rapid disposition of plutonium and economic power generation. The fuel pellets are subjected to steep thermal gradients #approx# 1700 K drop across a radius of #approx# 2.5mm. This leads to evaporation-condensation of the fuel constituents to cooler regions. Vaporization depends on fuel compositions such as Pu fraction, Oxygen-to-Metal (O/M) ratio and local temperature. Knowledge of vapour chemistry is essential in understanding the fuel behavior. The vaporization behaviour of MOX was analyzed in this work using thermochemical methods. The vapour phase consisted of nine species; O, O_2, Pu, PuO, PuO_2, U, UO, UO_2 and UO_3. Oxygen formed part of the vapour phase along with other species and oxygen potential was not controlled independently. The vapour pressures were estimated at 2000 K as a function of (O/M) for several Pu-fraction. Results for MOX-28%PuO_2 is shown in the study. The results ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

CuAg core-shell nanoparticles are synthesized by ultra-high vacuum thermal evaporation. We show on this system how the Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy (EFTEM) technique allows one to improve the characterization by precisely pointing out the formation of core-shell arrangements in bimetallic nanoparticle assemblies. A criterion to measure the shell thickness from EFTEM images on unique core-shell nanoparticles is defined, that can be used for core-shell nanoparticles of any sizes, with shell thicknesses over 1 nm. It is based on the intensity variation along a line drawn across a core-shell nanoparticle on a EFTEM image. This criterion has been validated by a close comparison of the shell thickness measurements performed in this work and the ones obtained by acoustic micro-Raman spectroscopy. Using this criterion, we report a strong correlation between the size of the Cu cores and the formation of the core-shell arrangements in the nanoparticle ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The partitioning of transuranium elements (TRUs) from high-level liquid waste (HLLW) through the use of pyrometallurgical technology has been underway since 1986, for the purpose of the improving the safety and public acceptance of the disposal of high-level vitrified waste. Prior to the pyrometallurgical partitioning process, the alkali metals can be separated at the denitration process for oxide conversion of HLLW, chlorination in a chloride salt bath can be used to effectively convert oxides to chlorides, and evaporated chlorides can be captured with high efficiency in another adopted chloride salt bath. The higher separation factors between actinides and rare earths are obtained in a LiCl-KCl/Bi system than in a LiCl-KCl/Cd system. Based on the results, we propose a practical process flow for partitioning TRUs from HLLW by pyrometallurgical technology. This process was demonstrated successfully using simulated purex waste. Each element of the TRUs was separated ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Determination of principal and impurity components in monocrystals of erbium and yttrium formates grown on the basis of high-pure formates from oriental primers, using the method of isothermal evaporation of the salt aqueous solutions with pH 4.4 - 4.5, is described. Er and Y were determined complexonometrically by the titration of the complex with arsenazo 1 by EDTA solution, and formate-ion was determined iodometrically. Impurities were analyzed by atomic-absorption and titrimetric methods. The atomic-absorption method permits to determine in the monocrystal from 1 x 10"-"4 to 5 x 10"-"3 % Mg at relative standard deviation S_r = 0.05; from 1 x 10"-"3 to 2.5 x 10"-"2 % Ca at S_r = 0.07 and from 2 x 0"-"4 to 5 x 10"-"3 % Pb ar S_r = 0.08.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Single crystals of semi-organic L-histidine hydrobromide have been grown by slow evaporation technique from a mixture of L-histidine and hydrobromic acid in aqueous solution at ambient temperature. From high-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis, the crystalline perfection of the grown crystal has been studied. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectral analysis, Thermo-Gravimetry (TG), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and hardness test have been employed to characterize the as-grown crystals. The UV cutoff wavelength of the grown crystal is below 300 nm and has a wide transparency window, which is suitable for second harmonic generation of laser in the blue region. Nonlinear optical characteristics have been studied using Q switched Nd:YAG laser (#lambda#=1064 nm). The second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of the grown crystals confirms their suitability for frequency conversion applications.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The major driver to enhance the efficiency of the simple gas turbine cycle has been the increase in process conditions through advancements in materials and cooling methods. Thermodynamic cycle developments or cycle integration are among the possible ways to further enhance performance. The current paper presents the possibilities and advantages from the LOTHECO natural gas-fired combined cycle concept. In the LOTHECO cycle, low-temperature waste heat or solar heat is used for the evaporation of injected water droplets in the compressed air entering the gas turbine's combustion chamber. Following a description of this innovative cycle, its advantages are demonstrated by comparison between different gas turbine power generation systems for small and large-scale applications, including thermodynamic and economic analysis. A commercial gas turbine (ALSTOM GT10C) has been selected and computed with the heat mass balance program ENBIPRO. The results from the energy ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present article describes the specialities in various chemical process equipment fabricated by Hitachi. It introduces the thin-film evaporator which heats, vaporizes and concentrates high viscosity fluid and slurry under thin-film conditions, the centrifugal extractor which uses a high speed rotating rotor to separate two kinds of immiscible liquids effectively in counter current contact conditions under a gravitational force ranging from 2,000G to 4,500G, the process gas boiler and heat pipe equipment which recovers exhausted heat effectively from various plants, the furnace and quench systems which are applied to olefin plants, EDC cracking and steam reforming, and the equipment which has been supplied to chemical plants operated under severe conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure and corrosive atmosphere. It was demonstrated that these technologies and know-hows accumulated from Hitachi's extensive experiences in chemical process ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

We have investigated the diffusion enhancement mechanism of boron-enhanced diffusion (BED), wherein boron diffusivity is enhanced four to five times over the equilibrium diffusivity at 1050&hthinsp;{degree}C in the proximity of a silicon layer containing a high boron concentration. It is demonstrated that BED is driven by excess interstitials injected from the high boron concentration layer during annealing. For evaporated layers, BED is observed above a threshold boron concentration between 1{percent} and 10{percent}, though it appears to be closer to 1{percent} for B-implanted layers. For sub-keV B implants above the threshold, BED dominates over the contribution from transient-enhanced diffusion to junction depth. For 0.5 keV B, this threshold implantation dose lies between 3{times}10{sup 14} and 1{times}10{sup 15} cm{sup {minus}2}. It is proposed that the excess interstitials responsible for BED are produced during the formation of a silicon boride phase in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Compact heat exchangers have traditionally found wide application in the transportation industry, where they are used as evaporators and condensers in vapor compression cycles for air conditioning and refrigeration. Such heat exchangers possess numerous attractive features including high thermal effectiveness, small size, low weight, design flexibility, and pure counterflow, and they can accommodate multiple streams. Today, there is a widespread interest in expanding the range of application of compact heat exchangers to include phase-change heat transfer in the process industries, among others. An overall objective of this effort is to provide the basis for establishing design technology in this area. In the present study, small channel flow boiling heat transfer was extended to a rectangular channel (4.06 {times} 1.70 mm) using refrigerant 12 (R-12). As with the circular tube studies, the flow channel wall was electrically heated providing a constant heat flux. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Animal carcasses from slaughterhouses are usually composted on farms, but the composting process is not optimized and a large volumes of carbonaceous residues are needed. This type of composting takes place over a period of 6 to 9 months in a nonaerated static pile. Quebec's industrial research centre (CRIQ) developed an organic biodrying process (BIOSECO) adapted to large-scale operations in order to optimize the treatment of slaughterhouse residues. Biodrying is a form of composting, in which the thermophilic phase is optimized, making it possible to evaporate large amounts of water. Biodrying is done inside a building and reduces the amount of carbonaceous residues considerably. The process is optimized by the sequence in which the slaughterhouse residues are added, the choice of input and the aeration flow. Slaughterhouse residues can be treated non-stop throughout the entire year. Since the odours are nearly completed limited to the building, the ...

CERN Document Server

The aim of this work was to study the possibility of producing a fast switching optical thin film device to react to laser radiation in the visible/near infrared region of the spectrum. The switching mechanism was to be thermally driven. A computer program was written to enable the effects of changes of the refractive index of a component of a multilayer thin film stack to be modelled. Attempts to use the phase transition in vanadium dioxide were unsuccessful because, in the spectral region of interest, the 'open-state' absorption was too great. A class of materials known as 'the bronzes' was identified as being potentially useful. Attempts were made to produce thin films of bronze compounds of vanadium, tungsten and molybdenum by the techniques of conventional thermal evaporation and laser ablation for further studies. The former technique appeared to suffer from problems of decomposition of the source material. The latter technique showed greater promise although ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This thesis consists of an introduction and five included papers. Of these, four papers are published in international journals and the fifth was submitted for review in April 2000. Emphasis has been placed on both naturally and artificially generated light hydrocarbons in petroleum fluids and their proposed source rocks as well as direct application of light hydrocarbons to oil/source rock correlations. Collectively, these papers describe a strategy for interpreting the source of the light hydrocarbons in original oils and condensates as well as the source of the asphaltene fractions from the reservoir fluids. The influence of maturity on light hydrocarbon composition has also been evaluated. The papers include (1) compositional data on the light hydrocarbons from thermal extracts and kerogen pyrolysates of sediment samples, (2) light hydrocarbon data of oils and condensates as well as the pyrolysis products of the asphaltenes from these fluids, (3) assessment of compositional ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This presentation describes a method for separating {sup 14}C-hexose from {sup 14}C-sucrose in extracts of plant tissue. Portions of ethanol extracts are treated with activated charcoal in microcentrifuge tubes. Aliquots are removed, ethanol evaporated and replaced with reaction mixture that phosphorylates hexose (HEPPS, K{sub 2}HPO{sub 4}, Mg(C{sub 2}H{sub 3}O{sub 2}){sub 2}, ovalbumen, Na{sub 2}ATP, yeast hexokinase). After a time course, the hexokinase reaction is stopped (slowed considerably) to minimize effects of contamination enzyme activities. The stopping agent used is lyxose, a nonphosphorylable analogue of glucose. The strong anionic charge of phosphate introduced through the hexokinase action results in binding (> 95%) of hexose-phosphate to anion-exchange resin. Sucrose remains unbound (> 95%) in solution. This batch ion-exchange is performed in microcentrifuge tubes to allow many samples to be processed simultaneously. Recovery of radiolabel in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Basic experimental investigations were carried out with an aqueous solution of a mixture of KOH and NaOH for use as an absorbent in absorption heat pumps. Due to its thermophysical properties this mixture allows temperature lifts from evaporator to absorber of more than 75 K (135 F) in a single-stage absorption chiller. Thermophysical and hydrodynamical properties of the solution were measured. Vapor-liquid-equilibrium data and specific heat capacities were determined for concentrations ranging from 35% up to 75% and temperatures up to 200 C (392 F). From these data the enthalpy of the solution was calculated. Additionally the crystallization temperatures, the density, and the viscosity of the solution were determined. The experimental equipment is described. The data are presented as polynomials and diagrams including experimental accuracy. An apparatus was constructed to measure heat and mass transfer coefficients of the absorption process with this solution. The ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In Pakistan, the agricultural sector is the largest water user with 95%, leaving only marginal quantities for households and industry. On one hand, agriculture is a very important sector in Pakistan's economic development, contributing about 23 % to the national GDP -but industry contributes slightly more using only about 2 % of the available water resources. As Pakistan faces a growing problem of water shortage, significant achievements in water conservation have to be materialized, predominantly on the agricultural sector. There is scope for a higher degree of efficiency in water use, as water losses, namely in irrigation, are still rather high. There is another good reason for water conservation in agriculture: Over-irrigation results in rising water tables and increased soil salinity, which has reduced Pakistan's agricultural output during the last 2 decades by nearly 25%. Water conservation measures can be divided into (1) measures which are only applicable under rain-fed ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The UNSAT-H model was developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to assess the water dynamics of arid sites and, in particular, estimate recharge fluxes for scenarios pertinent to waste disposal facilities. During the last 4 years, the UNSAT-H model received support from the Immobilized Waste Program (IWP) of the Hanford Site's River Protection Project. This program is designing and assessing the performance of on-site disposal facilities to receive radioactive wastes that are currently stored in single- and double-shell tanks at the Hanford Site (LMHC 1999). The IWP is interested in estimates of recharge rates for current conditions and long-term scenarios involving the vadose zone disposal of tank wastes. Simulation modeling with UNSAT-H is one of the methods being used to provide those estimates (e.g., Rockhold et al. 1995; Fayer et al. 1999). To achieve the above goals for assessing water dynamics and estimating recharge rates, the UNSAT-H model addresses ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The problem during the continuous idling operation of diesel engine is about the time increase in emission of HC (hydrocarbon which is not burned yet) into the atmosphere. A pilot injector having been developed, the time increase in HC emission was studied in order to ameliorate the combustion during the idling. An engine and spray unit were used with the above developed pilot injector for the experiment. Three types of injector were also used for the comparison purpose. Investigation was made of penetration characteristics of spray on the pump tester in the atmosphere, locally averaged droplet size distribution inside the spray, both droplet size and velocity distributions, and emission characteristics by the mounting test onto the engine. The developed pilot injector was most effective in controlling the HC emission. The time increase in HC emission is attributable to the adhering quantity of carbon. The adhering of carbon is caused by the fact that spray which has not ...

Science.gov (United States)

Thin-film solar cells on flexible, lightweight, space-qualified substrates provide an attractive approach to fabricating solar arrays with high mass-specific power. A polycrystalline chalcopyrite absorber layer is among the new generation of photovoltaic device technologies for thin film solar cells. At NASA Glenn Research Center we have focused on the development of new single-source precursors (SSPs) for deposition of semiconducting chalcopyrite materials onto lightweight, flexible substrates. We describe the syntheses and thermal modulation of SSPs via molecular engineering. Copper indium disulfide and related thin-film materials were deposited via aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition using SSPs. Processing and post-processing parameters were varied in order to modify morphology, stoichiometry, crystallography, electrical properties, and optical properties to optimize device quality. Growth at atmospheric pressure in a horizontal hotwall reactor at 395 C yielded the best ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Improvements in electric submersible pumping systems have resulted in a demonstrated downhole running life of one year for low horsepower units operating in 180 C brine. The implementation of a prototype pressurized lubrication system to prevent brine intrusion and loss of lubricating oil from the motor and protector sections has been successfully tested. Second generation pressurized lubrication systems have been designed and fabricated and will be utilized in downhole production pumping tests during FY84. Pumping system lifetime is currently limited by available power cable designs that are degraded by high-temperature brine. A prototype metal-sheathed power cable has been designed and fabricated and is currently undergoing destructive and nondestructive laboratory testing. This cable design has the potential for eliminating brine intrusion into the power delivery system through the use of a hermatically sealed cable from the surface to the downhole motor. The two-phase flow program ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat transfer augmentation techniques (passive, active or a combination of passive and active methods) are commonly used in areas such as process industries, heating and cooling in evaporators, thermal power plants, air- conditioning equipment, refrigerators, radiators for space vehicles, automobiles, etc. Passive techniques, where inserts are used in the flow passage to augment the heat transfer rate, are advantageous compared with active techniques, because the insert manufacturing process is simple and these techniques can be easily employed in an existing heat exchanger. In design of compact heat exchangers, passive techniques of heat transfer augmentation can play an important role if a proper passive insert configuration can be selected according to the heat exchanger working condition (both flow and heat transfer conditions). In the past decade, several studies on the passive techniques of heat transfer augmentation have been reported. The present paper is a ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Carbothermal reduction-nitridation (CRN) of talc (Mg_3(Si_2O_5)_2(OH)_2) and halloysite (Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_4) clay provides a useful route for preparing low-cost Mg-#alpha# sialon powder. In this study, the chosen molecular ratios of talc to halloysite were 0.1:1, 0.2:1, 1.5:1.0 and 2.0:1. The CRN reaction was conducted at 1450 to 1520 deg C and 2 to 6h holding time using carbon black as a reducing agent in flowing N_2 (gas). The results showed the synthesized powder was composed of #alpha#-sialon, #beta#-sialon and small amounts of SiC, 15R and AlN phases that greatly depended on the ratio of talc to halloysite, the reaction temperature and holding time. The highest content of Mg-#alpha# sialon, as much as 90wt%, was achieved at 1480 deg C for a holding time of 4h at a talc to halloysite ratio of 1.5:1.0. SiC was considered as an intermediate compound. We also discuss the evaporation loss of Mg caused by talc decomposing into MgSiN_2 intermediate phase in the CRN ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Iron is one of the main constituents of stainless steel which is used as a structural material in nuclear reactors. In fast and conceptual fusion and fusion-fission hybrid systems the primary energy range of neutron interaction lies between 1 and 20 MeV which opens up several reaction channels. The reaction cross-sections in this energy range are important for dosimetry, radiation damage, neutronics and safety studies of nuclear reactors. Keeping this in view Nuclear Data Section of the International Atomic Energy Agency has sponsored a Research Co-ordination Programme on Methods for the Calculation of Fast Neutron Nuclear Data for Structural Elements. Under this programme we propose to study (n,n'), (n,2n), (n,3n), (n,p), (n,np), (n,pn), (n,#alpha#), (n,n#alpha#), (n,#alpha#n) and (n,#gamma#) reaction cross-sections. Besides these, total, elastic and discrete level inelastic scattering cross-sections, angular distributions of neutron production cross-sections, neutron emission ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A study has been made of the reaction [sup 86]Kr + [sup 63]Cu at incident energies of 486, 550, 640, and 730 MeV. Measurements include cross sections, angular distributions, and energy spectra for light charged particles ([sup 1,2,3]H and [sup 4]He), intermediate mass fragments (IMF) (4 [le] Z [le] 17), and heavy fragments (Z [ge] 18). Coincidences between light charged particles and between particles and fragments have been measured to obtain cross sections, energy spectra, and angular distributions. Statistical model analysis of the energy spectra for [sup 1]H and [sup 4]He detected in coincidence with the fragments has allowed estimation of [sup 1]H and [sup 4]He multiplicities associated with the evaporation residues, fragments, and composite nuclei prior to scission. A comparison of cross sections, energy spectra, angular distributions, and particle multiplicities for these matched entrance channels has provided the means for a detailed test of the Bohr ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

In the first part of this paper, IrO_2 electrodes produced by thermal decomposition of H_2IrCl_6 precursor were manufactured using the spin coating deposition technique, where centrifugal forces spread the precursor solution with simultaneous evaporation of the solvent on the rotating Ti substrate. It was found using this technique, that it is possible to obtain thin and uniform IrO_2 coatings with controlled loadings. The influence of the concentration of iridium salt in the precursor solution (c_0) as well as the influence of the rotation speed at which the substrate spins (#omega#) on the IrO_2 loading have been studied using voltammetric charge measurements. From these results, a simple relation has been proposed for the estimation of the IrO_2 loading for a given c_0 and #omega#. In the second part of this paper and from measurements performed using different IrO_2 loadings and formic acid concentrations, the kinetic parameters of the oxidation of formic acid ...

Science.gov (United States)

For visible-light-emitting laser diodes, InGaAsP double heterostructures have been grown on GaAs substrates using liquid-phase epitaxy. As the growth temperature is as high as about 780 /sup 0/C, a large amount of phosphorus evaporates from the solutions for the cladding layers during the growth process. The phosphorus vapor disturbs the solution composition for the active layer, so that very thin and uniform active layers cannot be obtained. By using In-P-Sn solution and supplying the phosphorus partial pressure around the graphite boat, the influence of phosphorus vapor ambient for InGaAsP (lambda/sub P//sub L/ = 805 nm) growth is confirmed. When the phosphorus partial pressure increases, the surface of epitaxial layer becomes rough and the substrate is partly etched back. From x-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectral measurements, the composition of the grown layer is also found to be changed. As a result of increasing the flow rate of H/sub 2/ gas in ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This study assesses the feasibility of the so-called heat pipe technique for cooling the piston of a mediumspeed diesel engine and is part of a research project 'EVE HPD, Extreme Value Engine Tests with High Power Density' carried out by HUT Internal Combustion Engine Laboratory. Diesel engines are being developed to give greater power from a given cylinder swept volume, which means higher temperatures in combustion chamber. The traditional oil cooling cannot be used beyond certain temperature level. Heat pipe technology could provide one solution to the cooling problem. The general properties, principles of operation, and structures of different types of heat pipes are described. Working fluids and container materials of heat pipes are discussed. The operation limitations of heat pipes are studied, especially, the limitations of a reciprocating heat pipe, in which the return of the condensate to the evaporator section is achieved by the movement ...