British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Der vom Bundesamt f?r Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (BSI) entwickelte Ansatz des IT-Grundschutzes war bereits Gegenstand von Beitr?gen in der DuD. Inzwischen hat das ?Grundschutzhandbuch? Eingang in die internationale Standard-Familie ISO 2700x gefunden. Der Autor berichtet ?ber die Erfahrungen mit den ersten durchgef?hrten Zertifizierungen nach dem neuen ISO-Standard auf der Basis von IT-Grundschutz.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Das Konzept der ?quivalenten Spannung (Vergleichsspannung) wird seit langem angewendet und hat sich bew?hrt. Ein wesentlicher Grund daf?r liegt darin, dass es u.?a. bei der Formulierung ph?nomenologischer Werkstoffmodelle weiterhilft. Von Nachteil ist, dass es weder mit physikalischen Prinzipien in Verbindung steht, noch Informationen ?ber die Mikrostruktur des Werkstoffs enth?lt. Trotzdem wurden zahlreiche Hypothesen zur Formulierung von ?quivalenten Spannungen in der Vergangenheit aufgestellt und in der Praxis mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg angewendet. Als Basis f?r die Systematisierung der zahlreichen Modelle hat Yu die Unified Strength Theory (UST) vorgeschlagen. Diese eignet sich, u.?a. inkompressibles inelastisches Materialverhalten sowie kompressible Werkstoffe mit unt...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

(1973). Germany Haas, H. Kraftwerk Union AG, Muelheim an der Ruhr (FR

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

A rapid loss of far red light (FR) reversibility of red-light (R) stimulated elongation of maize coleoptile sections was observed. Reversal was not possible when the interval between R and FR treatment...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose : To evaluate whether the early pulmonary irradiation can prevent or decrease the pulmonary damage and contribute to improve ultimate survival in paraquat lung. Materials and Methods : From Jun. 1987 to Aug. 1993, thirty patients with paraquat poisoning were evaluated. Fourteen of these patients were received pulmonary irradiation(RT). All of the patients ere managed with aggressive supportive treatment such as gastric lavage, forced diuresis, antioxidant agents and antifibrosis agents. Ingested amounts of paraquat were estimated into three groups(A: minimal < about 5cc, B: mouthful 5-50 cc, C: Large > 50cc). Pulmonary irradiation was started within 24 hours after admission(from day 1 to day 11 after ingestion of paraquat). Both whole lungs were irradiated with AP/PA parallel opposing fields using C0-60 teletherapy machine. A total of 10Gy(2Gy/fr. X 5 days)was delivered without correction of lung density. Results : In group A, all patients ...

Science.gov (United States)

cellulosic biofuel volumes for consumption as transportation fuel, heating oil, or jet fuel in the U.S. in 2011. We also evaluated the production and import potential for...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

(1975). Germany Gils, HJ Rebel, H. Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FR

Science.gov (United States)

GFEB@:7::59=@CFPLEDIGMPT[ZZG4)# """*.tT#$FR5JLGGD;9;:7;:@CFLIGINNLGHMWSM>/)"! "# (.\\gC)@K7CGJIE?;;6;8;?CFDFINTTR?@FPOOD6-'%#"# ##),BJN? ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Experimental results of nuclear reaction and radiative decay for A = 203 nuclides are evaluated. Adopted properties for all the nine isobars, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn, Fr of mass 203 are presented. Nothing is yet known for "2"0"3Os. 96 refs.

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Four subprojects were completed: development and evaluation of die coatings, accelerated die life characterization of die materials, evaluation of fluid flow and solidification modeling programs, selection and characterization of Al-based die casting alloys, and influence of die materials and coatings on die casting quality.

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Epoxy-resin based neutron shielding material, NS-4-FR, is used for spent fuel transport and/or storage cask. In this paper the outline of thermal aging test performed to evaluate the heating effect on this neutron shielding material, NS-4-FR, is introduced. The test is consisted of two kinds of thermal aging test, one is 'Basic Test' and the other is 'Block Heating Test'. The former is cooperatively performed by ten Japanese Electrical Power Companies, and the latter is done by GESC and NOF Corporation. (authors)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract During extracorporeal life support (ECLS), a large portion of the hemodynamic energy is lost to various components of the circuit. Minimization of this loss in the circuit leads to better vital organ perfusion and decreases the risk of systemic inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the hemodynamic properties of differing lengths of tubing in a simulated neonatal ECLS circuit. The neonatal ECLS circuit used in this study included a Capiox Baby RX05 oxygenator (Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), a Rotaflow centrifugal pump (MAQUET Cardiopulmonary AG, Hirrlingen, Germany), and a heater and cooler unit. An 8 Fr Biomedicus arterial and a 10 Fr Biomedicus venous cannula were connected to the pseudopatient. One fourth inch tubing was used for both the arterial and the venous line. A ...

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An asymmetrical shaped capillary die made exclusively of graphite is used to grow silicon ribbon which is capable of being made into solar cells that are more efficient than cells produced from ribbon made using a symmetrically shaped die.

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No abstract prepared.

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Spatial distributions of turgor and longitudinal growth were compared in primary roots of maize (Zea mays L. cv FR27 × FRMo 17) growing in vermiculite at high (−0.02...Full Text Available

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

The fission gas xenon bonded in bubbles, in pore, and in the lattice of mixed carbide fuels is measured by electron-probe microanalysis. Radial xenon distribution and release curves are determined and are calibrated by gas chromatography of the bonded fission gas and by burnup analysis in the respective pin sections of the irradiation experiments FR2 6A and 6C, Mol 11/K 2, and DFR 330/1. The results are correlated to the microstructure of the fuel, bonding medium, temperature, and burnup. (Auth.).

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

This study aims to evaluate fatigue strength properties at long-term high temperature of 316FR steels developed for structural materials applied to high temperature components in the 21st Century such as Demonstration FBR, and to obtain design indicators on high temperature strength properties arranged on chemical composition and grain size on a base of 316FR stainless steels. As results obtained by the study, it could be found that as a result of systematic examinations on temperatures and strain rate dependence on symmetric triangular strain waveform of 316FR steels between 500 to 600degC, temperature of fatigue life, and strain rate dependence can be integrally evaluated by a parameter analysis method developed by authors and life prediction at ultra low strain rate of less than 10"-"6/s and its experimental verification could be carried out. And, it was also found that as a result of evaluation of creep fatigue life and ...

Science.gov (United States)

Aug 2, 2010 ... UKMO-L4HRfnd-GLOB-OSTIA 20100801-UKMO-L4HRfnd-GLOB-v01-fv02-OSTIA.nc 20100802T061404Z 1.0 http://ghrsst-pp.metoffice.com/data/OSTIA Home ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Die Festigkeitshypothesen und Flie?fl?chen aus den klassischen Kursen der Mechanik (die Normalspannungshypothese, die Modelle nach von Mises und Tresca) reichen oft nicht aus, das tats?chliche Verhalten von Bauteilen unter Belastung zu erfassen. Deshalb werden in der Literatur weitere Modelle mit einem oder mehreren Parametern vorgeschlagen. Diese Modelle beschr?nken allerdings die Geometrien der zul?ssigen Formen der Fl?chen im Spannungsraum. In dieser Arbeit wird ein auf die Zugspannung normiertes Druck-Torsion-Diagramm vorgestellt, in dem sich die Modelle inkompressiblen Materialverhaltens miteinander vergleichen lassen. Mit diesem Diagramm wird der Begriff der Symmetrie der Fl?che in der ?-Ebene verdeutlicht. Die konvexen Fl?chen inkompressiblen Materialverhaltens sind ...

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Fitness, (biometric measurements, reproduction) and behaviour that are ecologically relevant biomarkers in assessing the quality of estuarine sediments were studied by comparing the responses of the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor - a key species in estuaries - along a pollution gradient. Intersite differences were shown for all the measured parameters: size-weight relationships, energy reserves as glycogen and lipids, sexual maturation patterns, total number of oocytes per female, total and relative fecundity, burrowing behaviour. The physiological and behavioural status of N. diversicolor was consistently disturbed in the larger, most contaminated estuaries (Loire and Seine, Fr.) compared to reference sites (Bay of Bourgneuf, Goyen estuary, Fr.). Many classes of potentially toxic chemicals present in these estuaries most likely contribute to these impairments but food availability may act as a confounding factor, interfering with the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This work is based on the study of cesium ({sup 118,146}Cs) and francium ({sup 207-213}Fr,{sup 220-228}Fr) isotopes by hyperfine atomic spectroscopy and on the interpretation of these results from the nuclear physics point of view. The measured nuclear quantities are: the spin, the magnetic moment, the electric quadrupole moment and the mean square charge radius. The experimental method which is based on hyperfine optical pumping with a tunable laser, followed by magnetic analysis of the atoms is described in the first part. Results related to atomic physics are also presented. In the second part, these data are interpreted in the framework of nuclear models. The deformation of light cesium isomers are compared to values obtained from a theoretical self-consistent calculation. Heavy francium isotopes are situated in an area where the existence of static octupole deformations have been predicted. The odd-even staggering measured on the mean ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Different approaches to expertise and argumentation are discussed. After introducing the problem of expertise and its present day significance in a historical context, various connections with the study of arguments are highlighted. The need for and potential of argumentation analysis to contribute to existing research in social epistemology, science studies, and cognitive science, is discussed, touching on the problems of reasoning and argumentation, embodiment, tacit knowledge, expert context versus public context, expert disagreement, persuasion versus justification, and argument analysis as meta-expertise. As the arguments used by experts constitute a boundary object, we presume that a dialogue format is suitable to address central problems of the special issue ?Rethinking Arguments fr...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

A major objective of the DOE Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative, AFCI, is to explore technologies that may reduce the long-term environmental burden of nuclear energy through more efficient disposal of waste materials. In this work, the potential impact of the AFCI technology and its beneficial effects on waste management and its ability to meet waste management objectives are demonstrated. In addition, practical scenarios to improve permanent disposal utilization and/or reduce the temporary spent nuclear fuel (SNF) storage inventory by closing the fuel cycle through transition to fast reactor (FR) converters are also discussed. (authors)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Endograftimplantationen im oder am Aortenbogen stellen besondere Herausforderungen an die Implantationstechnik und an die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Stentgrafts und ihren Einf?hrungssystemen, bedingt durch die Notwendigkeit, die Prothesen punktgenau abzusetzen und durch die mit der Biegung im Aortenbogen zunehmende Reibungswiderst?nde innerhalb der Einf?hrungssysteme. Die Endograftsysteme der 1. Generation (Talent?, Zenith TX 1?, TAG?) zeigten in dieser Lokalisation technisch bedingte Limitationen. Neue Prothesen Bei den seit 2004 und 2005 verf?gbaren neuen Stentgrafts (E-vita?, Zenith TX 2?, Valiant?, Relay?) sind diese Limitationen weitgehend ?berwunden. Durch technische Verbesserungen von Stentgrafts und Einf?hrungssystemen ist es nun m?glich, auch lange ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Trapezblechstege im Bruckenbau kommen trotz der groen Vorteile, die diese Bauweise bietet, in Deutschland bisher nur an einem Pilotprojekt zur Anwendung. Durch die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des Trapezbleches entstehen konstruktive und wirtschaftliche Vorteile gegenuber herkommlichen Bruckenbauweisen. Allerdings lassen die aktuell gultigen Regelwerke aufgrund fehlender Kenntnis zum Tragverhalten und mangelnder Erfahrung keine wirtschaftliche Ausbildung zu. Dies zeigt sich am Beispiel des Pilotprojekts. Die Ausbildung der Verbundfuge wurde hier nur sehr unbefriedigend gelost und verdeutlicht somit die Notwendigkeit einfacher und praktikabler Verbindungsmoglichkeiten. Am Institut fur Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren der Universitat Stuttgart wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut...

Science.gov (United States)

Die Dampfturbinen und die Aussichten der. Warmekraftmaschinen. Z.V.D.I. i VOID. 47 (1903), p. 7.. Dampf- und Gasturbinen. 5.Aufl. , 3erlin, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The examples quoted show that damage is mostly due to faults of design and construction or faulty operation. The ever shorter development cycles, the further development of existing constructions and cost pressure owing to price slumps are very important in this context. Careful endoscopic inspections and monitoring and early identification of beginning damage helps to prevent major damage and follow-up damage. The causes of changing operational performance must be established as early as possible to prevent larger damages from being caused by continued operations.(orig.) [German] Die vorgestellten Schadenbeispiele zeigen, dass die Schaeden vorwiegend durch Auslegungsfehler und Konstruktionsfehler aber auch durch Bedienungsfehler verursacht wurden. Die immer kuerzeren Entwicklungszeiten fuer Neukonstruktionen und die Weiterentwicklung vorhandener Konstruktionen sowie der Kostendruck infolge des ...

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No abstract prepared.

Science.gov (United States)

... folgen. Die notwendigen Sch~ritte -an isotherme Verh~ltnisce an den, von der Versuchssubstanz benetzten Wandungen, zu ...

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Pyrolysis and combustion of CH are investigated. In order to reduce the work required for the present combination of parameters, the following substances were selected: Hexachloroethane, hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorophene. The model substances were pyrolyzed or combusted in varying conditions, and the combustion or pyrolysis products were analyzed. Only the main products were of interest; trace components are important only as far as they may throw light on the reaction mechanisms. The furnace design resulted in incomplete combustion and pyrolysis reactions, so that products of all stages of combusition or pyrolysis were available for analysis. Reaction processes can be derived from the products. As an alternative to thermal treatment of refuse, biological degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons was gone into. The efficiency of decomposition by microorganisms was to be compared with the efficiency of thermal destruction of chlorohydrocarbons. The ...

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The situation of natural gas in the Federal Republic of Germany is described, with particular emphasis on the advantages and consequences of natural gas supply. The brochure discusses the role of natural gas on the energy market, the reliability of natural gas supply, the environmental impacts, the energy-saving effect of natural gas, natural gas prices, the competitive strength of the German gas industry, and the long-term reliability of natural gas supply. (orig.) [German] Die Situation des Erdgases in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird beschrieben, wobei die wichtigsten Vorteile und Auswirkungen der Erdgasversorgung besonders hervorgehoben werden. Es geht um die Stellung des Erdgases im Energiemarkt, die Sicherheit der Energieversorgung, Umweltschutz, Energieeinsparung durch Erdgaseinsatz, Erdgaspreise, Leistungsfaehigkeit der deutschen Gaswirtschaft und um die langfristig ...

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The project is intended to yield information on the transfer factors describing the transfer of ingested radionuclides to breast milk for the following elements: antimony, cerium, chromium, cobalt, gallium, lanthanum, molybdenum, niobium, radium, ruthenium, silver, thorium, titanium, and uranium. Those yet unknown or poorly known transfer factors are required in order to be able to develop a reliable model for description and assessment of the transfer of the radionuclides and the possibly resulting hazardous doses to infants, and for subsequent formulation of recommendations for radiological protection of the population. (orig./CB) [German] Ziel des Projektes ist die Ermittlung von Transferfaktoren fuer den Uebergang von Radionukliden aus der Nahrung der Muetter in die Muttermilch fuer die Elemente Antimon, Cer, Chrom, Cobalt, Gallium, Lanthan, Molybdaen, Niob, Radium, Ruthenium, Silber, Thorium, Titan und Uran. Um ...

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The proposed ERICAM model exhibits deficiencies of a nature making it inacceptable to responsible governments. These deficiencies are: it does not provide the required financial security. The availability of insurance coverage will be dependent on the situation in the financial markets. Pricing will not be determined by the absolute probability of incidents causing damage, so that this may entail a distortion of allocations of resources. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] Das ERICAM Modell hat Konstruktionsmaengel, dass es sicher fuer verantwortliche Regierungen nicht in Frage kaeme, dessen Realisierung in Erwaegung zu ziehen. Die wichtigsten sind: Die benoetigte Sicherheit der Deckungsmittel ist nicht gegeben. Die Lage an den Finanzmaerkten dominiert die Verfuegbarkeit der Deckungsmittel. Die Preisbildung wird nicht durch die absolute Schadenswahrscheinlichkeit bestimmt, so ...

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The staging of patients with multiple myeloma demands sensitive imaging methods for the assessment of the skeletal system. MRI allows for direct visualization of the bone marrow which exhibits five different infiltration patterns in multiple myeloma: 1. normal appearance of the bone marrow, 2. focal involvement, 3. homogeneous diffuse infiltration, 4. combined diffuse and focal infiltration, 5. ''salt and pepper'' pattern with inhomogeneous bone marrow signals due to multiple fat islands. The combination of T1w-SE and STIR sequences is best suited for detecting all infiltration patterns and for the differential diagnoses e. g. hemangiomas. With parallel imaging in MRI, acquisition times can be markedly reduced and whole-body screening of the bone marrow can be achieved within 30 min. MRI is superior to radiography for the detection of focal as well as diffuse infiltration. Multidetector computed tomography and especially 16- and 64-detector row ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis of the correlations between initial brain uptake and structure parameters, for example lipophilicity F_r, molar refractivity MR and electronic parameters #sigma#_1 of the "9"9Tc"m-N_2S_2 complexes have been studied with multiple regression analysis method. The main structural factors which affect the initial brain uptake of this kind of brain imaging agents have been discussed. The results may give some theoretical information for designing new brain imaging agents

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Various control procedures have been suggested for reducing foodborne infectious diseases. Receiving considerable attention is irradiation. This report estimates the medical and wage (or productivity) benefits associated with prevention of five human diseases transmitted by beef, pork, and chicken. (These diseases can also be transmitted by other vectors, such as eggs, milk, and pets. But these sources are not included in the analysis.) All of these foodborne infectious diseases - salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, trichinosis, tapeworm, and toxoplasmosis - could be significantly reduced by irradiating meat and poultry. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has just approved irradiation of pork to prevent trichinosis (50FR 29658-59) and is considering approval of irradiation of chicken to kill Salmonella. 22 references.

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Summary Modern society all over the world depends on information and communication technology (ICT); and security of supply with ICT is an important location factor. In times of increasing anonymity, which makes us more and more dependent on public services such as emergency supports (emergency organizations), communication is existential. Communication also plays an important role for a good functioning of economy and industry, in the course of shorter production and storage times. The usage of ICT is taken for granted. However, the modern society's use of ICT is profoundly dependent on the public power supply. Particularly in highly industrialized countries like e.g. Austria, the ICT sector requires about 10% of the total electric energy demand. One third of these 10% is estimated to be ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

This study uses an electronic commerce (E-commerce) innovation model to analyze the differences in technological knowledge, business model, and dynamic capability aspects used in Internet-enabled commerce (I-commerce) versus mobile commerce (M-commerce) versus ubiquitous commerce (U-commerce). The results indicate that the innovation from I-commerce to M-commerce is radical, leading to drastic changes in the business model. However, from M-commerce to U-commerce, disruptive changes occur in both technological and business model dimensions. A set of critical dynamic capabilities for each innovation is identified. These results provide great insight for practitioners and scholars for enhancing their understanding of E-commerce innovation, and provide guidelines to help practitioners adapt fr...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Air toxics from the industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) impose serious health concerns on its surrounding residential neighborhoods. To address such health concerns, one of the key challenges is to quantify the air emissions from the IWTPs. The objective here is to characterize the air emissions from the IWTPs and quantify its associated uncertainty. An IWTP receiving the wastewaters from an airplane maintenance facility is used for illustration with focus on the quantification of air emissions for benzyl alcohol, phenol, methylene chloride, 2-butanone, and acetone. Two general fate models, i.e., WATER9 and TOXCHEM+V3.0 were used to model the IWTP and quantify the air emissions. Monte Carlo and Bootstrap simulation were used for uncertainty analysis. On average, air emissions fr...

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The textbook is primarily intended for radiologic staff and radiologic safety officers and gives information on the current regulatory provisions of the German X-ray Ordinance, applications of X-rays, quality assurance, organisational aspects of film processing and quality requirements of X-rays. An annex lists the guidelines of the Bundesaerztekammer (German National Chamber of Physicians) relating to quality assurance aspects, and further useful information on commercially available film-screen systems, the various associations of physicians in Germany, and requirements and performance of radiation surveys. (vhe) [Deutsch] Das vorliegende Lehrbuch, das sich vor allem an das technische Personal und an Strahlenschutzbeauftragte wendet, unterrichtet ueber die derzeit gueltigen Bestimmungen der Roentgenverordnung, die Anwendung von Roentgenstrahlen, ueber Qualitaetssicherung, die Organisation der Filmverarbeitung sowie ueber ...

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Proactive qualification is today an integral part of the development process for steam turbines used in steam and combined cycle power plants. By providing experimentally based `random` variables, such as the steam path efficiency and blading reliability, it makes a valuable contribution to the economic `random` variables of the power plant, e.g. the rate of return, as viewed by the customer. One of the areas in which proactive product and process qualification plays an important role is the development of LP steam paths. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die proaktive Qualifikation ist heute fester Bestandteil des Entwicklungsprozesses bei Dampfturbinen, die fuer den Einsatz in Dampf- und Kombikraftwerken bestimmt sind. Sie leistet mit Hilfe experimentell ermittelter `Zufalls`-Variablen, wie z.B. Wirkungsgrad der Fluten und Zuverlaessigkeit der Beschaufelungen, einen wertvollen Beitrag zu den fuer die Kunden wichtigen wirtschaftlichen ...

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Basic research in relation to a complete utilisation of animal substances as an alternative to a thermal disposal was done. The composition of different kinds of bones were investigated as well as their amounts which are available. Conventional utilisation was opposed to the innovative utilisation. Technologies will be selected which should be developed, because they have the chance in the case of a fast industrial realisation to get a good profit. There is a global requirement for the technologies which are developed and their products which can be produced with this. The raw material basis is available in the necessary scale in nearly all countries. (orig.) [German] Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur ganzheitlichen Verwertung von tierischen Substanzen als Alternative zur thermischen Entsorgung wurden durchgefuehrt. Es wurde die Zusammensetzung der verschiedenen Knochenarten und ihr Aufkommen untersucht. Die konventionelle wurde der innovativen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

DMT has developed what is called the stepped reforming process. This is an allothermal gasification process which uses hydrogen for a gasification medium. First the biomass is pyrolised by means of a heat transfer material. The escaping gaseous and condensable constituents are hydrogenated, heated in a reforming stage and are made to react to a hydrogen-rich product gas by means of homogeneous gasification. The heat required for this is provided by burning the pyrolysis coke. This makes it possible to dispense with process stages that would involve gasification of solid material and hence require higher pressure levels. The present process also works at ambient pressure. Moreover, stepped reforming promises a number of additional advantages: low-tar product gas containing 60% hydrogen, high cold gas efficiency, no wastewater arisings, robust operating behaviour. This paper outlines the basic ideas that led to the development of stepped reforming process and describes its diverse ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

3407 events were registrated up to a distance of 300 m during the period from 12.10.1989 to 31.12.1990, of which 385 could be precisely located. Activities were determined in areas surrounding the dam construction traversal drifts and boreholes at the 875 m level, near the large cavern at 975 m depth, in drifts and caverns above the 875 m level and in the vicinity of the rock salt/carnallitite transition zone to the south-east of the 875 m level. Energies and source parameters were calculated by means of spectres. Energy variations range from 10 J to 10{sup -4} J, the source radii from 3.5 m to 0.2 m, the source dislocations from 10{sup -6} m to 10{sup -8} m, and the stress drops from 10{sup 5} Pa to 0.06 10{sup 5} Pa. Magnitude and type of events observed are usual for mines. The microseismic activity provides an insight into the origin as well as changes of stress and rock mechanical material properties. (orig./HP). [Deutsch] Im Zeitraum 12.10.89 - 31.12.90 wurden 3407 Ereignisse bis ...

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The corrosion behavior of steel in water from certain oil fields with various organic inhibitors was studied by applying potentiodynamic technique at pH 5.9. The inhibitors which were used include 2-methylbenzimidazole (I), 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (II), 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole (III), and 2-mercaptothiazole (IV). The inhibiting efficiency of the different additives was evaluated from their anodic and cathodic polarization curves at different temperatures. A comparative study of curve fitting procedures using the kinetic thermodynamic model and those utilizing well-known adsorption isotherms was undertaken. Three types of isotherms were used, Langmuir, Frumkin and Flory-Huggins isotherm. The results show that the kinetic-thermodynamic model and Flory-Huggins isotherms are more suitable to fit the data for the four inhibitors, at all applied temperatures. From the values of binding constants, K, the order of inhibitor efficiency is: III > IV > II > I and thus ...

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The comprehensive survey explains the indications and the specific value of the modern tomographic modalities with respect to the various diagnostic issues. Numerous reproductions of CT, MRI, US scans illustrate the aspects discussed. (orig./CB) [German] Bildgebende Verfahren kommen bei der Abklaerung von Erkrankungen des weiblichen Urogenitaltrakts ergaenzend zu der klinischen Untersuchung zur Anwendung. Kongenitale Uterusanomalien werden primaer mit der HSG oder der Laparoskopie diagnostiziert. Zusaetzlich koennen der transvaginale US und in unklaren Faellen die MRT eingesetzt werden. Die Diagnose entzuendlicher Erkrankungen des weiblichen Genitaltrakts erfolgt in der Regel klinisch. Schnittbildverfahren werden bei therapieresistenten, komplizierten Faellen angewendet. Initial werden benigne Neoplasien des Uterus mit dem transvaginalen US abgeklaert. Eine Verdickung des Endometriums ist dabei ein unspezifischer Befund und kann auf eine ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A study tour in autumn 1999, which was undertaken following the award of the Helmuth Burkhardt prize of Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau e.V. to the authors, comprised visits to potash, molybdenum, lead, zinc, copper ore and coal mines in the mid-west of the USA. The Black Mesa Mine and Kayenta Mine of Peabody Western Coal Company in the Navajo Reserve in the north of Arizona, the Trapper Mine Inc. near Craig and the Twentymile Coal Company near Steamboat Springs, Colorado are described in this report. In addition to a brief description of the geology the coal winning is considered in greater detail. The Twentymile Coal Company was asked to explain the reasons for the successful operation of the colliery, which produces more than 5 mill. t anthracite per year by long wall working. (orig.) [German] Eine Exkursion im Herbst 1999, die durch die Verleihung des Helmuth-Burkhard-Preises der Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau e.V. an Bergassessor Andreas ...

Science.gov (United States)

... 175-84. (2) Dorenwendt, K., "Das verhalten kornrnerzieller Casium-Atomuhren und die Zeitskalen der PTB," Proceedings of the 31st International ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Many power plants use treated surface water as boiler feedwater and have difficulties in keeping within the limits for organic substances in feedwater (TOC < 200 ppb) or acid conductivity in steam condensate (< 0.2 {mu}S/cm). The characteristics of surface water and the role of organic substances in boiler feedwater are explained and discussed. [German] Viele Kraftwerke bereiten fuer die Erzeugung von Kesselspeisewasser Oberflaechenwasser auf und haben Probleme, die Richtlinien fuer organische Stoffe im Speisewasser (TOC < 200 ppb) oder Saeure-Leitfaehigkeit in Dampfkondensaten (< 0,2 {mu}S/cm) einzuhalten. Die besonderen Eigenschaften von Oberflaechenwaessern und die Bedeutung organischer Stoffe in Kesselspeisewasser werden erlaeutert und diskutiert. (orig.)

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After cooling ceilings and source ventilation, simple air conditioning systems like thermal activation of concrete cores are gaining general acceptance. Parallel to this, ground source cooling systems are reducing the need for cold generation. Air conditioning systems of this type are favoured by producers of floor heating systems looking for a new market segment. [German] Nach Kuehldecken und Quellueftung gewinnen jetzt einfach aufgebaute Raumklimaanlagen, wie die thermische Betonkernaktivierung, immer mehr Anhaenger. Parallel dazu werden Verfahren zur Erdkaeltenutzung entwickelt, die den Anteil kuenstlich erzeugter Kaelte weiter zurueckdraengen. Forciert wird diese Art der Klimatisierung insbesondere durch die Hersteller von Fussbodenheizungen, fuer die sich hier ein neues Marktsegment eroeffnet. (orig.)

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The ash of biomass fuels was analysed in order to identify its inorganic chemical characteristics. The experiments were carried out using different methods of extraction. The accuracy of the measurements was verified by comparative analyses using certified samples. The composition was shown to vary with the fuel type and ash fraction. In the case of arsenic and the toxic heavy metals cadmium, mercury and lead, accumulation factors of 1.4 to 43 were measured in the tissue filter ash. [German] Fuer die Bestimmung der stofflichen Eigenschaften von Biobrennstoffaschen werden neben der fuer die Ermittlung von Stoffbilanzen notwendigen Analyse der Gesamtgehalte, in Abhaengigkeit von der Zielsetzung und den gesetzlichen Vorgaben, unterschiedliche Extraktionsverfahren eingesetzt. Fuer die Gesamtgehaltsbestimmung wurden aus laborinternen Wiederholungsuntersuchungen sowie einem laborexternen Analysenvergleich Kenngroessen fuer ...

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The energy cost of compressors accounts for up to 90% of the total cost. Oil-free compressors could reduce the cost almost by half, i.e. annual savings of 112,500 DM would be achievable. [German] Ueber die Gesamtlaufzeit betrachtet, machen die Energiekosten bei Verdichtern bis zu 90% der Gesamtkosten aus. Deshalb muss bei der Auswahl von Kompressoren dem Energieverbrauch besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden. Mit oelfreien Kolbenkompressoren liessen sich in einem speziellen Fall die Kosten fast halbieren, was jaehrlichen Einsparungen von 112 500 DM entspricht. (orig.)

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Seit 2005 finden schriftliche Anfragen und Vor-Ort-Pr?fungen durch den Medizinischen Dienst der Krankenversicherungen (MDK) statt. Diese spiegeln in ihren Ver?nderungen sowohl die Erfahrung der Kassen mit dem G-DRG-System (G-DRG German Diagnosis Related Groups) als auch der zust?ndigen ?rztlichen Mitarbeiter und des Krankenhauscontrollings wider. Wir wollten aufarbeiten, welche Entwicklung die MDK-Pr?fungen seit 2005 genommen haben. Hierf?r wurden s?mtliche Pr?fberichte seit Einf?hrung der Pr?fungen ausgewertet. Ergebnisse W?hrend anfangs haupts?chlich Fragen zur Kodier- und Dokumentationsqualit?t erfolgten, werden jetzt ?berwiegend Fehlbelegungspr?fungen durchgef?hrt. Zwischenzeitlich wurden konsequent die unterschiedlichen Klinikbereiche gepr?ft. Die Anfragen ...

Science.gov (United States)

Waermedurchgang, Blutzucker, Muskel- and Leberglykogen sowie auf die chemische Thermogenese juveniler Albino- ratten" .. Acta biol. med. germ., Vol. ...

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UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Mutation of the gene drop-dead (drd) causes adult Drosophila to die within 2 weeks of eclosion and is associated with reduced rates of defecation...Full Text Available

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There are alarming scenarios that state that global heating caused by anthropogenic gaseous emissions will melt the ice caps of Greenland and the Antarctic. This would cause flooding of coastal regions on a global scale. The floods are expected already in the next century, but there are no realistic assessments of the extent of the danger. (orig.) [Deutsch] Alarmierenden Szenarien zufolge koennten durch eine globale Erwaermung, die der Mensch mit dem Ausstoss von Treibhausgasen in die Atmosphaere verursacht, die Eiskappen auf der Antarktis und Groenland abschmelzen. Schon im kommenden Jahrhundert wuerden dadurch weite kuestennahe Gebiete ueberflutet. Noch aber laesst sich schwer abschaetzen, wie real die Gefahr ist. (orig.)

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In the present work the effect of different surface conditions on plasma nitriding response of AISI M2 high speed steel was investigated. The plasma nitriding of ground and sandblasted samples and drills was performed at temperatures of 400 C and 500 C for two gas mixtures: 5 vol.% N{sub 2} and 76 vol.% N{sub 2} in hydrogen. Surface layers were characterized before and after plasma nitriding concerning the microstructure, roughness, microhardness, chemical composition, phase composition and residual stress states. Machining tests were carried out with drills during which drilling forces and flank wear have been measured. A significant effect of the surface state prior to nitriding on residual stress states and the properties of the nitrided layer and untreated core has been observed. Thinner nitrided layers on ground and sandblasted samples were attributed to high compressive residual stress states and a stress affected diffusion of nitrogen and carbon. In the machining tests, ...

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Particulate Reinforced Titanium matrix composites (PRTi) exhibit some improved specific mechanical properties in comparison with those of unreinforced titanium alloys as a result of the combination of the high strength and stiffness of ceramic particles with the toughness and damage tolerance provided by the metal matrix. The poor tribological properties of the titanium exclude titanium alloys from applications where wear resistance is required (brakes, rotating parts, sliding parts). The addition of ceramic particles improves the tribological properties of metals sensitive to adhesive and /or abrasive wear significantly. In this work, the wear resistance and the friction coefficient of Ti6Al-6V-2Sn reinforced with TiC particles and Ti6Al-4V reinforced with SiC particles (prototype material) are compared with the unreinforced alloys. Pin on disc and pin on ring tests were carried out against standard steel (100Cr6) as a function of pressure, speed and temperature. The results show ...

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Surface structure analysis, i.e. metallographic analysis of component surfaces with the aid of replicas, is an established method of component monitoring and the only reliable non-destructive method for detecting and analyzing beginning creep damage in the form of creep pores. Creep pore development provides a basis for component condition analysis. It must be noted, however, that the modern martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels - like the established steels 10CrMo9-10 (P22) und X20CrMoV12-1 - have comparatively high creep fracture deformation rates in fatigue tests. This raises the question if these steels can be judged on the basis of data for established steels. The results so far suggest that even with low pore densities (single pores), a higher degree of damage and a shorter time until failure must be assumed. [German] Eine bewaehrte Methode der Bauteilueberwachung stellt die Oberflaechengefuegeuntersuchung, d. h. die metallografische Untersuchung ...

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Technical innovations such as the availability of movable patient platforms and the introduction of 32-channel systems have made whole-body MRI for tumor staging feasible. In addition, the development of dual-modality PET/CT systems offers the opportunity to perform anatometabolic tumor staging with whole-body coverage in a single session. Based on an increase in patient survival when applying a stage-adapted therapy in different malignant diseases the relevant question relates to the accuracies of whole-body MRI and whole-body PET/CT for TNM staging. This review article addresses whole-body tumor staging with MRI and FDG-PET/CT with special emphasis on diagnostic accuracies for staging different malignant diseases. (orig.) [German] Technische Neuerungen, wie die Verfuegbarkeit beweglicher Tischaufsaetze oder die Einfuehrung von 32-Kanal-Systemen, haben die Ganzkoerperbildgebung mit der MRT ermoeglicht. ...

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The paper addresses the major items of relevance to compensation for nuclear damage under civil liability law. The revision of the Vienna Convention deserves support as a contribution to enhancing the protection of those who suffered damage, and of the environment. The results of the revision will have an impact on the liability regimes in existing and future signatory states, and to some extent will also set the goals of a future reshaping of the Paris Convention, all the more since the Joint Protocol calls for harmonization of at least basic provisions of substantive law in the two Conventions. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] Es werden die wesentlichen Punkte dargestellt, die fuer die zivilrechtliche Praxis im Schadensfall von Belang sein koennten. Die Revision ist als Beitrag zu einem verbesserten Schutz Geschaedigter, aber auch der Umwelt zu begruessen und zu unterstuetzen. Die Ergebnisse ...

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Compared to the reference year of 1990, CO{sub 2} emissions of the Federal Republic of Germany have been curbed by about 12%, primarily as a result of industrial backfitting and pollution abatement measures accomplished in the industrial infrastructure of the new Federal Laender of Germany. Federal Government policy sticks to the previous commitment, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 25% by the year 2005. Current forecasts and scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions show that only immediate adherence to a very stringent reduction policy might ensure that this ambitious goal will be achieved. In this context, any change of the baseline data and scenarios hitherto used for progonostic assessments is a crucial factor, so that the article here discusses the impacts of a change in the nuclear generation scenario, as recently ventilated by the German Federal Government, and expected effects on public power supply. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Ausgehend von dem Bezugsjahr 1990 sind ...

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The enhancements described of high-performance CT systems of latest design have again confirmed the importance of CT systems for acute and selective diagnostic imaging. Higher availability, shorter exposure times, and better applicability and handling for examination of poly-traumata patients or patients of intensive care departments are some of the advantages achieved with CT systems which demonstrate CT system efficiency in addition to MRI, which for specific examinations will remain the modality of first choice for diagnostic evaluation. The Tomoscan Av-E presented here was able to answer all relevant diagnostic questions appearing in routine diagnostics and scientific work. For patients, examinations using the spiral CT technique also offers significant advantages. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Durch die dargestellten Verbesserungen bei Hochleistungs-CT-Systemen neuester Bauart wurde die Bedeutung der CT fuer die akute und ...

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in stroke makes it possible to visualize the initial infarct in cases of acute cerebral ischemia. Perfusion MRI serves to determine which tissues are additionally at risk of infarction due to persistent hypoperfusion. MRI also allows those examiners with limited experience to reliably confirm an infarct. The most important differential diagnosis of cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, can likewise be recognized with certainty using MRI. Although diffusion and perfusion MRI only demonstrate the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia approximately, the method is suited for identifying those patients who would profit from reperfusion therapy. Whether MRI is also appropriate as an aid to reaching a prognosis on the risk of secondary hemorrhage has not yet been resolved. (orig.) [German] Die Schlaganfall-MRT ermoeglicht es, bei akuter zerebraler Ischaemie den bereits initial entstandenen Infarkt darzustellen. Mittels Perfusions-MRT ...

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The deregulation of the power industry having been implemented at unparalleled pace in Germany, the marketers and utility managers have been faced with the challenge of coping within relatively short time with the whole range of problems involved in restructurisation in the emerging competitive and very dynamic market. The article summarizes the activities for reorientation and positioning in the market, laying the foundation for success in the future. The communication and IT infrastructure is a major aspect to be considered. The authors explain how the German power industry may profit from international experience and results, so as to gain time in pulling up with competitors in the international marketplace. (orig./CB) [German] Die Liberalisierung der deutschen Stromwirtschaft kann im internationalen Vergleich als einzigartig sowohl hinsichtlich ihrer Breite als auch ihrer Geschwindigkeit - volle Marktoeffnung fuer alle Kunden auf einen Schlag - angesehen ...

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Infrainguinal peripheral occlusive disease is increasingly being treated by endovascular techniques. Bare metal stainless steel, self-expanding nitinol stents, drug-eluting and covered stents (stent grafts) are becoming increasingly more important adjuncts to percutaneous translumninal angioplasty in the treatment of peripheral artery disease. In this article the available evidence supporting the use of stents in the femoropopliteal and tibial arteries will be described as well as their limitations. Future stent developments will also be discussed. (orig.) [German] Die endovaskulaere Therapie spielt bei der Therapie der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (PAVK) eine wichtige Rolle. Unbeschichtete ballonexpandierbare Stahlstents, selbstexpandierende Nitinolstents sowie medikamentenbeschichtete und ''covered stents'' (Stentgrafts) haben eine zunehmende Bedeutung als Zusatztherapie zusammen mit der primaeren ...

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The author briefly discusses definition of terms, gives an introduction to measurement techniques and describes the characteristics of various low-frequency fields and their causes using typical examples: natural electric fields (thunderstroms), natural magnetic fields, technical electric constant fields (urban transportation, households), static magnetic fields (urban transportation, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging), technical electric alternating fields (high-voltage transmission lines, households), and magnetic alternating fields (high-voltage transmission lines). The author discusses both occupational exposure and that of the general public while underpinning his statements by numerous tables, measurement diagrams and charts. (Uhe) [Deutsch] Nach einer kurzen Diskussion der Begriffsdefinitionen und einer Einfuehrung in die Messtechnik werden die Charakteristika verschiedener niederfrequenter Felder und ihre Ursachen anhand typischer ...

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The austenitic nitrided Cr-Mn steels CrMnN 1812, CrMnNMo 1714 and CrNiTi 1810 has been investigated in chloride nitric acid at temperature 20-60 C. The Potentials of pitting nucleation and the time for pitting initiation has been determinate by the hronoamperometric method. It was established that alloying only with nitrogen is not sufficient procedure for obtaining of resistive to localised corrosion steel structure. Of importance for the resistance to localised corrosion of Cr-Mn steels is alloying with molybdenum. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die austenitischen stickstoffhaltigen Cr-Mn Staehle CrMnN 1812, CrMnNMo 1714 und der klassische CrNiTi 1810 wurden in chloridhaltigen Salpetersaeureloesungen im Temperaturbereich 20-60 C untersucht. Durch die hronoamperometrische Methode wurden die Potentiale der Lochfrassbildung und die Zeit zur Initiierung der Lochfrasskorrosion bestimmt. Man stellte fest, dass das ...

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The pilot project of the conversion of the green forage drying plant Lengenfeld to biomass firing could not be realized without problems. But the experience until now shows that it is in principle possible. The farmers involved are devoted to the project. For them the cultivation of biomass is an alternative to the abandonment of fields. The present low oil price sets limits to the positive income effect. The aim is an increase of the biomass share in heating energy supply to about 80%. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Umstellung der Gruenfuttertrocknung Lengenfeld auf Biomassefeuerung ist als Pilotprojekt nicht ohne Probleme moeglich gewesen. Die bisherigen Erfahrungen zeigen jedoch die grundsaetzliche Praktikabilitaet. Die beteiligten Landwirte sind engagiert bei der Sache und schaetzen die Produktionsmoeglichkeit als Alternative zur Flaechenstillegung. Der derzeit niedrige Oelpreis setzt ...

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Wider coal lines and larger power plant units necessitate measures for increasing the capacity of the mills without driving up power consumption and installation costs. The result of this development is the modern ALSTOM bowl mill. This paper indicates the stages of development which were necessary for this and the experience which could be accumulated through these measures. The paper also describes in detail the areas of flow in the mills, of design of milling equipment, of mill power supply and of grading in this development. (orig.) [Deutsch] Breitere Kohlebaender und groessere Kraftwerkseinheiten zwingen zu Massnahmen, um die Leistung der Muehlen zu vergroessern, ohne jedoch den Kraftbedarf und die Installationskosten in die Hoehe zu treiben. Das Ergebnis dieser Entwicklung ist die moderne ALSTOM-Schuesselmuehle. Der Beitrag zeigt, welche Entwicklungsschritte hierzu erforderlich waren und welche ...

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Suppliers of systems and components for compressed air technique were shown at the Hanover Fair 94 in Hall 5. On about 6000 m{sup 2} floor area, they showed their product range, which covered the whole range of compressed air technique from compressors via equipment for providing and storing the compressed air to compressed air tools. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Anbieter von Systemen und Komponenten fuer die Drucklufttechnik waren auf der Hannover-Messe `94 in der Halle 5 zu finden. Dort zeigten sie auf rund 6000 m{sup 2} ihre Produktpalette, die von Kompressoren ueber die Geraete zum Aufbereiten und Speichern der Druckluft bis zu Druckluftwerkzeugen reichte und den gesamten Bereich der Drucklufttechnik abdeckte. (orig.)

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This richly illustrated toolbook and atlas contains information on all aspects of nmr diagnostic imaging of benign or malignant neoplasms of female and male mammary glands. It offers pinpointed guidance and insight for vocational training and continuing training of radiology assistants, students and medical radiologists. (orig./AJ) [German] Die MRT als hochaufloesendes und schaedigungsfreies Diagnostikum gewinnt gerade in der emotional stark besetzten Mammadiagnostik zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dennoch beherrschen nur wenige Zentren im deutschsprachigen Raum diese Technik, die - eine hohe Reproduzierbarkeit bei fehlender Belastung fuer die Patientin bietet, - invasive Karzinome bereits ab einer Groesse von 5 mm mit hoher Zuverlaessigkeit ausschliessen kann und - gerade bei widerspruechlichen Befunden zwischen klinischer Untersuchung, Roentgenmammographie und perkutaner Biopsie eine wesentliche Entscheidungshilfe bieten kann. ...

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This research project aimed to determine the factors for the transfer of the elements silver (Ag), cerium (Ce), cobalt (Co), chrome (Cr), gallium (Ga), lanthanum (La), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), radium (Ra), ruthenium (Ru), antimony (sb), thorium (Th), titanium (Ti) and uranium (U) from food into the mother's milk. This factors will be used as a basic to check and derive activity values for the contamination of food and for radiation protection at working places of suckling women. For this purpose 19 mothers collected samples daily (2-8 weeks), using the duplicate method, of all the food they consumed as well as of their milk. After microwave-assisted digestion the element contents were analysed by mass-spectroscopy with inductive coupled plasma (ICP-MS). The results of the mothers who participate for more than 5 weeks were used to make a time lapse between the intake and transfer of the elements in the mothers milk visible. (orig.) [German] Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens ...

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Aim: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the value of immunoscintigraphy (ISG) with anti-225.28S in clinically suspected ocular melanoma. Methods: For this purpose standardized ISG was performed in 36 patients using both planar acquisition and emission computed tomography (ECT). Ocular melanoma was present in 31 patients. In 21 patients therapy was enucleation of the eye. These specimens were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry in 11 of 21 patients. Results: Regarding the clinical diagnosis, ISG was positive only in 15 of 31 patients with ocular melanoma, regarding histology in 11 of 21 and regarding immunohistochemistry in 5 of 6 patients with a positive immunoreaction. 5 patients showed no immunoreactivity, their ISG was negative. Conclusion: Thus a good correlation between ISG and immunohistochemistry was observed. However ISG using the cutaneous melanoma antibody 225.28S cannot be recommended for the diagnostic work-up of an ocular melanoma considering ...

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Nickel base superalloys for turbine construction are exposed to maximum thermal and mechanical stresses. owing to a change of materials by one of the project partners, the project only comprised analyses of the alloy CMSX-6. Isothermal tensile and fatigue tests provided basic data on the alloy. Thermomechanical fatigue tests showed that material life and microstructural changes are clearly, and to an extreme extent, dependent on the type of combination of the two stress factors `temperature interval` and `total strain amplitude`, while the damage to the material tends to be a function of the maximum stresses for a given stress path. On the one hand, these results make it possible to obtain information real stresses from the structures of real blades. On the other hand, constructional measures can be taken in order to better adapt the stresses to which alloys are exposed to their characteristic potential. (orig./AKF) [Deutsch] Die im Turbinenbau eingesetzten ...

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Purpose: The determination of tumor volume in ocular tumors is very important for the planning and success of radiation therapy. This study uses an animal model to evaluate the accuracy of MR-based volumetry of ocular tumors. Materials and methods: In a total of 25 porcine eyes obtained from the slaughterhouse, ocular tumors were produced by injecting a mixture of hand creme and Gd-DTPA under ophthalmoscopic guidance. The injected volume varied between 0.05 ml and 2.7 ml. The eyes were examined with a 1.5 Tesla scanner and a 4 cm circular surface coil especially developed for ocular MRI. After data transfer to a separate workstation, volumetric analysis was carried out by three independent radiologists using semiautomated software. The determined volume was compared with the injected volume. Results: Of the 25 prepared porcine eyes, 23 were suitable for volumetric analysis. The injection of the mixture of hand creme and GD-DTPA produced two different types of tumors. ...

CERN Document Server

voltammetric methods. This remained evident for varying extents of silver dissolution. Ag(111) electrodes were oxidised in 0.1 M KCIO sub 4 solutions by a single swept ORC of 0.77x10 sup - sup 3 C cm sup - sup 2. The final rest potential of the Ag(111) working electrode was over the potential range of -36 mV to 114 mV versus the SCE where the silver islands of the reformed surface are believed to be unstable. Results show that a majority of silver islands of all sizes are stable with time, whereas the silver islands with irregular shapes tended to evolve to exhibit higher degrees of spherical geometry. Additionally, the position of the silver islands did not remain constant during the acquisition of STM images. Results from in situ STM demonstrated that the underlying step-terrace morphology of the Ag(111) electrodes did not remain constant with time. Both macroscale and nanoscale changes to the Ag(111) electrode surface were observed. It is concluded that this is due to the transport ...

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Factors important in choosing between process concepts were mechanical complexity and amenability to scale-up studies. The culmination of this work was a process concept known as Staged Turbulent Bed Retorting Process (STB), which has now been tested in pilot plants. Operating conditions are described. The environment in the retort section can be described as a staged, moving bed of particles, in which a portion of the particles are fluidized at gas velocities well below minimum fluidization velocity of many of the particles. Research and engineering evaluations have established that the STB provides prospects for the responsible development of oil shale resources on a commercial scale. A 320 ton/d semiworks unit, the next technological step, will be commissioned shortly. This unit will be large enough to provide scale-up data for design of modules and to demonstrate the entire process, generating data needed to optimize, design, and construct commercial oil shale facilities. A 2 y ...

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The exactness of the best atomic clocks currently shows a temporal variation of 1 second in 30 million years. This means that we have reached the point of the most exact frequency and time measurement ever. In the past, there was a trend towards increasing the exactness in an increasingly fast sequence. Will this trend continue? And who will profit from it? This article is meant to give answers to these questions. This is done by presenting first the level reached currently with the best atomic clocks and describing the research activities running worldwide with the aim of achieving even more exact clocks. In the second part, we present examples of various areas of technical subjects and research in which the most exact clocks are being applied presently and even more exact ones will be needed in the future. [German] Die Genauigkeit der derzeit besten Atomuhren entspricht einer Sekunde Unsicherheit in 30 Millionen Jahren. Damit erlauben Frequenz- und Zeitmessungen ...

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The Jansen pumped-storage plants owned by Bayernwerk Wasserkraft AG are located on the river Pfreimd in eastern Bavaria, Germany. The group comprises the three power plants at Reisach, Tanzmuehle and Trausnitz, as well as the Rabenleite upper reservoir and two weirs. After forty years of service, the power plant group has recently been rehabilitated. The rehabilitation and modernization scheme included, inter alia, replacing the surface sealing on the upstream side of the upper reservoir dam, installing a state-of-the-art leakage and stability monitoring system, and renewing the instrumentation and control equipment in the power plants and in the central control room. Finally, the paper describes the operating experience with the new I and C systems. (orig.) [German] Die Pumpspeicherkraftwerke Jansen der Bayernwerk Wasserkraft AG befinden sich an der Pfreimd in Ostbayern. Die Kraftwerksgruppe besteht aus den 3 Kraftwerken Reisach, Tanzmuehle ...

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A numeric method for predicting mineral ash deposition in coal dust furnaces is presented which is based on a bidirectional working time coupling of thermodynamic calculation routines (ChemApp{sup TM}) with the commercial CFD code FLUENT{sup TM}. The deposition characteristics of particles and wall surfaces is assessed on the basis of evaluations of flow simulation parameters and results of thermodynamic calculations for the mineral matter contained in the fuel particles, taking into account the complete energy, momentum and mass exchange history of the ash and the mineral conversion. The models enables calculations of the gaseous release of mineral components (e.g. alkaline substances and chlorine) from ash during combustion and its distribution inside a combustion chamber. The method and model are validated using experimental data. (orig.) [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein numerisches Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem die Ansatzbildung in ...

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Large-eddy-simulations are performed for the heat transfer and the wake flow of a thin rotating disk subjected to an outer parallel passing stream of air. Above a critical value for the angular velocity of the disk, heat transfer augmentation sets on. This is strongly related to a flow instability that leads to a periodic vortex generation at the counter-moving disk side. The resulting phenomena are captured by the classical Landau model. For higher angular velocities the wake becomes fully turbulent, and here the transition to turbulence seems to be very abrupt. In this regime, a periodic vortex generation is observable at the co-moving disk side, too. (orig.) [German] Grobstruktur-Simulationen werden fuer die Waermeuebertragung und die Nachlaufstroemung fuer eine duenne rotierende Scheibe in einem aeusseren parallelen Luftstrom durchgefuehrt. Oberhalb eines kritischen Wertes fuer die Rotationsgeschwindigkeit setzt eine ...

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The evaluation of possible manufacture-based defects in turbine shafts and housings for component serviceability relevance is of particular interest not only in post-manufacturing NDT but also in evaluation of NDT results obtained by in-service inspections of components with long service lives. The results discussed in the paper are summarized as follows: Most of the examined natural defects in the forgings and castings behave like cracks under the simulated operating conditions and hence may well be evaluated by fracture mechanical methods for their serviceability relevance determined by crack propagation under fatigue, creep and creep-fatigue stress. The empirical correlation of true defect size and US testing results (echo signal, echodynamics, attenuation) permits improved determination of true defect sizes in the turbine components. Care has to be taken to select the proper testing and evaluation methods in compliance with defect types. (orig./MM) [Deutsch] ...

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The intermetallic phase NiAl is a potential material for high-temperature applications; however, its technical application was prevented so far by its high brittleness at room temperature. This problem may be solved by incorporating relatively high-ductility particles into the NiAl matrix. Controlled crack propagation experiments, tensile and pressure tests were carried out in order to analyze the toughness and deformation characteristics of NiAl composite materials containing niobium or molybdenum particles at room temperature and in ambient atmosphere. Both the niobium and the molybdenum particles increase the toughness as compared to the pure NiAl matrix, but no ductilisation was observed in the composite materials investigated. Model experiments in consideration of experimental data suggest, hovewer, that the toughness and ductility of NiAl may be enhanced by optimizing the microstructural and production parameters of the incorporated ductile particles. (orig.) [Deutsch] ...

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Normally, the alloy NiMo28 is used in the solution annealed and quenched condition in which it has a face centred cubic matrix structure. The matrix of the material is supersaturated with molybdenum and, at temperatures above 800 C, has a tendency to form intermetallic precipitates such as the Ni{sub 4}Mo-ordered phase leading to the embrittlement of the NiMo28-ordered phase leading to the embrittlement of the NiMo28 alloy during hot working. For this reason, the aim of these investigations was to optimise the alloy by reducing its tendency to embrittle. The TEM-analyses carried out served to investigate the precipitation of the material as a function of its iron content after ageing at 700 C. The change in hardness and in the lattice constants of the NiMo28-specimens with iron content were also determined. To improve the hot working properties of this material it is recommended that the iron content be kept to about 3.2 mass % in order to reduce the tendency of the alloy to ...

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A part of the waste materials arising in iron and steel manufacture is utilised physically, either internally for the recovery of iron or externally for the production of cement and nonferrous metals. Most of these materials can be used without prior processing. Iron and steel-relevant waste materials which at present are still landfilled or disposed of as hazardous wastes are not immediately suitable for physical recycling as secondary raw material. These waste materials have to be processed without exception before they can be used again in the existing steel and iron manufacturing plants. The results of the authors` own studies have clearly shown that the cupola furnace is suited for the use of a wide variety of waste materials. [Deutsch] Ein Teil der bei der Eisen- und Stahlerzeugung anfallenden Abfallstoffe werden entweder intern zur Rueckgewinnung des Eisens oder extern in der Zement- bzw. Nichteisenmetallgewinnung stofflich verwertet. Dabei handelt es sich ueberwiegend um ...

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Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain is a disease of unknown etiology, which is increasing in incidence and has an unfavorable prognosis. Despite the lack of specific changes on CT or MRI in most cases, these procedures may typically facilitate the diagnosis: A focal-enhancing mass with subependymal spread on CT or MRI and hyperattenuation on nonenhanced CT are the most reliable features in the diagnosis of primary malignant lymphoma of the brain. Peritumoral edema and mass effect are usually not prominent features. On unenhanced CT scans they usually appear homogeneously isodense to mildly hyperdense relative to the gray matter. On MRI these tumors are slightly hypointense on T1-weighted images and slightly hpyerintense on PD- and T2-weighted images relative to the gray matter. On CT and MRI enhancement is usually homogeneous. Contrast-enhanced MRI, with its multiplanar capability, lack of bone-induced artifacts, and high-contrast resolution, is likely to reveal subependymal spread ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: To determine the value of MRI in the postoperativ evaluation of a singular ventricle compared to echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Materials and methods: Thirty-one patients (range: 6 months to 30 years) with a functional single ventricle following palliative corrective operations. Five patients had a Blalock-Taussig-Shunt, 8 patients a Glenn-Anastomosis and 18 a cavopulmonary shunt (6 with classic Fontan-Circulation, 12 with modified cavopulmonary anastomosis). The results in terms of postoperative morphologic changes were compared to percutaneous echocardiography (31/31) and cardiac catheterization (6/31). Results: Echocardiography, which was performed on all patients, could not visualize the entire length of the tunnel, the Glenn-Anastomosis or the central pulmonary arteries in 70% of the patients due to an inadequate acoustic window. MRI was able to show the entire tunnel in 11/12 patients and the central pulmonary arteries in 30/31 patients. The exact anatomy ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of inflammatory spine disease in patients with chronic back pain. The contribution of imaging modalities for the diagnostic evaluation of back pain is discussed. A systematic literature search based on the classification of seronegative spondyloarthropathies and rheumatoid arthritis was performed. The results of this search and the experiences in a large collective of rheumatological patients are analyzed. The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (1-2%) is comparable to that of spondyloarthropathies (1.9%). The etiology of these entities is not fully elucidated. Magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly used for early detection and surveillance of therapy with TNF-{alpha} antagonists. Bone marrow edema, which is only detectable with MRI, represents an early sign of inflammation. Therapy with TNF-{alpha} antagonists is based on clinical and laboratory criteria, and signs of inflammation in MRI. MRI is useful for assessment of the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The methods introduced for the field of cleaning waste water can be classified under various processes. Chemical oxidation is done with ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation with subsequent biological decomposition. Another method is ultra-filtration with recovery of valuable materials or waste water ponds with algae biomass to decompose ammonium compounds, nitrates and phosphates. (EF) [Deutsch] Die auf dem Gebiet der Abwasserreinigung vorgestellten Methoden kann man in verschiedene Verfahren einordnen. Die chemische Oxidation erfolgt mit Ozon, Wasserstoff-Peroxid, UV Bestrahlung und anschliessenden biologischen Abbau. Eine andere Methode ist die Ultrafiltration mit Rueckgewinnung von Wertstoffen oder Abwasserteiche mit Algenbiomasse zum Abbau von Ammoniumverbindungen, Nitraten und Phosphaten. (EF)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The contribution attempts a definition of the concepts of ``technical facilities`` and ``facility management``. [Deutsch] Um mit der Ueberschrift zu beginnen: Was ist Gebaeudetechnik? Die Antwort ist nicht ganz einfach. An der TU Berlin gibt es einen Ingenieur-Studiengang mit dieser Bezeichnung. Es hat etwas mit dem Gebaeude, aber nicht viel mit Architektur zu tun, wie manchmal faelschlich angenommen wird. Um solche Missverstaendnisse gar nicht erst aufkommen zu lassen, hat sich die Gruppe des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, die sich mit der Gebaeudetechnik beschaeftigt, als `VDI-Gesellschaft Technische Gebaeudeausruestung` bezeichnet. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Liberalization and the associated necessity of providing, where possible, inexpensive electrical energy, has intensified still further the demand for higher efficiency steam turbines. Accordingly, continuous efforts are being taken to improve all the flow guiding components of a steam turbine. Special attention is given here to the blading. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Liberalisierung und die damit verbundene Notwendigkeit, elektrische Energie moeglichst preisguenstig zur Verfuegung zu stellen, hat die Forderung nach hohen Wirkungsgraden von Dampfturbinen weiter verschaerft. Es werden daher kontinuierlich Anstrengungen unternommen, alle stroemungsfuehrenden Teile einer Dampfturbine zu verbessern. Das Hauptaugenmerk gilt dabei der Beschaufelung. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the first part of this contribution, the definition of reference values is given and the theoretical and practical problems in the application of this concept are discussed. In this connection, the present resources on instrumentation and the technical requirements for dose assessment are described. In the second part, some consequences are taken and proposals for further actions are made. (orig.) [German] Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes werden die Definition von Referenzwerten in der radiologischen Diagnostik untersucht und die theoretischen und praktischen Probleme der Umsetzung des gesamten Konzepts eroertert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch der gegenwaertige Geraetebestand und die technischen Voraussetzungen zur Dosisermittlung beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil werden daraus Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und Vorschlaege zum weiteren Vorgehen gemacht. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Better quality of thermal comfort as well as reduced heat energy demand and accordingly CO{sub 2} emission can be achieved by better heating and ventilation strategies in private buildings. The paper deals with a novel model-based measurement and automation system. It describes the implementation of better strategies under given technical circumstances. (orig.) [German] Durch Verbesserung der Heizungs- und Lueftungsstrategien im privaten Lebensbereich kann sowohl Heizenergie eingespart und damit die CO{sub 2}-Emission verringert, als auch die Raumbehaglichkeit verbessert werden. Der Beitrag behandelt ein modellgestuetztes Mess- und Automatisierungssystem, mit dem die Realisierung der verbesserten Strategien unter gegebenen technischen Randbedingungen praktisch erst moeglich wird. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Apart from condensing the off-air condensers have a number of additional functions, which have been added more or less incidentally as development progressed. Advanced development of certain types of turbine condensers justifies the hope that these additional functions can be improved as power plants become cheaper and simpler.(orig.) [German] Kondensatoren haben neben ihrer Hauptaufgabe, der Kondensation des Turbinenabdampfes eine Reihe zusaetzlicher Funktionen, die sich z.T. im Laufe der Entwicklung eher beilaeufig ergeben haben. Der hohe Entwicklungsstand bei bestimmten Bauarten von Turbinenkondensatoren laesst die Erwartung zu, dass im Zuge der Vereinfachung und Verbilligung von Kraftwerksanlagen 'Nebenfunktionen' verbessert werden koennen. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

More than 200 years after the birth of the steam engine, the first thermal engine ever invented, thermal engines such as steam turbines, gas turbines or internal combustion engines are still driving most generators for electric power generation, most machines, and most vehicles, and this will remain so until far into the next century. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit Waermekraftmaschinen wie Dampfturbinen, Gasturinen und Verbrennungsmotoren werden auch heute - mehr als 200 Jahre nach der technischen Reife der Dampfmaschine (der ersten Waermekraftmaschine) - die meisten Generatoren zur Stromerzeugung, die meisten Arbeitsmaschinen und die meisten Fahrzeuge angetrieben. Und dabei wird es auch bis weit in das 21. Jahrhundert bleiben. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Knowledge, assessment and understanding of phenomena caused by ageing, together with systematic utilization and extension of the technical life-time of components and systems, are of critical importance to the safety and economy of electricity generation in nuclear power stations. Economic use can be optimized by integrated ageing and life-time management; it can also be used to improve performance characteristics. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer die Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit der Stromerzeugung in Kernkraftwerken sind die Kenntnis, Bewertung und Beherrschung alterungsbedingter Phaenomene und systematische Ausnutzung bzw. Verlaengerung der technischen Lebensdauer der Komponenten und Systeme von zentraler Bedeutung. Durch ganzheitliches Alterungs- und Lebensdauermanagement, das auch auf die Verbesserung von Leistungsmerkmalen abzielt, kann der wirtschaftliche Nutzen optimiert werden. (orig.)

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

What has been accomplished does not die, but too often, alas, the personality of those who have handed the torch from one generation to another soon fades into oblivion.—...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

After more than a decade of the AIDS epidemic in Thailand, the number of children whose parents are living with HIV or have died from AIDS is increasing significantly and it has been reported that these...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In this study, the bend properties of the single-crystalline molybdenum brazed by using Mo-40%Ru alloys containing boron of 1-6 mass%Ru alloy for the improvement of the joint strength was determined. (orig.) [Deutsch] Durchgefuehrt wurde die Herstellung von Verbindungen aus einkristallinem Molybdaen. Hierbei kamen Mo-40%Ru-Legierungen mit 1 bis 6 Gew.-% Bor als Lotmaterialien zum Einsatz. Festigkeit und Duktilitaet der Verbindungen wurden mittels 3-Punkt-Biegepruefung bei Raumtemperatur und unter fluessigem Stickstoff ermittelt. Die Bruchflaechen der Proben wurden mit Hilfe eines Rasterelektronenmikroskopes untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: Der optimale Borgehalt bezueglich Festigkeit und Duktilitaet der geloeteten Verbindung liegt bei 2 Gew.-%. Die entsprechende Probe hat bei einem Biegewinkel von 100 bei Raumtemperatur nicht versagt. Auch unter fluessigem Stickstoff ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The development of the space HVAC sector during the past 25 years is reviewed. It is shown how the importance of room climate has increased, as illustrated, e.g., by the concepts of 'thermal comfort', 'comfort', and 'sick building syndrome'. A sequel will be published in the next issue of KK. (orig.) [German] Der folgende Beitrag ist eine Bestandsaufnahme im Hinblick auf technologische Entwicklungen in der Klima- und Lueftungstechnik der letzten 25 Jahre, ein Zeitraum in dem sich einiges veraendert hat. Gleichzeitig wird deutlich, welcher Wandel sich bei der Bedeutung des Raumklimas in Gebaeuden vollzogen hat, indem beispielsweise Begriffe wie ''Behaglichkeit'', ''Komfort'' aber auch ''Sick Building Syndrom'' eine immer groessere Rolle spiel(t)en. Die Fortsetzung in der naechsten KK-Ausgabe wird dann ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

By retrofitting the existing steam turbine dual purpose power plant with a gas turbine plant and a secondary waste heat boiler the Technische Werke Ludwigshafen AG have considerably improved the energy generation in energetic, economic and ecological terms. The extension of the existing system to a combined cycle process has lead to this positive effect. The erection of a boiler plant during the first two construction phases has fully met the optimistic expectations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der Nachruestung eines vorhandenen Dampfturbinen-HKW um eine Gasturbinenanlage mit nachgeschaltetem Abhitzekessel haben die Technischen Werke Ludwigshafen AG ihre Energieerzeugung entscheidend in energetischer, oekonomischer und oekologischer Sicht optimiert. Insbesondere die Erweiterung des vorhandenen Systems zu einem GuD-Prozess fuehrt zu dieser positiven Bilanz. Die Errichtung der Kesselanlage in den ersten beiden Bauabschnitten hat ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Prenatal diagnosis of junctional epidermolysis bullosa associated with pyloric atresia was carried out in a couple at risk. Their two previous children had died during the first months of life of the...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Fuel cells can make an important contribution to ecologically acceptable energy supply. There are many pilot projects in the 1 W to 1 MW range. Especially the motor car industry is quite interested, and a breakthrough seems to be in sight. The second part of this series discusses the physical and chemical fundamentals of the fuel cell, the function of the electrolyte and catalyst, and the functional principle. (orig.) [German] Brennstoffzellen koennen bei der Riesenaufgabe, den weiter wachsenden Energiebedarf oekologisch vertraeglicher als bisher zu decken, einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten. Bis heute (2004) gibt es zahllose Pilotprojekte im Leistungsbereich 1 W bis ueber 1 MW, die die Alltagstauglichkeit der BZ beweisen. Verschiedenste Branchen - vor allem auch die Automobilindustrie - zeigen grosses Interesse fuer kommerzielle Anwendungen. Die Brennstoffzelle als effizienter Energiewandler, scheint vor ...

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Approximately 400 people die from extreme heat each year in the United States, and the risk of heat waves may increase as a result of global climate change. Despite the risk of heat-related morbidity...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Friends and colleagues remember John N. Brady, Ph.D., Chief of the Virus Tumor Biology Section of the Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, who died much too young at the age of 57 on April 27, 2009 of colon...Full Text Available

UK PubMed Central (United Kingdom)

Objectives To understand the perspectives of people with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as their illness progresses, and of their informal and professional carers,...Full Text Available

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the first part of the symposium, experts reviewed the state of the art of decentralized waste water treatment in Europe. In the second part, exemplary solutions in Poland and the Czech Republic were presented. The final part was dedicated to future concepts and strategies. [German] Im Herbst letzten Jahres hat die Kommunale Umwelt-AktioN U.A.N. in einer Abfolge von drei Abwasserfachsymposien Expertenrunden zum Austausch ueber den aktuellen Stand des Wissens zum Thema dezentrale Abwasserbehandlung veranstaltet. Mit dem Internationalen Symposium 'Konzepte zur Abwasserbehandlung im laendlichen Raum Europas' in Celle hat das Projekt der U.A.N. seinen Abschluss gefunden. Der Konzeption des Projektes entsprechend haben im 1. Teil des Symposiums Experten ueber den Stand der Entwicklung auf dem Sektor der dezentralen Abwasserbehandlung in Deutschland berichtet. Im 2. Teil unserer Fachtagung wurden europaeische Beispiele fuer dezentrale Loesungen aus ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The technical potentials of electric power generation from hydro power in Germany, the current harnessing of hydro power, its costs, and certain characteristic quantities reflecting its effects on the environment are described. These diverse characteristic quantities are compared with those of other renewable and fossil energy sources used to generate electricity. On this basis, opportunities for extending the use of hydro power in Germany and its limits are discussed. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das Ziel der folgenden Ausfuehrungen ist, die technischen Potentiale und deren derzeitige Nutzung, die Kosten und bestimmte die Umwelteffekte beschreibende Kenngroessen einer Stromerzeugung aus Wasserkraft in Deutschland darzustellen. Diese unterschiedlichen Kenngroessen werden anschliessend mit denen anderer regenerativer Energien und fossiler Energietraeger zur Stromerzeugung verglichen. Ausgehend davon werden die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The described heat transfer model supplies plausible results for the size distribution of active nucleation spots. For boiling states for which a comparison with measured bubble covering density is possible, that is for low boiling pressures and low heat flux densities, the bubble covering densities calculated by model on the basis of heat transfer measurements agree relatively well with the values observed. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das beschriebene Waermeuebergangsmodell liefert plausible Ergebnisse fuer die Groessenverteilung der aktiven Keimstellen. Fuer die Siedezustaende, fuer die ein Vergleich mit gemessenen Blasenbelegungsdichten moeglich ist, d.h. fuer niedrige Siededruecke und kleine Waermestromdichten, stimmen die aufgrund der Waermeuebergangsmessungen mit dem Modell berechneten Blasenbelegungsdichten verhaeltnismaessig gut mit den beobachteten Werten ueberein. (orig.)

Science.gov (United States)

A cartridge case is made by making up an aqueous slurry of cellulosic fibers, forming the fibers into a mat and molding the mat or preform into final shape by use of a die at up to 165 degrees F.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

By joining the `climate association of European cities`, Frankfurt has agreed to reduce its CO{sub 2}-emissions by 50% by the year 2010. The so-called `climate offense 1991` was the first regulatory paper to be set up by a community to reach this goal over a long term. This report now represents the present level of the project. Main points are the development of houses with low entropy, the retrofitting of heating systems, water saving measures and energy management. (BWI) [Deutsch] Durch den Beitritt zum `Klima-Buendnis der Europaeischen Staedte` hat sich die Stadt Frankfurt/M. verpflichtet, die CO{sub 2}-Emissionen bis zum Jahr 2010 um 50% zu senken. Mit der sog. `Klimaoffensive 1991` wurde dann erstmals von einer Kommune in Deutschland ein detailliertes Regelwerk aufgestellt, um dieses Ziel langfristig erreichen zu koennen. Der vorliegende Bericht stellt den aktuellen Stand des Projektes dar. Kernpunkte sind die ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The microelectronic cable diagnosis is a substantial tool to determine destruction free the residual strength and the lifetime of laid PE/XLPE medium voltage cables. Fundamentals of the ageing diagnosis and a cost reduced inspection concept are the `Isothermal-Relaxation-Current` Analysis and the Neuro-Fuzzy evaluation software. These new tools are able to determine the ageing status of the investigated cable without any references. The authors also show that the test breakdown during the assessment of the ageing status of criterial systems can be reduced by this approach. The cable diagnosis equipment KDA is also useful for the steering of investment as well as for preventive maintenance. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die zerstoerungsfreie dielektrische Kabeldiagnostik kann heute einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Bestimmung der Restfestigkeit und der Restlebensdauer eines PE/VPE-isolierten Mittelspannungskabels leisten. Basis der Alterungsdiagnose und des Konzeptes zur ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The analyses were carried out using real climate data for the years 1987 and 1989. The course of the indoor climate for year-round free ventilation with a constant flow volume is discussed. Numerous diagrams inform on ambient temperature, water vapour content, the condition of space air, and temperature drops below dew point. For the event of heating of the central part of the church, space air condition, the annual air humidification requirement, and the temperature field in this part of the building are described. (MSK) [Deutsch] Die Untersuchungen wurden mit aktuellen Klimadaten fuer die Jahre 1987 und 1989 durchgefuehrt. Der Verlauf des Raumklimas bei ganzjaehrig freier Klimatisierung mit konstantem Foerderstrom wird erlaeutert. Dabei wird die Raumlufttemperatur, der Wasserdampfgehalt, der Raumluftzustand sowie die Taupunktunterschreitung in zahlreichen Diagrammen aufgezeigt. Weiter werden fuer den ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Pulmonary tumors in children are rare. Nevertheless, there are besides malign primary neoplasms and metastases also some benign tumors that the radiologist should know. The identification of some tumors is difficult, since some of them may mimic pulmonary inflammation. The first diagnostic tool is chest radiography. After that, a CT with contrastmedium should be performed, if possible a multislice-CT (MSCT). Identification of mediastinal structures is best with MRI. (orig.) [German] Tumoren der Lunge sind im Kindesalter selten. Trotzdem finden sich neben den malignen primaeren und sekundaeren Raumforderungen auch im Kindesalter immer wieder benigne Tumoren, die der Radiologe kennen sollte. Eine eindeutige Identifizierung kann schwierig sein, da z. B. entzuendliche Infiltrate vorgetaeuscht werden koennen. Die primaere Untersuchungsmethode ist das konventionelle Thoraxroentgen. Die weitere Diagnostik muss mit der ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Since June 1990, the IMA ``CO2 Reduction`` has been working on a German air pollution abatement programme. Four reports were submitted in this period. The contribution presents the fourth of these reports. The measures taken, their state of implementation and the expected effects in 2000 and 2005 are presented in table form. (orig.) [Deutsch] Seit Juni 1990 befasst sich die Interministerielle Arbeitsgruppe ``CO2-Reduktion`` (IMA ``CO2-Reduktion``) mit dem deutschen Klimavorsorgeprogramm und hat seither vier Berichte vorgelegt. Im Folgenden werden neben der Ausgangslage und den Grundlagen fuer den 4.Bericht der IMA ``CO2-Reduktion`` die wesentlichen Inhalte des 4.IMA-Berichts dargelegt. In Tabellenform werden die einzelnen Massnahmen, ihre Art, der Umsetzungsstand sowie der erwartete Effekt in 2000 bzw. 2005 dargestellt.

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The fundamental recommendations of the ICRP issued in its publication of 1990 stipulate the general principle of performance of dose measurements at regular intervals in the field of diagnostic radiology, for the purpose of equipment performance checking and optimization of radiological protection. In response to this requirement, the Federal Ministry, in cooperation with experts and the competent supervising authorities, has issued an order to install dose-area-product meters in angiographic examination systems, imaging systems and fluoroscopic screen devices primarily used for examining infants and children up to the age of 12. This is done in response to reported cases of adverse effects of radiation exposure and the high priority given to radiological protection in the examination of infants and children. In 1992, an expert group was convened to discuss and elaborate instructions for including dose-area product measurement in the dosimetry activities in medical diagnostic ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of MRI in the measurement of cartilage thickness of the ankle joint in comparison to pathologic and histologic specimens. Patients and methods: The ankle joints of four fresh cadaver feet were imaged on a 1.5 T MR-unit in the coronal plane. Standard T{sub 1}-weighted spin echo (SE) and a T{sub 1}-weighted 3D-GE (FLASH-3D) sequence with fat saturation were applied. Following MR imaging, the talus was explanted and cut parallel to the MR images for macroscopic evaluation and histologic specimens were prepared. MRI measurements of the cartilage thickness of the talus were carried out in two ways: Without and with consideration of a transition zone of intermediate signal intensity between hyperintense cartilage and hypointense cortical bone. The data were compared with the anatomic specimens as the gold standard expressing the difference as a percentage value. On histologic specimens thickness of deep calcified cartilage layer was ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Ventilation systems must ensure high room air quality with minimum energy consumption in all states of operation. Systems for ventilation on demand are increasing their market share. (orig./MSK) [Deutsch] Oberste Aufgabe von Raumlufttechnischen Anlagen ist die Sicherstellung guter Raumluftqualitaet bei minimalem Energieverbrauch unter allen Betriebsbedingungen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, setzt sich am Markt zunehmend die bedarfsgeregelte Lueftung durch. (orig./MSK)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The first working meeting of the SAPIERR project about regional final storage of radioactive waste in the European Union was held in Piestany, Slovak Republic, on February 19 and 20, 2004. SAPIERR stands for Support Action: Pilot Initiative for European Regional Repositories. This is an independent study supported financially by the European Union within the 6th Research Framework Program. The background to the project is the debate about the feasibility of regional repositories for radioactive waste in the European Union, which has come up again especially with a view to the new accession countries and the draft of a waste management directive within the framework of the Nuclear Package. The results of the SAPIERR Project will be presented in Brussels at a concluding international seminar, most probably in October 2005. The seminar will be open not only to the participating countries but also to other interested European and non-European states. (orig.) [German] Am 19. und 20. Februar ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This contribution provides an overview and imparts basic knowledge on pertinent technical developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver: 3D sequences, respiratory triggering, parallel imaging, and 3 Tesla (3T). 3D sequences can be used as T1-weighted (T1w) sequences for analyzing dynamics of contrast enhancement or as T2w sequences for MR cholangiography. Consistent improvements in respiratory triggering make it possible to obtain good image quality on T2w scans even in patients unable to hold their breath. Parallel imaging as a universal technique to accelerate image acquisition is particularly appropriate for MRI of the liver, and it has been shown that the reduced acquisition time is not achieved at the expense of image quality. Further progress in MRI of the liver can be expected with use of the 3T systems, but hitherto irrelevant problems must still be solved. Overall the innovations presented here, applied alone or in combination, facilitate rapid, robust, and ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The study examines the isothermal fatigue properties of novel ODS iron-base or nickel-base superalloys at temperatures of 850 C and 1050 C. The materials are different in grain structure and texture, so that particularly the effects of grain structures and textures can be studied. In order to also perform examinations of creep-fatigue interactions, various load cycles are applied. It is shown that the LCF-affected life of the grain structures of both alloy types is determined by the elastic modulus. The cyclic lifetimes determined by the conventional Manson-Coffin method for both alloy types exhibit differences of up to two orders of magnitude. Using the product of the total strain range and the elastic modulus, however, will yield precise life predictions. Under conditions of LCF stress only, the grain structure has no effect on the materials` service life, other than in the case of creep-fatigue, but the grain structure has a decisive influence on the damage mechanisms and the course ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In technical combustors, flow and combustion processes inside the combustion chamber determine the design and also the safety of the plant. A modelling technique was developed at TU Dresden which comprises both numerical simulations and experimental data and thus achieves a high degree of transparency in its visualisation of the processes inside the combustion chambers under investigation. With the experience gained, numerical models of commercial simulation software (FLUENT, CFX) can be validated by measured values, and potential applications of the programs can be investigated. The first stage of experimental modelling consisted in isothermal (cold) modelling in consideration of flow-relevant similarity characteristics. In the reactive, non-isothermal models, the fuel/air ratio and temperature conditions inside the original combustion chamber were modelled as well. In order to obtain detailed data on the combustion conditions at the burner, measurements were made on a separate ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are an important group of pollutants with adverse effects on humans and the environment. Primary air pollution abatement measures aim at prevention or reduction of pollutant production in industrial production processes, e.g. by improved processes but also by other methods (closed cycle processes, different process materials, etc.). If these measures have been implemented and emissions are still too high, an off-air purification unit must be installed. Biological purification is the method of choice for low pollutant concentrations. Biological purification processes are based on the activity of microorganisms which are capable of biochemical oxidation of organic and some inorganic gaseous compounds into non-polluting or non-odorous compounds. These processes have the advantage that they work at ambient conditions and therefore remove relatively low pollutant concentrations at low investment and operating cost. Lately, biological filters and washers have ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The paper presents fundamental studies on natural biosorption to algae of heavy metals. The investigations were carried out by TU Berlin University in a special research project (Sfb 193, 'Biologische Behandlung industrieller und gewerblicher Abwaesser'). The chlorophyceae C. vulgaris was used as reference alga, and 38 further algae were analzyed with regard to their sorption characteristics for lead, cadmium, nickel and zinc. The most effective algae were the chlorophyceae C. salina, the cyanophyceae S. hofmani and L. taylorii. The biosorption characteristics of C. salina and L. taylorii were investigated in detail. L. taylorii was found to be exploitable successfully in a technical process, so the investigations were extended to include copper. Knowledge about the chemical processes of biosorption is important for any attempt to modify the biosorption characteristics. Experiments on the incorporation of additional functional groups in the cell wall polysaccharides ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Many features from the background for an intensified application of fracture mechanics concepts in many industries world-wide. These include requirements for a permanent increase of the level of performance of technical components and structures by the introduction of new materials, joining technologies and design principles, the problem of ageing components and life extension, an increased emphasis on non-destructive in-service inspection combined with improved NDT techniques, and also a number of failure events caused by fatigue and fracture The aim of the present paper is to give a brief state-of-the-art review on how fracture mechanics is applied in different industrial branches today. This is based on standards and guidelines in the aerospace industry, in the nuclear and fossil power generation, in the chemical and petrochemical and the pipeline industry, in civil engineering, offshore technique and other fields. Based on the review an outlook is given on a future development that ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Heat pumps for residential space heating become an increasingly important alternative to the conventional heating system like gas or oil burner. They offer the opportunity to reduce CO{sub 2} emission associated with heating residential homes in Germany. High compressors efficiency and a wide operating map are required so that an economically viable heat pumps is achieved which meets the operational conditions for present and future heating systems. The design parameter of existing heating systems require relatively high condensing temperatures which can be achieved with dedicated compressor designs. The design of Scroll compressors specially adapted to these heat pumps is shown and their operation is explained. (orig.) [German] Waermepumpen fuer die Wohnraumheizung gewinnen an Bedeutung als Alternative zur konventionellen Gas- oder Oelheizung. Sie bieten die Moeglichkeit, die mit der Gebaeudeheizung verbundene Emission von ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Modern commercial alloys are not suited for future steam turbines of operating temperatures beyond 700 C. {gamma}'-hardened alloys like Waspaloy have good mechanical characteristics but have defects when large batches are melted. {gamma}'/{gamma}''-hardened alloys like Inconel 706, on the other hand, are easy to produce but have insufficient microstructural long-term stability and insufficient creep strength. Mixed crystal solidified alloys like Inconel 617 have excessive yield stress at forging temperatures. Two new alloys were therefore developed. Results so far show that they have good production characteristics but insufficient mechanical characteristics. The reasons for this are currently under investigation. (orig.) [German] Die heutigen kommerziellen Legierungen sind nicht geeignet fuer den Einsatz in zukuenftigen Dampfturbinen mit Betriebstemperaturen oberhalb 700 C. {gamma}'-gehaertete Legierungen wie Waspaloy ...

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Policy strategies for the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources differ significantly among the Member States of the European Union with respect to the amount of additional installed capacity as well as concerning the country-specific support costs. The present report aims to assess the effectiveness and the economic efficiency of the support policies in the EU based on both historical experiences and prospective model-based analysis. The main message of the investigation is that the most effective policy instruments tend to be cost-efficient at the same time. In particular, feed-in tariff systems were identified as a successful instrument for supporting renewable energies in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, whereas quota systems still have to prove themselves in practice. (orig.) [German] Bezueglich des Erfolges bei der Foerderung erneuerbarer Energietraeger im Stromsektor bestehen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Mitgliedsstaaten der Europaeischen Union. ...

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Steam turbines of the new power plant generation enable the realisation of over-critical steam parameters with 600 C and 300 bar by means of simple and double resuperheating. Extensive research work in the field of material technology has provided the pre-conditions. Forged pieces, castings, high-temperature ferritic 9 - 10 % CrMoV steels, which are additionally alloyed with niobium, nitrogen and wolfram, are used in steam turbines. A proof of strength for shaft and cast steels is available by means of a long-term stress-rupture test of up to max. 60,000 hours. The strength of turbine steels exceeds the one in tube and header steels (x 10 CrMoVNbN 9 1). (orig./MM) [Deutsch] Dampfturbinen der neuen Kraftwerksgeneration erlauben heute die Realisierung von ueberkritischen Dampfparametern mit 600 C und 300 bar mit einfacher und zweifacher Zwischenueberhitzung. Umfangreiche werkstofftechnische Forschungsarbeiten haben dafuer die Voraussetzung ...

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Isothermal reaction experiments were performed in the temperature range of 1000 - 1300 C in order to determine the chemical interactions between Zircaloy-4 fuel rod cladding and Inconel-718 spacer grids of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) under severe accident conditions. It was not possible to apply even higher temperatures since fast and complete liquefaction of the components occurred as a result of eutectic interactions during heatup. The liquid reaction products formed enhance and accelerate the degradation of the material couples and the fuel elements, respectively. Only small amounts of Inconel are necessary to liquefy large amounts of Zircaloy. Thin oxide layers on the Zircaloy surface delay the beginning of the chemical interactions with Inconel but cannot prevent them. In this work the reaction kinetics have been determined for the system: as-received and pre-oxidized Zircaloy-4/Inconel 718. The interactions can be described by parabolic rate laws; the Arrhenius equations for ...

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Diseases of the mandible affect the soft tissues aside from the osseous manifestation. This can be shown clearly and in great detail by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is the gold standard in the diagnostic evaluation of any internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Dental MRI requires high resolution techniques and in some cases also intravenous administration of contrast material. These techniques allow delineation of the neurovascular bundle. In the past few years new indications were formulated, for example, the evaluation of the integrity of the inferior alveolar nerve in trauma and in radicular cysts. New quantitative methods now enable insights into the pathophysiology. The objective of this review is to communicate accepted indications for MRI of the mandible and to present innovative applications. (orig.) [German] Mandibulaere Erkrankungen beteiligen neben dem Knochen Weichteilstrukturen, die sich mit der MRT klar und detailreich ...

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Tumours lesions of the temporal bone and of the cerebello-pontine angle are rare.This tumours can be separated into benign and malignant lesions. In this paper the CT and MRI characteristica of tumours of the temporal bone and the cerebello-pontane angle will be demonstrated. High resolution CT (HRCT) as usually performed in the axial plane are using a high resolution bone window level setting, coronal planes are the reconstructed from the axial data set or will be obtained directly. With the MRI FLAIR sequence in the axial plane the whole brain will be scanned either to depict or exclude a tumour invasion into the brain. After this,T2-weighted fast spin echo sequences or fatsuppressed inversion recovery sequences in high resolution technique in the axial plane will be obtained from the temporal bone and axial T1-weighted spinecho sequences before and after the intravenous application of contrast material will be obtained of this region. Finally T1-weighted spinecho sequences in high ...

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Within its competence for energy research, the Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft und Arbeit (BMWA) (Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology) sponsors investigations into the safety of nuclear power plants. The objective of these investigations is to provide fundamental knowledge, procedures and methods to contribute to realistic safety assessments of nuclear installations, to the further development of safety technology and to make use of the potential of innovative safety-related approaches. The Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, by order to the BMWi, continuously issues information on the status of such investigations by publishing semi-annual and annual progress reports within the series of GRS-F-Fortschrittsberichte (GRS-F-Progress Reports). Each progress report represents a compilation of individual reports about the objectives, work performed, results achieved, next steps of the work etc. The individual reports are prepared in a standard form by the ...

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Present day mammography has not been able to make use of the advantages of digital luminescence radiography because of the limited spatial resolution. The recent development of electromagnetic focusing X-ray tube with effective focal spot sizes from 0.04 to 0.12 mm allows radiographic direct magnification with less geometric blur. It is now possible to combine direct magnification mammography with digital luminescence radiography. By combining high quality storage phosphor screens with an HQ-workstation a spatial resolution of 8 lp/mm is possible for 1.7-fold magnification. For 4-fold spot magnification views spatial resolution can be theoretically increased to approx. 20 lp/mm. One important advantage of digital radiography is the possibility of image-postprocessing. This article presents two sets of standard parameters and three sets of image dependent parameters for better imaging of specific lesions, such as microcalcifications. The introduction of the storage phosphor screen ...

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The transport-relevant basic data recorded within the framework of a federation-wide transport data survey made in 1986 are the best-founded source at present for determining the transport volume of other radioactive materials in different economic areas of the Federal Republic of Germany. Due to the high recording rates, a sufficiently complete survey can be provided in particular with regard to the transport volume (e.g.transports/consignments/cargos, transport distance) - with the exception of transport by ship - for the ranges of application in reserach, medicine and technology. However, as regards the radiologically relevant basic data and transport modalities, the information supplied by the transporting agencies is incomplete. A table gives a comprehensive survey of type and scope of the transport volume of other radioactive materials in the Federal Republic of Germany (excluding the GDR) for transport by road, rail and air. The table also includes data on the dose rate of ...

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Lung cancer staging according to the TNM system is based on morphological assessment of the primary cancer, lymph nodes and metastases. All aspects of this important oncological classification are measurable with MRI. Pulmonary nodules can be detected at the clinically relevant size of 4-5 mm in diameter. The extent of mediastinal, hilar and supraclavicular lymph node affection can be assessed at the same time. The predominant metastatic spread to the adrenal glands and spine can be detected in coronal orientation during dedicated MRI of the lungs. Search focused whole body MRI completes the staging. Various additional MR imaging techniques provide further functional and clinically relevant information during a single examination. In the oncological context the most important techniques are imaging of perfusion and tumor motion. Functional MRI of the lungs complements the pure staging and improves surgical approaches and radiotherapy planning. (orig.) [German] Das Staging des ...

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The nuclear structure of A {proportional_to} 100 nuclei has been studied in the frame of this thesis with a recently developed {beta} - {gamma} - {gamma} triple coincidence fast timing technique and different models such as shell model, hydrodynamic model, Nilsson and particle-rotor models. This technique which allows the measurement of the level lifetimes in the ps range has been applied at JOSEF at the research reactor DIDO of KFA Juelich in studes of the short-lived neutron-rich nuclei in the A {approx_equal} 100 region. Lifetimes of level in {sup 96},{sup 98},{sup 100} ZR, {sup 99},{sup 101}-{sup 104} Nb, {sup 100}-{sup 105} Mo have been measured, which are in many cases completely new, and otherwise more precise than previously published data. From the lifetimes of the members of rotational bands, the size of the nuclear deformations has been deduced. (orig./HSI). [Deutsch] Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die Kernstruktur der A {proportional_to} 100 Kerne ...

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic imaging tool relies on the generation of magnetic fields, whereas the computerized tomography (CT) uses X-radiation. The fundamental principle of MRI is the magnetic resonance of paramagnetic atomic nuclei. These nuclei, as e.g. protons (= hydrogen nuclei), are aligned in required orientation by application of a strong magnetic field. Upon simultaneous application of an electromagnetic high-frequency field perpendicular to the axis of the basic magnetic field, and in response to periodical changing of the electromagnetic field at a given frequency, the originally aligned paramagnetic nuclei are forced into a movement similar to that of a ``whipping top``. When the resonance frequency is shut off, the nuclei return to their former, aligned positions, inducing a weak signal in a coil. The series of signals generated by multiple repetition of this process of excitation of nuclei and their return to aligned rest is used as input to a ...

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Austenitic stainless steel (18% Cr, 12% Ni, Mo gradation between 0,06 to 3,6%) had been solution nitrided. By step-by-step removing, the samples could be prepared with various surface contents of nitrogen from 0.04 to 0.42%. In two test series the influence of nitrogen had been determined. The susceptibility against pitting corrosion of these samples had been tested by the chronopotentiostatical method. For the investigated steel composition and the used corrosion system there is no influence of molybdenum on the effectiveness of nitrogen. The effectiveness of nitrogen can be described by the factor 25 in the PRE. By the investigation of the surfaces with the XPS analysis, it could be shown that the passivation and the pit nucleation is influenced by nitrogen. In these ranges NO{sub x}, NH{sub x}, and NH{sub z}-spectra have been detected. Bound Mo was found in steels containing molybdenum. It is assumed that the repassivation mechanisms of N and Mo work independently of each other. ...

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Nuclear energy will have to cope more and more with a rapid changing environment due to economic competitive pressure and the deregulatory progress. In current economic environment, utilities will have to focus strongly on the reduction of their total generation costs, covering the fuel cycle costs, which are only partly under their control. Developments in the fuel cycle will be in the short-term rather evolutionary addressing the current needs of utilities. However, within the context of sustainable development and more and more inclusion of externalities in energy generation costs, more performing developments in the fuel cycle could become important and feasible. A life-cycle design approach of the fuel cycle will be requested in order to cover all factors in order to decrease significantly the nuclear energy generation cost to complete with other alternative fuels in the long-term. This paper will report on some of the trends one could distinguish in the fuel cycle with emphasis ...

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This assessment is a feasibility study according to ISO 14024. It deals with the question whether an ecolabel is suitable for wood pellet heating systems and how concrete criteria for an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants could be specified. The study begins with a comprehensive market analysis in order to identify possible plants for which an ecolabel would make sense. In the main part of the study, the environmental relevance of the chosen plants is analysed. For this analysis, plant manufacturers were interviewed and a comparison between wood pellet heating systems and heating systems which use gas, oil or wood was carried out. On the basis of this analysis, it was possible to derive a number of criteria which were discussed with company representatives and other experts in this field. As a result of this dialogue and the investigation process as a whole, the introduction of an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants can be recommended. Wood pellet heating systems are ...

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This report describes work carried out in the context of TurboTech Interim for the development of a system for monitoring stationary gas turbines for approaching the stability limit of the compressor. The requirements for the system components were defined and the suitability of different types and positions of pressure sensors were examined and evaluated. It was found very early in the work that, due to the complexity of the object being monitored, one would not succeed in finding a simple criterion for monitoring the pump limit. Rather, apart from the selection of suitable sensors and optimum positions, one must analyse the present signals in different ways and create a decision matrix from this. Existing work on this subject is mostly concerned with the phenomena in the context of experiments on experimental compressors or is not suitable for the requirements of stationary industrial gas turbines. The project is being carried out in the context of TurboTech II with the main aims of: ...

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Emission inventories were estimated for the airborne emissions of: Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Antimony, Selenium, Tellur, Thallium, Zinc, Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Tin. The inventories were made for the status of 1985 and 1990. A prognosis was given for 1995. The investigations were made for the whole area of the Federal Republic of Germany including the former German Democratic Republic. Working point was an overview about the plant-specific emissions for the various industrial branches and the production statistics. The results are given as total emissions from the existing plants and industrial branches. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es erfolgte eine Abschaetzung der luftseitigen Emissionen fuer die Elemente: Arsen, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chrom, Kobalt, Kupfer, Quecksilber, Mangan, Molybdaen, Nickel, Blei, Antimon, Selen, Tellur, Thallium, Zink, Platin, Palladium, Rhodium und Zink. ...

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Investigations show that nickel-based alloys (MAR M 247 CC, CM DS 247 L and CMSX-4) can be successfully brazened. Tensile tests of MAR M 247 CC samples brazened with foil brazing showed values comparable to those of the base material, some samples failed because of base material problems. Tests with powder mixes made up from commercial brazens and the base material CMSX-4 showed good wetting and a perfect microstructure similar to the base material. Tensile test values at RT (test temperature) and 850 degrees centigrade show pronounced scatter. Tensile tests at RT and 850 degrees centigrade are used to optimse brazing cycles for the types of brazen used (temperature, time). (orig.) [German] Die Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass es moeglich ist, Nickelbasislegierungen (MAR M 247 CC, CM DS 247 LC und CMSX-4) erfolgreich zu loeten. Die im Zugversuch erhaltenen Festigkeitswerte der mit folienfoermigen Lot geloeteten MAR M 247 CC Proben erreichten ...

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The PDIM multifunction regulator offers in one single unit the basic functions filtering, slamshut safety valve, pressure reduction and a gas flow straightening vane. This concept formulated by the engineer J.-P. Cornil is a Gaz de France patent. Developed and manufactured by a French industrial company it incorporates some astute innovations in the field of fluid dynamics. Its technical caracteristics make a significant step forward in gas technology. Since the first unit was brought into service over 1000 PDIM units have been built and incorporated in gas regulating and metering stations for transport, distribution and industrial applications. The very compact nature of the PDIM enhanced by its direct bolting to a turbine or other type of gas meter leads to small size stations allowing lower cost projects and making it easier to set in populated or architecturally significant areas. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der PDIM ist eine Verschmelzung der Funktionselemente Gasfilter, ...

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Already, MR Imaging is superior in diagnostic imaging of joints in many cases; however, there have been recent developments, which are the subjects of this paper. With gradient-echo sequences acquired in 3D technique, it is possible to produce high-resolution images of joints in acceptable scantime, because gradient-echo sequences are less time-consuming than convential SE sequences. With the acquisition of two echoes, phase difference between water and fat protons have to be considered. 3D Imaging is capable of displaying complex pathology in a superior way, which should be useful in preoperative planning. Tissue contrast is altered by fat saturation or magnetization transfer in order to achieve better conspicuity of lesions. Although diagnostic value of some of these options is not yet clear and further clinical studies are needed, they are a promising possibility for improving MR Imaging of the joints. (orig.) [Deutsch] In der Gelenkdiagnostik gibt es einige neuere Entwicklungen in ...

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Since enterprises operating offices and facilities at geographically distributed sites have been establishing an intranet for inter-office communication at the management level, the idea of integrating another intranet for multi-site technological facility management comes naturally. The Aachen-based technology enterprise Eurem for this purpose developed a Network and Security concept with solutions that can be customized for linking a variety of computerized control and monitoring systems. The package includes a modular substation named modUS, which is open to the field side as well as to the management side, is capable of efficiently and reliably performing the facility management functions by way of remote controlling via intranets. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Nachdem in den Unternehmen mit verteilten Liegenschaften die unterschiedlichsten Buerokommunikationssysteme ueber eigene Netzwerke verbunden werden, liegt es nahe, auch verteilte Gebaeudeautomationssysteme in ...

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Metal hydrode stores are used as fuel tanks in vehicles or as stationary stores of high-purity hydrogen. Equilibrium isotherms at low pessures were measured in order to validate the laws of Henry or Sievert for hydrogen uptake of the alloy Ti{sub 0.98}Zr{sub 0.02}V{sub 0.43}Fe{sub 0.09}Cr{sub 0.05}Mn{sub 1.5} (patented by Daimler Benz AG, code DB5800). The laws were to provide information on whether hydrogen uptake is atomic or molecular and on the conditions in which isothermal measurements are possible. (orig.) [Deutsch] Metallhydridspeicher werden als Kraftstofftank in Fahrzeuge oder als stationaere Speicher zur Bereitstellung von Reinstwasserstoff verwendet. Fuer diese Arbeit wurden die Gleichgewichtsisothermen bei kleinen Druecken vermessen, um die Gesetze von HENRY oder SIEVERT fuer die Wasserstoffaufnahme in der Legierung Ti{sub 0.98}Zr{sub 0.02}V{sub 0.43}Fe{sub 0.09}Cr{sub 0.05}Mn{sub 1.5} zu pruefen. Anhand dieser ...

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With publication the fire design rules of the Eurocode and the national application documents (NAD) for the first time also calculation methods of constructive structural fire protection are available. This dimensioning of components and structures in fire case is based on the normal temperature design on Eurocodes and can be applied in the future as alternative to the classical fire design method of the German standard DIN 4102 part 4. In this contribution a view of the proof procedures of the Eurocode fire protection parts and the arrangements of the NADs is given as soon as the application of these fire design rules in Germany is described. (orig.) [German] Mit der Veroeffentlichung der Eurocode-Brandschutzteile als Vornormen und der zugehoerigen nationalen Anwendungsregelungen (NAD) als DIN-Fachberichte stehen erstmals auch rechnerische Nachweisverfahren fuer den konstruktiven baulichen Brandschutz zur Verfuegung. Diese brandschutztechnische Bemessung von Bauteilen und Tragwerken ...

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Experiments for lifetime prediction of the first wall are being carried out within the framework of the European fusion reactor programme. Defects such as notches and cavities may develop in the first wall and may initiate under cyclic thermal stress cracking processes which may reduce the service life of the material. For examination of crack growth, specimens with defined initial notches were prepared and subjected to cyclic thermal loads. The paper shows that the eddy current method is suitable for detecting and revealing the crack growth processes even under conditions of complex geometry, as e.g. cracks in inner bores. The experiments indicated particularly susceptible, critical spots in the first wall and yielded crack growth rates of use for lifetime calculations. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen des europaeischen Fusionsreaktorprogramms werden Untersuchungen zur Lebensdauervorhersage der Ersten-Wand durchgefuehrt. Die Erste-Wand kann Fehler in Form von ...

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The complete determination of stroke/throughput curves at steam turbines for arbitrary valve positions usually only follows after the fundamental layout of the control valves, of the possible nozzle segments and of the turbine blading. A general fundamental equation and some design norms based on it are presented which may serve already before a fluidic layout of the turbine in detail as an optimizing predetermination of the properties concerning pressure loss and control statics of the metering components in the admission area. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die vollstaendige Bestimmung der Hub-/Durchsatzkurven an Dampfturbinen fuer beliebige Ventilstellungen erfolgt ueblicherweise erst nach der Grundauslegung der Stellventile, etwaiger Duesensegmente und der Turbinenbeschaufelung. Es werden eine allgemeine Grundgleichung und einige auf ihr aufbauende Entwurfsregeln angegeben, die zu einer optimierenden Vorabbestimmung der druckverlustbezogenen ...

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The author investigates whether waste fermentation is an economically feasible alternative to composting. Decisions on projects and sites should not be made until the basic problems of feasibility and economic efficiency are solved. [German] In Anbetracht der derzeitigen Situation bei der Restmuellbehandlung, in der die mechanisch-biologische Behandlung als Alternative zu einer rein thermischen Behandlung immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnt, stellt sich immer haeufiger die Frage, ob die Restmuellvergaerung eine Alternative zur ausschliesslichen Restmuellrotte darstellt. Diese Frage muss zunaechst prinzipiell aus Sicht der technischen Machbarkeit und von der Sinnhaftigkeit, hier vor allem von der Kostenseite her, betrachtet werden. Erst daran anschliessend lassen sich projekt- und standortbezogene Betrachtungen anstellen. Hinsichtlich der technischen Machbarkeit laesst sich im wesentlichen auf den grosstechnischen Erfahrungen ...

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Sprengel deformity is a congential malformation with usually unilateral elevation and medial rotation of the scapula. An omovertebral bone is generally present. Associated skeletal malformations are frequently present. Though functional impairment is mild, the cosmetic and psycho-social impairment can be considerable. The prognosis of early surgical therapy is good. The presented case also justifies surgical correction in the older child. (orig.) [German] Die Sprengel-Deformitaet ist eine angeborene Fehlbildung mit meist einseitiger Elevation und Medialrotation der Skapula. Meist ist ein Os omovertebrale vorhanden. Assoziierte skelettale Fehlbildungen sind haeufig. Obgleich funktionell wenig einschraenkend, ist die kosmetische und psycho-soziale Beeintraechtigung oft erheblich. Die Prognose der fruehen operativen Therapie ist gut. Der vorliegende Fall ermutigt zur operativen Therapie auch im hoeheren Kindesalter. (orig.)

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For the laying of natural gas transport pipelines severe soil protection guidelines are in force in Switzerland. These guidelines influence, above all, the course of the construction in a substantial way. The Federal Office of Energy promulgated these guidelines in May 1993. They have provisional character and shall be reviewed based on the experiences with the in 1994 executed pipeline constructions. The protection of the soil from mechanical-physical loads, specially from soil erosion and compaction, is also a part of the modification of the federal legislation concerning environmental protection which is being dealt with at present by the federal parliament. (orig.) [Deutsch] Fuer die Verlegung von Erdgas-Transportleitungen gelten in der Schweiz strenge Bodenschutzrichtlinien, die vor allem den Bauablauf nachhaltig beeinflussen. Die Richtlinien wurden im Mai 1993 durch das Bundesamt fuer Energiewirtschaft erlassen. Sie ...

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Computerized descriptions of isothermal, multi-stage creep fatigue load were established for one melt each of steels of the type 1%CrMoNiV and 12%CrMoV and were implemented in the service life prediction program SARA 2. SARA 2 predicts the time and number of cycles to incipient cracking for a given number of part cycles on the basis of rules for description of cyclic deformation and damage and of a generalized damage accumulation hypothesis. [German] Fuer je eine Schmelze der Staehle vom Typ 1%CrMoNiV and 12%CrMoV wurde eine rechnergestuetzte Beschreibung fuer isotherme mehrstufige Kriechermuedungsbeanspruchung erstellt und in ein Lebensdauerzaehlerprogramm SARA 2 implementiert. Auf der Grundlage von Regeln zur Beschreibung von zyklischer Verformung und Schaedigung unter Anwendung der verallgemeinerten Schadensakkumulationshypothese ermittelt SARA 2 fuer beliebig vorgebbare Teilzyklen einen Vorhersagewert fuer die Anrissdauer und die ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Optische Uhren nutzen die Anregung optischer Ubergange in neutralen Atomen oder Ionen. Deren Ubergangsfrequenz liegt bei etwa 1015 Hz, also funf Groenordnungen oberhalb der Gigahertz-Schwingungen heutiger Atomuhren. Das erlaubt eine bis zu tausendmal prazisere Zeitmessung. Fur die Genauigkeit ist es entscheidend, dass der Uhrenubergang eine schmale Linienbreite besitzt und seine Frequenz nicht verschoben wird. Dazu mussen die Atome oder Ionen moglichst ungestort und genau lokalisiert sein. Deshalb basiert ein Uhrentyp auf einem kalten Ion in einer Paul-Falle, ein anderer Uhrentyp arbeitet mit vielen kalten Neutralatomen in optischen Gittern. Der Metrologie sollen optische Uhren zunachst als sekundare Realisierung der Sekunde dienen. Derzeit ermoglichen sie bereits Frequenzmessungen mit 17 ...

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The report sums up the experience gained with energy efficiency pilot campaigns in Schleswig-Holstein (Schoeth et al., to appear, and Wortman et al., 2000, 2001). The information is to help other actors in this field to develop and optimize their own campaigns. [German] Dieser Bericht resuemiert die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen mit wirkungsvoller Umweltwerbung auf Basis der ausfuehrlichen Werbewirkungskontrollen zu den Energieeffizienz-Pilotkampagnen in Schleswig-Holstein (vgl. ausfuehrlicher Schoetz et al., im Druck sowie Wortmann et al., 2000, 2001). Die abschliessenden Abschnitte 'Empfehlungen' und 'Ausblick' kennzeichnen den aktuellen Stand des Wissens und sollen anderen Akteuren mit gleicher oder aehnlicher Zielsetzung Hilfestellung und Anregung fuer die optimierte eigene Planung von Kampagnen geben. (orig.)

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The liberalisation of the energy markets requires completely new demands to the information processing procedure of energy supply enterprises. These requirements are to be understood as chances for strengthening of the terms of competition. In the following contribution to this subject the actual status of the concept as converted by the Electricity Supply Company of Halle (Saale) including their departments of district heating, gas and electricity supply will be presented. This concept are comprising all experiences as gathered so far as well as intended further actions to be executed. (orig.) [German] Die Liberalisierung der Energiemaerkte stellt fuer Versorgungsunternehmen voellig neue Anforderungen an die Informationsverarbeitung. Diese Anforderungen sind als Chancen zur Staerkung der Wettbewerbsfaehigkeit zu verstehen. Die Verfasser erlaeutern den aktuellen Stand des in der EVH GmbH Halle (Saale) im Querverbund der ...

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The second volume contains a comprehensive presentation of inflammatory bone diseases, including seldom primary chronic osteomyelitis and morbus Paget. Substantial chapters on bone tumors and tumor-like lesions of bone joints are covering the state-of-the-art of diagnostic techniques of these seldom but important diseases. Besides the importance of projection radiography the contribution of MRI within differential diagnosis und staging of these diseases is emphasized. [German] Der zweite Band des Muskuloskelettalen Systems befasst sich mit der umfassenden Darstellung zur Diagnostik entzuendlicher Knochenerkrankungen und beinhaltet neben den klassischen infektioesen auch die seltenen, primaer chronischen Osteomyelitiden und den Morbus Paget. Umfangreiche Kapitel ueber die Knochentumoren und tumoraehnlichen Laesionen der Gelenke stellen in modernster Weise den aktuellen Stand des Wissens und der Diagnostik dieser seltenen, aber aus ...

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The thermochemical calculations performed with a large number of elements to describe the chemical system in a Phebus FP test allow the following conclusions: The metallic absorber materials play a significant role in fission product speciation. At around 1000 C and above, silver iodide is the dominant iodine carrier in a full steam atmosphere in both FPT0 and FPT1. At lower temperatures, cadmium iodide takes over. In a reduced environment, indium iodide becomes important. Caesium iodide does certainly appear; at certain test conditions it becomes the major iodine transporting vehicle. But its role is not greater than that of the other iodides. It has more chances in FPT1 than in FPT0. Chlorine, which was present in FPT0 as a contaminant in relatively large amounts, does not prevent the iodine from forming Csl. Both share the caesium like partners. The evolution of caesium chloride and iodide proceeds in parallel. When CsCl is abundant, Csl is strong, too. Should boron be added to the ...

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The goal of this project was to develop a new technology for preparing samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on the basis of ion fine beam processing. For this purpose processes of ion-beam-assisted removal (sputtering), separation, sample handling and ion-beam-assisted chemical etching as well of system-inherent components were examined. As an alternative to a Ga-source a liquid-metal ion source based on a AuGeSi alloy was developed, characterised and used in the FIB 4400. [German] Aufgabe des Projektes war die Entwicklung einer neuen Technologie zur Probenpraeparation fuer die Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie (TEM) auf der Basis der Ionenfeinstrahlbearbeitung. Dazu wurden Prozesse der ionenstrahlgestuetzten Abtragung (Sputtern), der Abscheidung, des Probenhandling, des ionenstrahlgestuetzten chemischen Aetzens sowie systemeigener Komponenten untersucht. Als Alternative zur Ga-Quelle wurde eine Fluessigmetall-Ionenquelle auf ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the last few years the supercharging of Otto-cycle-engines has regained popularity, as demonstrated by a number of series-production engines. After listing the aims to be met by a modern supercharger the paper describes the technical status of mass-produced or close to production superchargers. This is followed by a comparative evaluation of the systems, enabling the reader to select possible solutions for a projected supercharger-engine-system by means of a comparison chart. The paper is concluded by a list of possible directions for further development and additional potential for twin-screw superchargers. (orig.) [German] In neuerer Zeit hat die Aufladung von Ottomotoren wieder ein verstaerktes Interesse gefunden, das sich auch in einer Anzahl serienmaessig gefertigter aufgeladener Motortypen wiederspiegelt. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt, nach einer Darstellung der Anforderungen an ein modernes Aufladegeraet, den Stand der Technik bei serienmaessigen ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Internal combustion engines with mechanically driven superchargers are known for good performance at low engine speeds and fast response times under fluctuating loads. Application engineers can choose between superchargers with and without internal compression - the familiar roots (blower) type or true compressors - for supercharging an internal combustion engine. This article by DaimlerChrysler describes two options for improving the partial load behaviour of mechanically supercharged internal combustion engines with compressors. (orig.) [German] Die Aufladung mit mechanisch angetriebenen Verdraengerladern zeichnet sich durch guten Druckaufbau bei niedrigen Drehzahlen und gute Dynamik bei Lastwechseln aus. Fuer die Applikation am Verbrennungsmotor koennen Maschinen ohne innere Verdichtung - wie die bekannten Roots-Geblaese - oder Maschinen mit innerer Verdichtung - Kompressoren im eigentlichen Sinne - zum Einsatz kommen. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The investigations showed that the new adsorber/catalyst composites are well suited for chemical degradation of persistent water pollutants. Compared with alternative processes, the reaction selectivity and the consumption of oxidant are more favourable as the reaction now takes place on/inside the solid. The process, which was developed originally for purification of contaminated water, can be transferred to many other systems of materials. For example, it is expected that the soot emissions of diesel engines will be reduced significantly after efficient hydrogenation of the aromatics contained in the diesel engine on molybdenum-charged mesoporous composites. [German] Mit den vorliegenden Untersuchungen konnte ein erster Nachweis gefuehrt werden, dass die neu entwickelten Adsorber/Katalysator-Komposite fuer den chemischen Abbau persistenter Wasserschadstoffe geeignet sind. Im Vergleich zu alternativen Verfahrensloesungen kann die Selektivitaet ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Sprayforming offers the possibility to produce a variety of preforms in a single step directly from the melt. Numerous processing parameters ensure high flexibility but require detailed knowledge concerning the microstructure of sprayformed material depending on chemical composition and processing parameters. Within the current study fundamental investigations using unalloyed and low alloy steel grades (C15, C105, 100Cr6) for sprayforming of plates and billets have been performed concerning the influence of chromium and carbon content and selected processing parameters. Sprayformed preforms revealed austenite grain sizes up to 500 {mu}m depending on the development of porosity. Different types of porosity have been detected which can be associated with incomplete densification due to high cooling rates, solidification shrinkage and entrapped nitrogen. Atomisation gas pressure and carbon content are parameters of primary importance. (Abstract Copyright [2003], Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: In an experimental study, the correlation between the trabecular bone density of the different regions of the proximal femur and the fracture load in the setting of femoral neck fractures was examined. Methods: The bone mineral density 41 random proximal human femora was estimated by single-energy quanitative CT (SE-QCT). The trabecular bone density was measured at the greatest possible extracortical volume at midcapital, midneck and intertrochanteric level and in the 1 cm{sup 3} volumes of the centres of these regions in a standardised 10 mm thick slice in the middle of the femoral neck axis (in mg/ml Ca-hydroxyl apatite). The proximal femora were then isolated and mounted on a compression/bending device under two-legged stand conditions and loaded up to the point when a femoral neck fracture occurred. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a linear correlation between the trabecular bone density and the fracture load for the greater regions, with the highest value in the ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Preserving customers` investments in capital goods is one of the strategic market services offered by ABB, and to this end the company has developed project-specific retrofit concepts especially for older power generation plant. A prime example of such a modernization is the Umm Al Nar East (UANE) combined cycle power station in Abu Dhabi, UAE. UANE has two gas turbines of type GT13D, which together generate 140 MW of electrical energy, and heat-recovery boilers which supply steam to a seawater desalination plant with a capacity of 80 million liters of drinking water per day. After almost 20 years in operation, UANE is being modernized. To address the owner`s concerns and minimize plant downtime, ABB has introduced Service, Operation and Rehabilitation (SOR) Key Account Management for Abu Dhabi. In the first phase of the modernization project, the static starting equipment was upgraded and the mechanical turbine governor replaced by the EGATROL electro-hydraulic control system. Also, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

A procedure is described for the isolation and determination of {sup 90}Sr, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra and {sup 210}Pb in food. These nuclides are highly radiotoxic, above all for babies and children. Samples are dry ashed, alkali metals are removed as carbonates. Separation from other matrix ions and separation of Ra, Sr and Pb can be achieved with a column of Sr-Spec, an immobilized crown ether. For activity measurements membrane filters with SrSO{sub 4}, Ba(Ra)SO{sub 4} and PbS are prepared. Ra is determined by gamma-spectrometry, {sup 90}Sr and {sup 210}Pb are determined by low-level-betacounting. The determination limits are 10 mBq/kg for {sup 90}Sr and {sup 210}Pb and 50 mBq/kg for {sup 226}Ra and {sup 228}Ra. The procedure is useful for all kinds of foodstuff. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es wird ein Analysengang zur Abtrennung und Bestimmung von {sup 90}Sr, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 228}Ra und {sup 210}Pb in Lebensmitteln beschrieben. Ein Merkmal dieser Nuklide ist ihre hohe Radiotoxizitaet, ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This thesis deals with the analysis of dominant loss mechanisms in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) and hydrogen fed polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFC) by means of experimental characterization and modeling work. Due to different fuels used in these two fuel cell types, the dominant loss mechanisms are different in their nature. All in-situ characterization techniques that are used in this work are based on a novel test fuel cell with embedded reference electrodes. The first part of this work presents a new concept for realizing a reference electrode configuration in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell by means of laser ablation. The laser beam is used to evaporate a small gap into the electrode surface of a catalyst coated membrane (CCM) to isolate the reference electrode from the working/counter electrode (WE/CE). This method enables the simultaneous ablation of the electrodes on both sides of the CCM because the membrane is transparent for the laser beam. ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

On the basis of cylindrical roller thrust bearings it was systematically examined to what extent PVD-coatings are able to take over the function of EP/AW-additives. The bearings were tested under heavy-duty conditions in order to distinguish very fast the efficiency of different coating-substrate-systems. Several coatings were tested for their ability to protect an un-coated counterpart. So just the washers of the roller bearings were coated, the rollers stayed un-coated. Four Me-C:H-coatings showed the best performance and fulfilled the required criterion for roller bearings in the boundary friction: low loss of mass and hardly surface deviation. Material carryover from the carbonaceous coating to the 100Cr6 steel surface was developed by the Me-C:H-coatings during the tests. This mechanism was able to protect the un-coated rollers. Closer investigations were done with an ESMA analysis (electron beam micro range analysis) on ZrC{sub g}-coatings. It could be seen, that a reaction layer ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Materials and methods: 12 patients with 22 coronary bypass grafts underwent intraoperative flow quantification using the transit time ultrasound method. These values were compared to postoperative MR phase shift measurements. Flow measurements were performed preoperatively in 28 coronary arteries of 20 patients. For flow measurement, we used a velocity-encoded k-space segmented gradient echo sequence with a temporal resolution of 110 or 125 ms, respectively. 6-8 pase shift images could be acquired during one cardiac cycle. Results: There was a significant correlation between intraoperative and flow measurements using velocity-encoded MR imaging (r=0.76, p<0.0001, t-test). Flow volumes determined by MR imaging were systematically larger than those determined by the transit time ultrasound method. Mean flow in coronary arteries was reduced in severely stenosed vessels (>70%) compared to normal vessels. Intra- and interobserver variability were 10.5 and 15% (coronary bypass ...

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Further improvement of dimensional tolerance and elimination of such post-processing as cutting work are required for the maximum exhibition of the features of sintered parts. Powder behavior in fall filling and leveling off is observed with the prototype of visual apparatus for observing powder filling. It is found that the delay in the replacement of powder by air in the die and the fall along the angle of repose are the causes for the occurrence of particle size segregation, and that the diagonal downward slide of powder in upper layer only in leveling off is the cause for nonuniformity of the density. As a result, it is found that improvement of powder flowability and minimization of shaking are important for uniform and rapid filling of powder in a thin walled and complicated shape die cavity, and a guide for developing uniform filling method is made clear. Based on the result, a new uniform filling method for powder is under development ...

Science.gov (United States)

We verified and corrected inaccuracies in descriptive profile information on military working dogs (MWDs) that died from 1965 to 1980 and were reported in the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Registry of Veterinary Pathology. Using other available military records, we determined which dogs served in Vietnam. Identified were 3,895 MWDs with a unique identity tattoo that served in Vietnam, of which 2,389 served exclusively with U.S. military forces and died in Vietnam. Another 479 Vietnam veteran MWDs completed their service elsewhere. This overall effort resulted in signalment corrections, generally age at death, in 21% of the Registry MWD accessions during the study period. The improved definition and characterization of the Vietnam cohort will lead to greater precision in epidemiologic investigations of the health effects from the Vietnam experience in U.S. military working dogs. PMID:7885593

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Magnesium alloys are being increasingly utilized in a variety of fields as an alternative material to organic materials and aluminum alloys, owing to excellent properties. Those include low density, and excellent damping properties. When compared to organic materials, furthermore, Mg alloy excels at recyclability, heat radiation, and electromagnetic-shielding. Though most of magnesium alloy products are manufactured through die-casting and thixo-molding at present, the demand for the expanding of magnesium wrought alloy market is increasing. Taking full advantage of a drawing technique and applying it to the conventional extruded pipe, we have developed a new type of magnesium alloy pipe. The strength of the developed pipe is significantly higher than that of the conventional one, either extruded or die-casting. Some of the excellent properties were obtained from fundamental tests performed with the developed pipe. Both tensile properties and ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Tailor die quenching in the hot stamping of quenchable steel sheets was developed to produce ultra-high strength steel formed parts having strength distribution. Local portions of the heated sheet were quenched by holding grooved tools at the bottom dead centre during the stamping. Non-contact portions were generated in the sheet by grooving the tools, and thus the strength in the contact portions is high owing to the quenching and that in the non-contact portions is low owing to the lack of the quenching. Hat-shaped products having a tensile strength of approximately 1.5GPa only at four corners were formed.

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Seventy-one patients with intestinal injury secondary to pelvic irradiation had predominantly large bowel lesions. Seventeen cases were treated conservatively and 54 came to surgery, 28 patients having more than one operation. Following this essentially salvage surgery there were more ileal than colonic anastomotic leaks. Thirty-four patients died during the follow-up period (2-12 years), 19 from recurrent malignancy, and nine as a result of continuing radiation effects. Seventy per cent of the patients who had a radiation fistula died as a result of malignancy. Of 42000 cases of pelvic malignancy treated by irradiation over the decade 1972-1982, surgical referrals for complications constituted 1.7%, with an overall radiation-related mortality of 0.2%. It is our opinion that colostomy alone has little part to play in this condition, and a policy based on excisional surgery is suggested.

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So far, publications in turbomachinery engineering have tended to neglect the description of control systems and strategies which could be converted into practical guidelines for turbine operation. The contribution describes the power station turbine as a basis for modelling the control stage. The solutions will serve as a basis for further type-specific investigations of the problem. [German] Eine vornehmlich regelungstechnisch ausgerichtete Beschreibung des thermodynamisch-mechanischen Wirkungsgeschehens im Bereich der Regelstufe von Dampfturbinen sowie deren Umsetzung in schluessige, betriebsrelevante Aussagen fehlen bislang in der Turbomaschinenliteratur. Im Beitrag werden am Beispiel der Kraftwerksturbine die Grundlagen fuer eine modelltechnische Nachbildung der Regelstufe entwickelt. Die Loesungen dienen als Ausgangsbasis fuer weitere typenspezifische Bearbeitungen dieses Problems. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

In the first part of this contribution, the definition of reference values is given and the theoretical and practical problems in the application of this concept are discussed. In this connection, the present resources on instrumentation and the technical requirements for dose assessment are described. In the second part, some consequences are taken and proposals for further actions are made. (orig.) [German] Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes werden Definitionen von Referenzwerten in der radiologischen Diagnostik untersucht und die theoretischen und praktischen Probleme der Umsetzung des gesamten Konzepts eroertert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch der gegenwaertige Geraetebestand und die technischen Voraussetzungen zur Dosisermittlung beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil werden daraus Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und Vorschlaege zum weiteren Vorgehen gemacht. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The aim of this work was the examination of the coarse grain recrystallisation of the {gamma}-free ODS nickel-based alloy PM 1000 depending on the various parameters due to the processing during heat treatment. After isotropic hot compacting (HIP) of the mechanically alloyed powder, one observes a homogeneous sub-microscopic fine grain structure which can coarsen during high temperature heat treatment, due to sufficiently high driving force from the grain boundary energy via abnormal grain growth to 600 times its size. The setting of the elongated high temperature resistant recrystallisation structure is, however, not connected with this. The dependence of the sucess of re-crystallisation on the re-forming parameters (re-forming temperature and degree of re-forming) was shown by a socalled re-forming card. In order to achieve re-crystallisation to a coarse and aligned grain structure, apart from a certain absolute minimum degree of re-forming, the re-forming must occur within a defined ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Modern tubular type pumps commonly have lubricated radial bearings which require no compressed water supply and reduce the servicing requirements. Problems that may possibly result from entrained sand in the pumped fluid were solved with the development of ceramic Residur {sup trademark} bearngs in the early eighties. (orig.) [German] In zunehmendem Masse werden Rohrgehaeusepumpen mit foerdermediumgeschmierten Radiallagern ausgestattet, da dies z.B. neben dem Wegfall einer ansonsten notwendigen Druckwasserversorgung auch einen deutlichen reduzierten Wartungsaufwand nach sich zieht. Den Problemen durch eine moegliche Sandbeladung des Foerdermedium wurde bereits durch die Entwicklung der keramischen Residur {sup trademark} -Lager Anfang der 80er Jahre Rechnung getragen. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Purpose: To determine the value of MRI in the preoperative evaluation of chronic paranasal sinusitis and to compare the results with CT and intraoperative findings. Method/Materials: 42 patients with clinical signs of chronic paranasal sinusitis underwent MRI after CT evaluation on one day, with subsequent functional endoscopic sinus surgery on the next day. Coronary CT was obtained with 5-mm slices and table-feed in the prone position, while MRI was performed in the supine position with coronary T{sub 2}-TSE+pd and coronary and transverse HASTE, each with 5-mm slice thickness. Aquisition time in MRI was less than 8 minutes. Two radiologists reviewed the CT and MRI scans for signs of sinusitis and detection of anatomical landmarks. The results were correlated with the intraoperative findings. Results: MRI offered no artifacts of dental work and showed more often high quality pictures than CT. CT and MRI demonstrated a good correlation in the detection of mucosal pathologies ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Applications of magnesium alloys are motivated mainly by their lightweight. However, manufacturing cost should also be evaluated when considering applying them. From this point of consideration, adoption of sheet forming processes, which previously have not been heavily researched, should be an option. This paper is intended to pioneer the study of the formability of magnesium alloy AZ31 out of rolled sheets at elevated temperatures. The rolled microstructures are examined and correlated with their formability. Post-forming conditions will also be investigated. The tool employed to perform the sheet forming experiments was a punchless die-setting which used pressurized gas to press the sheet into a female die cavity. This technique applied to Mg-alloy is unconventional and warrants attention for its potential utilization in the industry. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Diagnostic systems make it possible to recognize incipient faults in good time and help to increase the availability of power stations. The thermal efficiency and the effective terminal output are didicated by a number of influences. Deviations from the expected status can be identified via continuous recording of the operating parameters and calculation of derived data. An improved efficiency and economical load distribution lead to considerable cost savings. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die Verarbeitung von Messwerten und Signalen ermoeglicht eine umfassende Beurteilung des Anlagenzustandes und die Erkennung sich anbahnender Veraenderungen. Stoerungen, Schaeden oder eine unwirtschaftliche Betriebsweise koennen fruehzeitig erkannt werden. Erhoehte Verfuegbarkeit, geringerer Brennstoffverbrauch und optimierte Lastaufteilung bringen Kostenvorteile. (orig.)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Functional imaging of the pharynx used to be the domain of cineradiography, CT and ultrafast CT. The development of modern MRI techniques led to new access to functional disorders of the pharynx. The aim of this study was to implement a new MRI technique to examine oropharyngeal obstructive mechanisms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Sixteen patients suffering from OSA and 6 healthy volunteers were examined on a 1.5 T whole-body imager (`Vision`, Siemens, Erlangen Medical Engineering, Germany) using a circular polarized head coil. Imaging was performed with 2D flash sequences in midsagittal and axial planes. Patients and volunteers were asked to breathe normally through the nose and to simulate snoring and the Mueller maneuver during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Prior to MRI, all patients underwent an ear, nose and throat (ENT) examination, functional fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy and polysomnography. A temporal resolution of 6 images/s and an in-plane resolution of ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The present contribution focuses on the input side of individual process techniques. It shows on the basis of example calculations how two parameters describing the incinerable (residual) waste that are of particular importance for unconventional thermal treatment methods, namely ``pollutant load`` and ``calorific value``, can be influenced by a recycling stage and then further by mechanical-biological pretreatment. [Deutsch] Im folgenden soll das Hauptaugenmerk auf die Inputseite zu den einzelnen thermischen Verfahren gelegt werden und anhand einer Beispielrechnung aufgezeigt werden, wie sich die fuer einen Einsatz in nichtkonventionellen thermischen Verfahren besonders wichtigen Parameter des aufbereiteten (Rest)Abfalls `Schadstoffbelastung` und `Heizwert` zunaechst durch eine Verwertung und weiter durch eine mechanisch-biologische Vorbehandlung veraendern. (orig./SR)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Against the background of more severe limitation of particle emission in all application areas of Diesel engines, it is necessary to monitor the particle emission, but also the chemical composition of the particles. The basis of assessing particle emission is formed by gravimetric determination of the particle concentration from exhaust gas diluted with particle-free ambient air, with a maximum temperature of 52 degrees C at the sampling position. While it is already possible, using the part flow dilution system, to take samples locally, previously the subsequent particle determination and characterisation could only be done in a chemical laboratory. For this reason, the C/S particle measurement process was developed as an alternative to gravimetry, which can be used locally, eg: on ships and which makes it possible to determine the particle mass and composition. This process is based on a thermographic carbon and sulphate determination. Comparative investigations were done both on ...

British Library Electronic Table of Contents (United Kingdom)

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the marginal adaptation of a pressed ceramic material, when used with and without a metal substructure, to a traditional feldspathic porcelain-fused-to-metal restoration with a porcelain butt margin. Materials and Methods: A maxillary central incisor typodont tooth was prepared with a 1.5 mm 360degree shoulder with rounded internal line angle, and 30 polyether impressions were made. Dies were poured in type IV dental stone, and 30 restorations were fabricated: 10 metal ceramic restorations (MCR) with porcelain butt joints, 10 pressed to metal restorations (PTM), and 10 all-ceramic restorations (PCR). All restorations were evaluated on their respective dies at 45x magnification using an Olympus SZX-12, measurements of the margi...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The following subjects were discussed at the conference: Stability of welded joints, creep stress in CrMo steels, life prediction, developments in modern power plant steels, testing, calculation of deformation, crack propagation and crack analysis under complex loads. [German] Die Autoren der Tagung referieren ueber folgende Themen: Stabilitaet von Schweissverbindungen, Kriechbeanspruchung von Chrom-Molybdaen Staehlen, Lebensdauervorhersage, Entwicklungen fuer die Anwendung in modernen Kraftwerken, Prueftechnik, Berechnung von Verformung, Rissentwicklung und -bewertung bei komplexer Beanspruchung. (uke)

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The compositions of passive films formed on Fe-17Fr-13Ni (at. %) and Fe-18.5Cr-14Ni-1.5Mo (100) single crystals have been determined and the structure of the alloy under the film has been investigated. The alloys were passivated in 0.05M H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} at 250 mV/SHE for 30 min. The oxygen content was measured by nuclear microanalysis using the {sup 16}O(d,p) {sup 17}O* reaction. The oxygen content in the passive film is similar for the two alloys and equal to (12{plus minus}2) 10{sup 15} O/cm{sup 2}. The cationic compositions of the passive films have been determined by {sup 4}He channeling at two incident beam energies: 0.8 and 2.0 MeV. For the two alloys studied, a total cation content of (5{plus minus}2)10{sup 15} at/cm{sup 2} is found in the passive films. The corresponding thickness is about 12 A. There is an excess of oxygen, which can be attributed to the presence of hydroxyls and sulfate. A strong chromium enrichment is found in the passive film formed ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to create, perfect and test a hyperthermia balloon catheter for local treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. The device should induce hyperthermia in tumor tissue by acting locally in the bile duct lumen in contact with the tumor-infiltrated duct wall. In addition, it should exert tissue compression to cause an appreciable reduction in tumor microvasculature flow, thus improving thermal performance. Methods: According to the design specifications, the working temperature range should allow the device to be used for hyperthermia therapy either in combination with radiation and/or chemotherapy(radio/chemo-sensitizing effect at 42-45 deg. C) or alone (induction of coagulation necrosis above 65 deg. C). The balloon serves as an anchoring system during treatment and as a functional element to induce tissue compression. In vitro mechanical evaluation of the pressure/volume relationship, with the balloon inside rigid walled conduits, was performed. The heating ...

International Nuclear Information System (INIS)

Inelastic scattering of #alpha#-particles in 22-24 MeV energy range on "1"8o o, "1"9f, "2"0Ne, "2"2Ne nuclei is investigated. Measurements of excitation functions were conducted for the beam of Leningrad University cyclo otron at several angles in 15-165 deg range of laboratory system with 2.5 deg spacing. The error of determining absolute cross sections equals +-20% for "2"2Ne and +-12% for other nuclei. Angular distributions have the differaction character, are similar in form for all nuclei, the values of differential cross- -sections don't exceed the rutherford values. The dependence of integral cross-sections on the energy of level excitation is similar to the exponential d dependence of cross-sections of production of the given element isotopes on the gergy difference of masses of final nuclear products in the reactions of deeply inelastic transfers with heavy ions. The observed isotopic effect in the value of cross-sections of elastic and inelastic #alpha#-particle scattering ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

The RCP method was designed as a residue-optimised alternative to the thermally optimised grate firing of residual wastes. Its technical realisation and development to market maturity took no more than 5 years. In the first process stage the waste is converted to high-carbon pyrolysis charcoal and high-rank gas in the absence of oxygen. In the second stage these substances are oxidised by addition of oxygen. The resulting temperature causes the non-combustible constituents of the slag to melt. In a third, optional, stage this molten slag can be liberated of (heavy) metals to such an extent that it can subsequently be used directly as additive for grinding. Further exhaust gas treatment is facilitated by the use of a circulatory fluidised-bed secondary combustion chamber. Despite the reduced flue gas volume and resultant higher pollutant concentrations in the crude gas, overall emissions are lower than in conventional plants. [Deutsch] Das reststoffoptimierte RCP Verfahren ist als ...

Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

This update of a system concept entitled ``Maritime hazard prevention and water protection`` makes full use of the technical room for maneuver while considering that reasonable financial and economic conditions must be provided. The update allows on to continue or start the exploitation of feasible technical, logistic and information-technology development potentials. The same applies to the national maritime traffic safety measures developed for the German waterways. Considering the maritime hazards that have been prevailing in the coastal areas of the German North Sea, the conducted damage risk investigations suggest that a large-scale, disastrous oil contamination of the mud flats ecosystem cannot be excluded or controlled definitely in spite of the numerous measures taken. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit der vorgelegten Fortschreibung zum Systemkonzept ``Gefahrenabwehr und Gewaesserschutz im Seeverkehr`` werden die technisch realisierten Handlungsspielraeume unter ...